scholarly journals Study of Electrolyte Levels in Diabetic Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nur Qadri Rasyid ◽  
Muawanah Usman
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Serum Electrolyte ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group B

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder / disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) with changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in the body due to disruption in insulin action, insulin secretion or both. These metabolic changes affect the concentration of electrolytes. Electrolytes contained in the body play an important role in many body processes, such as controlling fluid levels, acid base balance (pH), nerve conduction, blood clotting and muscle contraction. Sodium, potassium and chloride are the most common macroelectrolytes and correlate with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we examined the prevalence of diabetes and its relationship to electrolyte concentrations in 28 subjects, divided into two groups: group A consisted of 14 diabetic patients in Labuang Baji Hospital and group B consisting of 14 non-diabetic subjects. The results of the research conducted showed that serum electrolyte levels (Na +, K +, Cl-) for the control were all in the normal range. In contrast, serum electrolyte (Na +, Cl-) levels have two patients who have Na + electrolyte levels below the normal range.  

scholarly journals Hypoglycemic Effects of Plant Flavonoids: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Foo Sok Yen ◽  
Chan Shu Qin ◽  
Sharryl Tan Shi Xuan ◽  
Puah Jia Ying ◽  
Hong Yi Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Multiple Organs

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with chronic high blood glucose levels, and it is associated with defects in insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. It is also a major public issue, affecting the world's population. This disease contributes to long-term health complications such as dysfunction and failure of multiple organs, including nerves, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and eyes. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds found in nature and usually present as secondary metabolites in plants, vegetables, and fungi. Flavonoids possess many health benefits such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and naturally occurring flavonoids contribute to antidiabetic effects.Many studies conducted in vivo and in vitro have proven the hypoglycemic effect of plant flavonoids. A large number of studies showed that flavonoids hold positive results in controlling the blood glucose level in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and further prevent the complications of diabetes. The future development of flavonoid-based drugs is believed to provide significant effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetes complication diseases. This review aims at summarizing the various types of flavonoids that function as hyperglycemia regulators such as inhibitors of α-glucosidase and glucose cotransporters in the body. This review article discusses the hypoglycemic effects of selected plant flavonoids namely quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, naringenin, fisetin, and morin. Four search engines, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SciFinder, are used to collect the data.

Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Function: Current Medical Research and Opinion

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyad Shahwan ◽  
Nageeb Hassan ◽  
Rima Ahd Shaheen ◽  
Ahmed Gaili ◽  
Ammar Jairoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Current Medical Research ◽  
Vitamin D Insufficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Patients At Risk

Abstract:: Diabetes mellitus (DM) which is defined as high blood glucose level is a major public health worldwide. While discussing DM, the knowledge in this field is unlimited hence a syndrome that populations are living with for more than a decade is always an important matter to keep searching for updates on it. Challenges are always present in different means as comorbidities, poorly controlled DM especially type 2 Diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is considered as a risk factor for a lot of different diseases including but not limited to chronic kidney Disease (CKD). Complications might appear through time, as the aging process changes the body functions, while a significant number of antidiabetic medications are cleared eventually by the kidney; this increase the burden on kidney function placing the diabetic patients at risk. The significant high number of patients with uncontrolled diabetes resulting with kidney disease mirror the importance of this condition on patient’s quality of life. This review presents an overview, pathophysiology, etiology and prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and abnormal renal parameters correlated with poorly controlled T2DM, with emphasis on and clinical studies involving the association between vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency and chronic kidney disease among patients with T2DM.

scholarly journals Elevated lactic acid during ketoacidosis: pathophysiology and management

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamda Houssein Ahmed ◽  
David De Bels ◽  
Rachid Attou ◽  
Patrick M. Honore ◽  
Sebastien Redant
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acidosis ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Hypovolemic Shock ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type B ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Base Balance

Abstract Lactic acidosis results from an acid-base balance disorder of the body due to an excess of lactic acid. It is frequently found in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care. The most common cause is type A, found in pathologies such as cardiogenic, septic and hypovolemic shock, trauma and severe hypoxemia. The type B is less common and arises without evidence of tissue hypoperfusion or shock. Divers etiologies have been described for this type of hyperlactatemia: Grand Mal seizures, liver failure, hematologic malignancies, congenital enzyme deficiencies, thiamine deficiencies and diabetes mellitus and also alcohol abuse, which may induce a lactic acid under-use or an increased production. The authors describe a rare complication of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), leading to a major and persistent expression of a type B lactic acidosis during ketoacidosis.

scholarly journals Laporan Kasus: Kegoyangan Gigi Pada Pasien disertai Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Pascalis Adhi Kurniawan ◽  
Rinawati Satrio
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Close Relationship

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to disturbances in insulin secretion and insulin action. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, because the body cannot release or use insulin adequately. There are many factors that trigger or aggravate periodontitis, including plaque accumulation, calculus (tartar), and systemic factors such as diabetes mellitus. Objective: To explain that there is a close relationship between elevated blood glucose levels and periodontitis. Case Description: A 77 year old woman presented with a loose left upper tooth and pain during eating. The patient admitted to having a history of systemic disease, namely diabetes mellitus. Intra oral examination was found on 27th grade 3 luxation, 6 mm gingival recession, 4 mm probing depth, debris around the teeth, oral hygiene tends to be poor. The therapy provided is in the form of education on the effect of diabetes mellitus on teeth and the condition of the oral cavity in general, as well as the importance of maintaining health and food consumption so that blood sugar conditions are controlled. Conclusion: Periodontal disease can be affected by DM. Periodontitis is one of the manifestations of DM in the oral cavity. The severity of periodontitis can result from an increase in blood glucose levels.

scholarly journals Assessment and Identification of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2403-2406
Author(s):  
Kalpana ◽  
Manjunath ◽  
Neelima Ganzi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Nosocomial infections are the causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Diabetes mellitus constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders seen mostly in above 25 years age in both genders. In DM patients uncontrollable glucose levels are seen. Due to the high glucose levels the body is more prone to infections and the antibiotics are necessary to treat the infections if the antibiotics are not used in a proper way the microorganism get easily resistance to the drug. The study aims to assess the infection & sensitivity of antibiotics in Type-2 DM. The objective of the study is to delineate the infections associated with diabetes mellitus and antibiotics sensitivity in diabetes patients.  It is a retrospective observational study conducted in 160 patients for a period of 6 months at RDT hospital, Bathalapalli. The demographic data & study related data was collected by using data collection forms. The results revealed that Diabetes is risk factor for the infections. Infectious diseases are more frequent and/or serious in patients with diabetes mellitus, which potentially increases their morbidity and mortality. In the Current study diabetes was more among the male gender compared to female. The hyperglycemic environment favors the immune dysfunction which is reason for increased frequency of infections in diabetic patients. The study conducted showed that people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus increases susceptibility to various types of infections.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF ELECTROLYTES IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar Soni ◽  
Vijay Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Electrolyte Disorders ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Renal Disorder ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium

Introduction: Characterized by high blood glucose levels referred as hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder with changes in carbohydrates, protein and lipid metabolism which is caused due to disturbance in secretion of insulin or insulin action or both. There are several effects of diabetes, beginning with metabolic imbalances, degeneration of the walls of the blood vessels that can allow electrolyte concentrations to dilute and counteract the proportion of electrolytes. In several applications, electrolytes play an important part, such as acid base, body fluids, blood clots and muscle contractions are regulated. In preserving homeostasis in the body, and also in protecting cellular structure, tissue perfusion and acid base equilibrium, fluid and electrolyte equilibrium play important roles. The association with glucose in the blood and electrolytes are complex and electrolyte imbalances can influence the course and treatment of diabetes. We know that diabetes is a chronic disease and there are possible complications. For a long time people with extreme hyperglycemia may remain mostly asymptomatic. Consequently, many of them have some end-organ damage at the moment of diagnosis of diabetes. Pathophysiological factors like nutritional status, certain drugs, coexistence of acid-base imbalance, co-morbid conditions like renal disorder or acute illness play a key role in electrolyte imbalance, alone or in combination. Material & Methods: Patients attending medicine OPD were selected for this study after obtaining their consent. Purposive sampling technique has been used to obtain sample. A total of 100 patients were included in this comparative study among which 50 were diabetic and 50 were non-diabetic patients.  The demographic details of patients were noted. Blood samples were collected and investigated and analyzed for Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride and Potassium. RESULTS: In present study it has been observed that the levels of magnesium were 1.7 ± 0.4 in diabetic patients and 2.0 ± 0.2 in patients not suffering from diabetes. It was observed that the mean values of magnesium in diabetic patients were significantly lower compared to those of patients who did not suffer with diabetes. Sodium, chloride and potassium did not differ significantly among both groups. Conclusion: Importance of serum electrolytes is shown in this study. Diabetes mellitus patients are more likely to develop electrolytes. Most likely, imbalances are due to the complications they acquire and the medicines they take. Hypomagnesemia is more common in our sample than other electrolyte disorders in the diabetic population. Keywords: Electrolytes, Magnesium, Diabetes Mellitus

scholarly journals Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Assosciation

2021 ◽  
pp. 220-228
Author(s):  
Mai Hassan Hafez Ahmed ◽  
Rasha Mohammed Abd Elmageed Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Glucose Levels

Background: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction are closely related. Numerous studies have reported an increased prevalence of thyroid disorders in diabetic patients, especially in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Objectives: Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the numerous underlying mechanisms behind the relationship between diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction in order to demonstrate that the correlation between these two prevalent conditions is unlikely to be a coincidental finding. Review: Diabetes and Thyroid disorders are characterized by endocrine system dysfunction. Thyroid hormones influence glucose metabolism in different ways, for example, they increase absorption of glucose from the gut, increase GLUT-2 level, regulate energy balance, and cause increased lipolysis which ultimately raises glucose levels in the body. Furthermore, thyroid hormones interact with adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, to affect glucose metabolism. Additionally, studies suggest that hyperthyroidism impairs diabetic glycemic control, whereas hypothyroidism increases the risk of hypoglycemia, further complicating diabetes management. Conclusion: This paper emphasizes thyroid abnormalities, if left untreated, can raise the risk of several diabetes complications including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy, and can worsen diabetic symptoms. As a result, treating subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroidism in diabetic individuals can be advantageous. Therefore, a systematic method for early thyroid testing in diabetic patients to avoid severe complications is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Study of QT interval prolongation in asymptomatic type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without microalbuninuria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Farzana Mustafa ◽  
Abdul Hai Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Qt Interval ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Qt Interval Prolongation ◽  
Type 2 Diabetics ◽  
Group B

QT interval abnormalities are the best predictors of cardiovascular deaths. Microalbuminuria is an independent marker for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Hence QT interval abnormalities in diabetics with or without microalbuminuria were evaluated in this study. To study QT interval abnormalities in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with or without microalbuminuria. : Open label controlled study with 214 subjects of either sex. Group A healthy subjects (n=100), group B asymptomatic, type 2 diabetics with no clinical evidence of cardiac disease. Group B subdivided into B with microalbuminuria (n=62), Bwithout microalbuminuria (n=52). Corrected QT interval (QTC), microalbuminuria, and blood pressure were measured for all subjects. QTC was calculated by using Bazzet's formula. QTC more than 440msec was considered prolonged. QTC was within normal range in diabetic patients(415+25msec). Highly significant (p<0.0001) prolongation was observed in diabetics, compared to healthy subjects. Both B(p<0.0001) and B(p<0.001) groups showed a significant increase in QTC than in healthy subjects. Among Band Bgroups QTC was not statistically significant. Prolongation of QTC is indicative of CAN. CAN is often under-recognised and undiagnosed cardiac complication.QTC was more in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics irrespective of microalbuminuria compared to healthy individuals, though values were within normal range. This denotes high risk for future cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.

The highs and lows of electrolytes part 2: calcium, phosphate and magnesium

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Paula Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Critical Care Patients

There are six electrolytes that are important in maintaining homeostasis within the body. They play vital roles in regulating neurological, myocardial, muscular and cellular functions and are involved in fluid and acid–base balance. Recognising and treating electrolyte derangements is an important role for veterinary nurses especially in emergency and critical care patients. This series of two articles will discuss the physiology behind each of the six major electrolytes and discuss to monitor and treat any abnormalities.

Features of the acid-base balance of the prosthetic cavity in patients with diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
N.S. Alkhateeb, ◽  
◽  
M.A. Frolov ◽  
V.V. Shklyaruk ◽  
K.N. Odinaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Group ◽  
Ocular Prosthesis ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Eye Prosthesis ◽  
The Russian Federation

The number of patients with diabetes mellitus in the Russian Federation on January 1, 2019 is more than 4.5 million people, which is 3.12% of the population of the Russian Federation. Metabolic disorders in diabetes mellitus cause physicochemical changes, including a violation of acid-base balance (pH). Aim. To study the effect of diabetes mellitus and ocular prosthetics on the acid-base balance of the prosthetic cavity. Materials and methods. From 2018 to 2021 - 185 patients of both sexes from 21 to 80 years old (57.73±17.34 years old) were examined. 47 patients using an eye prosthesis and without diabetes mellitus (group I); 93 patients using an eye prosthesis with diabetes (group II), which were divided into two subgroups depending on the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): II-a subgroup - 47 patients with HbA1c up to 7.5%, II-b group – 46 patients with HbA1c more than 7.5%; 45 patients, without an eye prosthesis and without diabetes mellitus (group III). Results. In patients with an ocular prosthesis and without diabetes, a shift in pH to the side of acidosis was observed. In patients with an ocular prosthesis and with diabetes mellitus, the greatest shift in the pH of the conjunctival cavity to the side of acidosis, depending on the level of HbA1c (8-8.5 – in 25.8% of cases, 9-9.5 – in 43% of cases, and <10 – in 31.2% of cases). Conclusions. The presence of an ocular prosthesis in the conjunctival cavity leads to a shift in pH to the side of the alkaline side. The progression of the pH shift to the side of acidosis directly depends on the HbA1c level in patients, and the combination of two factors (the use of an ocular prosthesis in the conjunctival cavity and the presence of diabetes in the anamnesis) leads to an aggressive shift in the pH of the conjunctival cavity to the side of acidosis. Key words: acid-base balance, ocular prosthesis, diabetes mellitus.

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