scholarly journals Features of Neuralization Diagnostics Transitor-Ischemic Attacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Tursunova M. O ◽  
Abdullaeva M. B ◽  
Kalanov A. B ◽  
Aktamova M.U
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Transient Ischemic Attacks ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Brain

Transient-ischemic attacks (TIA) as precursors of cerebral strokes occupy an important place among all forms of cerebrovascular insufficiency. With regard to the epidemiology of transient ischemic attacks (TIA), most countries do not have accurate data. So, in the US, they carry up to 5 million adult citizens per year, with many TIAs remaining undiagnosed. These episodes of sudden and short-term neurological deficit were considered benign and harmless for a long time. Most general practitioners and patients incorrectly or insufficiently understand the nature and significance of TIA, perhaps this can explain the small interest of doctors and the lack of statistical data on this nosological unit. Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are defined clinically as rapidly occurring focal and less commonly diffuse (cerebral) dysfunctions of the brain that are caused by local ischemia and disappear within one day (Gafurov: 2006). Over the past two decades, many views on TIA have changed significantly; approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients have become much more intense and more aggressive. Current knowledge of TIA is of great importance both for the proper organization of patient care and for educational programs among the population, the importance of which cannot be overestimated.

scholarly journals Neural Control of Immunity in Hypertension: Council on Hypertension Mid Career Award for Research Excellence, 2019

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-628
Author(s):  
Daniela Carnevale
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

The nervous system and the immune system share the common ability to exert gatekeeper roles at the interfaces between internal and external environment. Although interaction between these 2 evolutionarily highly conserved systems has been recognized for long time, the investigation into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their crosstalk has been tackled only in recent decades. Recent work of the past years elucidated how the autonomic nervous system controls the splenic immunity recruited by hypertensive challenges. This review will focus on the neural mechanisms regulating the immune response and the role of this neuroimmune crosstalk in hypertension. In this context, the review highlights the components of the brain-spleen axis with a focus on the neuroimmune interface established in the spleen, where neural signals shape the immune response recruited to target organs of high blood pressure.

Nutrition during early childhood years and a risk of mental diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
O.K. Netrebenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Brain

At present, the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adults is growing rapidly. For example, according to statistical data, the prevalence rates of all mental diseases in Russia have grown by 10 times during the past 45 years. Apparently, one of the causes might be impairment of the processes of normal programming of metabolic and brain function, which occurs during the critical period of the first 1000 days of life. Any imbalances in the environment and nutrition in that period might change the function of genes responsible for production of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and other molecules involved in synaptogenesis, dendritic synthesis. A factor influencing the brain development processes that is most accessible for modification is nutrition. Nutrition of a pregnant woman and baby, as well as the state of intestinal microbiota, influence the expression of genes important for an adequate brain development. Key words: nutrition, brain development, neuropsychological disorders

scholarly journals Astrocytes and the Warning Signs of Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Scimemi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Brain Hemorrhage ◽  
Medical Practices ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Brain

Two decades into the two thousands, intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (ICH) continues to reap lives across the globe. In the US, nearly 12,000 people suffer from ICH every year. Half of them survive, but many are left with permanent physical and cognitive disabilities, the severity of which depends on the location and broadness of the brain region affected by the hemorrhage. The ongoing efforts to identify risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke have been instrumental for the development of new medical practices to prevent, aid the recovery and reduce the risk of recurring ICH. Recent efforts approach the study of ICH from a different angle, providing information on how we can limit brain damage by manipulating astrocyte receptors. These results provide a novel understanding of how astrocytes contribute to brain injury and recovery from small ICH. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the risk factors and molecular pathology of ICH and the functional properties of astrocytes and their role in ICH. Last, we discuss candidate astrocyte receptors that may prove to be valuable therapeutic targets to treat ICH. Together, these findings provide basic and clinical scientists useful information for the future development of strategies to improve the detection of small ICH, limit brain damage, and prevent the onset of more severe episodes of brain hemorrhage.

A Significant Component of Unforced Multidecadal Variability in the Recent Acceleration of Global Warming

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 909-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy DelSole ◽  
Michael K. Tippett ◽  
Jagadish Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Internal Component ◽  
Long Time

Abstract The problem of separating variations due to natural and anthropogenic forcing from those due to unforced internal dynamics during the twentieth century is addressed using state-of-the-art climate simulations and observations. An unforced internal component that varies on multidecadal time scales is identified by a new statistical method that maximizes integral time scale. This component, called the internal multidecadal pattern (IMP), is stochastic and hence does not contribute to trends on long time scales; however, it can contribute significantly to short-term trends. Observational estimates indicate that the trend in the spatially averaged “well observed” sea surface temperature (SST) due to the forced component has an approximately constant value of 0.1 K decade−1, while the IMP can contribute about ±0.08 K decade−1 for a 30-yr trend. The warming and cooling of the IMP matches that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and is of sufficient amplitude to explain the acceleration in warming during 1977–2008 as compared to 1946–77, despite the forced component increasing at the same rate during these two periods. The amplitude and time scale of the IMP are such that its contribution to the trend dominates that of the forced component on time scales shorter than 16 yr, implying that the lack of warming trend during the past 10 yr is not statistically significant. Furthermore, since the IMP varies naturally on multidecadal time scales, it is potentially predictable on decadal time scales, providing a scientific rationale for decadal predictions. While the IMP can contribute significantly to trends for periods of 30 yr or shorter, it cannot account for the 0.8°C warming that has been observed in the twentieth-century spatially averaged SST.

scholarly journals The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1–7)

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 505-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robson Augusto Souza Santos ◽  
Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio ◽  
Andreia C. Alzamora ◽  
Daisy Motta-Santos ◽  
Natalia Alenina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Brain ◽  
System Focus

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1–7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1–7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1–7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1–7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1–7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.

scholarly journals The Use of Electronic Courses in the Implementation of Educational Programs “Physical Education and Sport”, “Applied Physical Education and Sport” for Students of the Special Educational Department

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-192
Author(s):  
Anna I. Kartavtseva ◽  
Sergey L. Sadyrin ◽  
Elena A. Dergach ◽  
Nina A. Bryukhanova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adaptive Physical Education ◽  
Restrictive Measures

The article provides statistical data on the number of SibFU students with disabilities (in 2013, 2014 and 2020), as well as the number of the 1st-year students enrolled in the Special Educational Department of the Department of Physical Education based on the results of a medical examination. The main conditions that ensure access to higher education for students with disabilities are reflected. As a practical experience of educational activities in the educational programs “Physical Education and Sport”, “Applied Physical Education and Sport” with students with disabilities, temporarily exempted from physical education, as well as during the period of restrictive measures during the pandemic, the structure of the electronic course is described and the methodological and practical material posted on the e.sfu-kras.ru platform is presented. The organization of educational activities for students of the Special Educational Department in the subjects under consideration with the use of an electronic course over the past 3 years has proved its effectiveness. This material will be of interest to teachers of physical education of various specializations, special educational departments, as well as specialists in the field of physical education and adaptive physical education

scholarly journals Canonical and non-canonical autophagy pathways in microglia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Jülg ◽  
Laura Strohm ◽  
Christian Behrends
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Autophagy Activity

Besides the ubiquitin-proteasome-system, autophagy is a major degradation pathway within cells. It delivers invading pathogens, damaged organelles, aggregated proteins and other macromolecules from the cytosol to the lysosome for bulk degradation. This so-called canonical autophagy activity contributes to the maintenance of organelle, protein and metabolite homeostasis as well as innate immunity. Over the past years, numerous studies rapidly deepened our knowledge on the autophagy machinery and its regulation; driven by the fact that impairment of autophagy is associated with several human pathologies including cancer, immune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Unexpectedly, components of the autophagic machinery were also found to participate in various processes that did not involve lysosomal delivery of cytosolic constituents. These functions are hereafter defined as non-canonical autophagy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, most research was performed in neurons, while for a long-time microglia received considerably less attention. Concomitant with the notion that microglia greatly contribute to brain health, the understanding of the role of autophagy in microglia expanded. To facilitate an overview of the current knowledge, we present herein the fundamentals as well as the recent advances of canonical and non-canonical autophagy functions in microglia.

The Oil Intensity of Output

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell ◽  
Simon Kirby ◽  
Iana Liadze
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Forward Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Information ◽  
Made In

Since our last forecast in April 2008 there have been further increases in oil prices, as is illustrated in figure 1, which tracks oil price projections in our forecasts this year, and compares them to the projection we made in January and July 2007. Over the past eighteen months oil prices have risen from around $60 per barrel to a currently projected level of $123 in 2009. Oil prices have recently reached a peak of $145.6 a barrel before falling back to around $134. Our projection for the short term is based on those of the US Energy Information Agency and uses information from forward markets as well as an evaluation of supply conditions. In the longer term we presume that real oil prices will rise in line with the real interest rate, as is discussed on pp. 4–7 of this Review. This note looks at the impacts of recent increases in oil prices on the path for real wages by investigating the share of fossil fuels in costs. It also evaluates the impact of the rise in prices since our last forecast, and investigates the impact on oil prices of the growth in demand outside the OECD.

Advances in Our Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease

US Neurology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim N Green ◽  
Steven S Schreiber ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Disease Modification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Us ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia, currently affecting more than 5 million patients in the US alone, and is characterized by the presence of both extracellular plaques and intraneuronal tangles in the brain of a patient with dementia. Alois Alzheimer first described the pathology associated with the disease over 100 years ago, and during the past three decades our understanding of the disease and of potential ways to treat it has increased tremendously. In this article we describe our current understanding of both the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and current and future therapeutic interventions, including symptomatic relief, disease modification, and the reversal of synaptic and neuronal loss.

International Opportunities for Experience

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 938-938
Author(s):  
B. J. SIEBENTHAL
Keyword(s):  
International Medical ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Obligation ◽  
Past Winter

This letter is sent in order to point out to all pediatricians that there is an important place in the international medical picture for the "short-term" specialist. This I suspected for several years, and, after spending four months in Lahore, Pakistan, during the past winter, I am convinced more than ever that this is true. I am also convinced that the specialties, including pediatrics, have a real international obligation as well as a national one.

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