scholarly journals KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM PERJANJIAN ENDORSEMENT DIKAITKAN DENGAN ASAS KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Alya Yudityastri ◽  
, Suraji
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Legal Writing

Abstract<br />This article aims to find out the validity of standard agreements in general and specially on endorsement  agreement. Validity of the endorsement agreement is reviewed from the Civil Code, Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In addition to knowing the suitability of the endorsement agreement that contains a standard contract clause with the principle of freedom of contract. Legal writing in this study uses research normative law with the statutory approach and conceptual approach. Research result it is known that the endorsement agreement is an example of a standard agreement with through the electronic system is in accordance with the provisions of the validity of the agreement according to the Civil Code, Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Protection Consumer. Standard agreement if it is related to the principle of freedom of contract is still being the debate over the suitability. Some are of the view that standard agreements are included in the terms of the endorsement agreement, are not in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract because of intermediaries the parties do not have a balanced bargaining position. Others argue that the agreement is in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract provided there is no clause exoneration in it.<br />Keywords: Endorsement; Endorsement Contract; Standard Contract Clauses; Principle of Contract Freedom <br /><br />Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keabsahan perjanjian baku secara umum dan khususnya pada  perjanjian endorsement. Keabsahan perjanjian endorsement ditinjau dari KUHPerdata, Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Selain itu untuk mengetahui kesesuaian perjanjian endorsement yang memuat klausula kontrak baku dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak. Penulisan hukum dalam penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa perjanjian endorsement yang merupakan salah satu contoh perjanjian baku dengan melalui sistem elektronik telah sesuai dengan ketentuan keabsahan perjanjian menurut KUHPerdata, Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Kesesuaian perjanjian baku dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak masih menjadi perdebatan. Beberapa berpandangan bahwa perjanjian baku termasuk di dalamnya perjanjian endorsement, tidak sesuai dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak karena di antara para pihaknya tidak memiliki posisi tawar yang seimbang. Sebagian lainnya berpendapat bahwa perjanjian tersebut telah sesuai dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak apabila tidak terdapat klausula eksonerasi di dalamnya.<br />Kata Kunci: Endorsement; Perjanjian Endorsement; Perjanjian Baku; Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak;

scholarly journals PENERAPAN ASAS KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK DALAM PEMBUATAN PERJANJIAN FRANCHISE ES TELER 77 (Suatu Pendekatan Normatif)

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Ery Agus Priyono
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Business Negotiation ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Bargaining Position

Traditionally, a contract performs based on the result of prior negotiation between the parties, who have an equal bargaining position. Recently the trend shows many businessmen doing their businesses did not base on equal business negotiation, cause of unequal bargaining position but one party already set forth standard requirements in an agreement form, then offers to the other party. The research problem which come up; are the standard requirements in standard contract or agreement not in contrary with Freedom of Contract principle. The research result shows, stronger  party (Franchisor) breached the Freedom of Contract, and consensual principles In contrary many clauses set franchisor rights with a less obligations. Based on the literary study judge has rights to omit the clauses which strongly potential to give disadvantages to one party and give advantages to the other partySecara tradisional suatu perjanjian terjadi berlandaskan asas kebebasam berkontrak di mana dua pihak yang mempunyai kedudukan yang seimbang berusaha untuk mencapai suatu kesepakatan yang diperlukan bagi terjadinya perjanjian itu melalui suatu proses negosiasi diantara mereka. Namun pada dewasa ini kecenderungan makin nyata bahwa banyak perjanjian di dalam transaksi bisnis yang terjadi bukan melaui proses negosiasi yang seimbang di antara para pihak, tetapi perjanjian itu terjadi dengan cara pihak yang satu telah menyiapkan syarat-syarat baku pada suatu formulir perjanjian yang sudah dicetak dan kemudian disodorkan kepada pihak lainnya untuk disetujui. Permasalahan yang muncul adalah apakah  perjanjian baku yang dibuat oleh para pebisnis tidak bertentangan dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi pelanggaran terhadap asas kebebasan berkontrak

scholarly journals PENERAPAN ASAS ITIKAD BAIK DAN KEPATUTAN DALAM PERJANJIAN WARALABA (The application of Good Faith and Conscionability Principles within Franchise Agreements)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ery Agus Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Business Negotiation ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Bargaining Position

<p>Secara tradisional suatu perjanjian terjadi berlandaskan asas kebebasam berkontrak di mana dua pihak yang mempunyai kedudukan yang seimbang berusaha untuk mencapai suatu kesepakatan yang diperlukan bagi terjadinya perjanjian itu melalui suatu proses negosiasi diantara mereka. Dewasa ini kecenderungan makin nyata bahwa banyak perjanjian di dalam transaksi bisnis yang terjadi bukan melaui proses negosiasi yang seimbang di antara para pihak, tetapi perjanjian itu terjadi dengan cara pihak yang satu telah menyiapkan syarat-syarat baku pada suatu formulir perjanjian yang sudah dicetak dan kemudian disodorkan kepada pihak lainnya untuk disetujui. Perjanjian yang demikian ini lazim disebut perjanjian baku.</p><p>Permasalahan yang muncul adalah apakah  perjanjian baku yang dibuat oleh para pebisnis tidak bertentangan dengan asas kebebasan berkontrak, itikad baik, dan kepatutan. Andaikata dalam perjanjian yang dibuat secara baku terdapat ketentuan/pasal  yang merugikan salah satu pihak dapatkah hakim untuk menganulir pasal tersebut dengan mendasarkan pada asas itikad baik dan kepatutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi pelanggaran terhadap asas kebebasan berkontrak, asas konsensual, dalam merumuskan isi di dalam perjanjian tersebut khususnya pada pasal-pasal yang mengatur hak dan kewajibn para pihak.Terlalu banyak kewajiban yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak francisee tetapi hak yang dimilikinya sangat sedikit. Sebaliknya banyak pasal yang mengatur hak-hak franchisor, akan tetapi sangat sedikit yang mengatur kewajibannya. Hasil penelitan juga menunjukkan hakim dapat menghapuskan pasal-pasal yang diduga sengaja dibuat untuk memberikan keuntungan kepada salah satu pihak atau membebaskan salah satu pihak dari tanggung jawab yang semestinya harus dipikulnya.</p><p> </p><p><em>Traditionally, a contract performs based on the result of prior negotiation between the parties, who have an equal bargaining position. Recently the trend shows many businessmen doing their businesses did not base on equal business negotiation, but one party already set forth standard requirements in an agreement form, then offers to the other party. Commonly the other party only has two options, agree or disagree (take it or leave it) without has an authority for changing the standard requirements. That agreement/contract knows as adhesion agreement or adhesion contract.</em><em> The research problem which come up; are the standard requirements in standard contract or agreement not in contrary with Freedom of Contract, consensus, Good Faith and Conscionability Principles. The other problem is: is it possible for judge to omit the standard requirements which set intentionally to get much advantages for one party and give disadvantages effect to the other party, based on the Good Faith and Conscionability Principles.</em><em> The research result </em><em>which held by normative research approach, shows, the strong party (Franchisor) breached the Freedom of Contract, and consensu</em><em>al principles. He did not arrange the obligations and rights of the parties proportionally. From the franchise agreements we know there were many articles or clauses, which set the franchise obligation, but not many clauses arranged franchise rights.</em><em> In contrary many clauses set franchisor rights with a less obligations. Based on the literary study judge has rights to omit the clauses which strongly potential to give disadvantages to one party and give advantages to the other party.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Consumer Protection in the Banking Credit Agreement in Accordance with the Principle of Proportionality under Indonesian Laws

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Dwi Ratna Indri Hapsari ◽  
Kukuh Dwi Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Consumer Protection Act ◽  
The Law ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Banking Credit

The implementation of the principle of freedom of contract gives rise to the types of agreements not regulated in the law or The Indonesian Civil Code (ICC). We are familiar with the term Standard contract or standard agreement. Standard agreements are often used in the banking world, one of which is in banking credit agreements, as we all understand that the position of the customer is weaker than the bank, so it must be protected by law. In order to protect these interests, the customer is given protection contained in the Banking Act regulations as well as the Consumer Protection Act and its derivative regulations. Specifically, the credit agreement format as the standard agreement set out in Financial Services Authority Circular Number 13 / SEOJK.07 / 2014 Concerning Standard Agreements is that credit agreements that contain rights, obligations and requirements that are legally binding on customers, are required to use letters, writing, symbols, diagrams, signs, terms, readable phrases, and / or sentences simple ones in Indonesian that are easily understood by customers. This is in an effort to provide protection to customers and the regulatory and supervisory functions of the Financial Services Authority.

scholarly journals Perjanjian Baku dalam Perjanjian Sewa Beli Kendaraan Bermotor pada Perusahaan Pembiayaan di Kota Banda Aceh

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-236
Author(s):  
Muhammad Marafwansyah ◽  
Sanusi Bintang ◽  
Darmawan Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Main Issue ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Finance Company ◽  
Banda Aceh

Adanya ketidakseimbangan dalam penggunaan perjanjian baku dalam perjanjian sewa beli kendaraan bermotor pada perusahaan pembiayaan di Kota Banda Aceh memberi perlindungan hak kepada penjual daripada pembeli, sehingga lebih banyak risiko kerugian yang harus dipikul oleh pembeli. Pokok permasalahan dalam artikel ini adalah apakah klausula baku dalam perjanjian sewa beli kendaraan bermotor pada perusahaan pembiayaan melanggar ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan tentang perlindungan konsumen. Jenis metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah jenis metode penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan penelitian hukum yang digunakan dalam artikel ini terdiri dari, pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perjanjian baku pada perusahaan pembiayaan PT ADMF bertentangan dengan ketentuan KUH Perdata, khususnya dalam Pasal 1266, Pasal 1267, Pasal 1337, Pasal 1338 ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3), Pasal 1339 KUH Perdata, dan juga bertentangan dengan ketentuan UUPK, khususnya dalam Pasal 4, Pasal 7, Pasal 18 ayat (1), dan ayat (2) UUPK. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan perjanjian baku dalam perjanjian sewa beli kendaraan bermotor pada perusahaan pembiayaan harus ditinjau dan disesuaikan agar tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan undang-undang.  Standard Agreement in The Hir-Purchase Agreement for the Motor Vehicles in a Finance Company in Banda Aceh  The existence of an imbalance in the use of standard agreement in the hire-purchase agreement for motor vehicles in a finance company in Banda Aceh gives protection to the seller rather than the buyer, thus more risk of loss to be borne by the buyer. The main issue in this article is whether the standard clause in the hire purchase agreement of motor vehicles in the finance company violates the provisions of legislation on consumer protection. The research method used in this article was the normative legal research method. The legal research approaches used in this article consist of, statutory approach, case approach and conceptual approach. The results showed that the standard agreements used by PT ADMF was contradictory to the provisions of the Civil Code, particularly in Article 1266, Article 1267, Article 1337, Article 1338 Paragraph (1), Paragraph (2), and Paragraph (3), Article 1339 Civil Code, and also contrary to the provisions of UUPK, particularly in Article 4, Article 7, and Article 18 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) UUPK. Therefore, the standard agreements in the hire-purchase agreement of motor vehicles in the finance company should be reviewed and adjusted so as not violates the provisions of legislation.

scholarly journals UNDUE INFLUENCE SEBAGAI FAKTOR PENYEBAB CACAT KEHENDAK DILUAR KUHPERDATA, DALAM UPAYA MENGISI KEKOSONGAN HUKUM

LITIGASI ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ike Kusmiati
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Not to misuse the regulation of the state as the factor that causes defects in the will of the Indonesian Civil Code, should be anticipated for the development of contract occurs so fast in practice. The convergence of an agreement in the form of rapprochement will of the parties, no longer occur in a balanced manner, because there are elements that influence the parties, both economically and psychologically, whereby the economically strong dominate the contract even harm the opposing party, so the contract applies biased, unfair and inappropriate. Therefore, the government needs to intervene to protect the weaker party. It was felt important need for inclusion of the substance abuse situation as a factor that will cause defects arising from Jurisprudence in the Netherlands as the fourth element, in addition to oversight, coercion and deception that has been set out in Article 1321 of the Civil Code. It is therefore necessary to be examined how the relationship between the abuse of state as the factor that causes the will deform against the abuse of contracts and how to position the state as a factor that causes defects will fill the void in the legal system of contract law in Indonesia. The results showed that the state of relationship abuse as factors that led to the agreement will deform, relevant because the agreement occur with the agreement, and to the agreed required the conformity of the will of the parties. For that agreement became the basis for the validity of the contract. But with the misuse of state in the contract raises the contract it becomes irrevocable, because conformity of his will are not met, while the position of the abuse of the state as the factor that causes a defect will in fill the legal vacuum in the system of contract law in Indonesia, it is very important, where in addition there is no setting in Indonesia, also the case in practice. The parties to a contract are often cornered by the interests of one party, so that the opposing party gives consent with full conviction, because it does not have the bargaining power is balanced, often one of the parties has a weak bargaining position, caused by the influence of the economic position and psychiatric one parties, so we need government intervention to oversee the implementation of the freedom of contract in practice, and making rules coercive. Keywords: Abuse of state; Disability Will; Contracts

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penggelapan Uang Elektronik Dalam Transaksi Elektronik

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Mazmur Septian Rumapea
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Consumer Electronic ◽  
Legal Subjects

The development of payment methods in electronic transactions, has  recently developed and is very advanced, namely by using technology that is fast and up-to-date, so that it can be done more easily and flexibly. The implementation of electronic payment systems must be safe and protected physically (hardware / software) and non-physical (communication), have the ability in accordance with the specifications, and there are legal subjects who are legally responsible for the operation of the electronic system. Legal protection for consumers of online applications for electronic transactions cannot be fulfilled in the Consumer Protection Act.Keywords : Legal, Consumer, Electronic Transaction Protection

scholarly journals CONSUMER PROTECTION IN ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS: THE CASE OF INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Erni Agustin ◽  
Faizal Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Electronic Contracts ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Law ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Domestic Products

This paper aims to provide insights into the consumer protection in e-commerce in Indonesian context. In 2015, ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which includes Indonesia as a member, was established for a regional economic integration by reducing the transactions costs of trade, improving trade and business facilities, as well as enhancing the competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises sector. AEC is expected to promote electronic transactions. Even though Indonesia has the Law Number 8 Year 1999 on Consumer Protection, this law does not regulate specifically on electronic transactions. In response to this limitation, Indonesia has issued the Law Number 11 Year 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions and Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2012 on the Implementation of Systems and Electronic Transactions. This is followed by enactment of Law Number 7 Years 2014 on Trade, which regulates general domestic trade, foreign trade, border trade and commerce through the electronic system. The law aims to stem the flood of products imported into Indonesia so that the use of domestic products can be increased. This paper concludes that legislations which regulate consumer protection in electronic transactions are still inadequate thus Indonesia is not fully ready to deal with the consumer protection in e-commerce. Keywords: Electronic contracts, consumer protection, Indonesia, ASEAN Economic Community.Cite as: Agustin, E. & Kurniawan, F. (2017). Consumer protection in electronic contracts: The case of Indonesia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1), 159-169.

scholarly journals Standard Contract on Banking Sector: Regulation and Description in Internal Banking Regulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Desak Putu Dewi Kasih ◽  
Putu Devi Yustisia Utami
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Banking Regulations ◽  
Legal Consequences

This study aims to determine the regulations regarding standard contracts in the banking sector after the existence of the authority of the Otoritas Jasa keuangan, to find out the legal consequences of violations of the provisions of standard contracts carried out by banking financial services and to determine efforts to prevent violations of standard contracts by banking financial services. This is normative legal research with with statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results show that the regulation regarding the standard contract after the existence of the OJK as a financial service consumer protection agency is regulated through the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No.1/POJK.07/2013 concerning Consumer Protection in the Financial Services Sector and in the Financial Services Authority Circular Letter (SEOJK) No. 13 /SEOJK.07 / 2014 regarding the Standard contract. The legal consequences of violating the provisions of the standard contract are not regulated in the POJK and the SEOJK. When it compared with the provisions of article 18 paragraph (3) of the Consumer Protection Law which explicitly states that violations of article 18 paragraphs (1) and (2) result in standard clauses being null and void, POJK and SEOJK only require financial service actors to make action plan, hence it is deemed to have no clear legal consequences. One of the efforts that must be made by banking financial service actors to prevent violations of the provisions of the standard contract is by making standard contract regulations independently and elaborating them in the internal banking regulations.

PEMBERLAKUAN PERJANJIAN BAKU DAN PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP KONSUMEN

to-ra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dhaniswara K. Harjono
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Judicial Practice

Abstract Enforcement of a balcu agreement in the practice of daily economic life is a necessity that is non-negotiable and its validity is based on the principle of freedom of contract that exists in Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Civil Code. In an effort to provide protection for consumers in the application of standard agreements, UU No. 18 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection has set such standard agreement terms that can be enforced in practice with the threat of cancellation if the conditions are not met, including standard agreements in practice may not contain exoneration calls or clauses that divert and / or release responsibility replied the business man. In judicial practice, there are a number of jurisprudences who have canceled the exoneration clause which frees the liability of the business actor and transfers it to the consumer. This is intended as a form of granting legal protection to consumers in court decisions in relation to the application of standard agreements in society.   Keyword : standard agreement; consumer protection; legal protection.

scholarly journals Personal Liability For Loss Of Business Of Consumer In Electronic Transaction Using The Standard Contract

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Halim Barakatullah
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Electronic Transactions ◽  
Consumer Contracts ◽  
Business To Consumer ◽  
Personal Liability ◽  
Made In

Standard contract in electronic transactions in the business-to-consumer as contractonline is offered by business actor to consumers in the form of ‘take it or leave it’. Almostall standard contracts in electronic transaction cannot be negotiated. These contracts arebusinesses utilized to circumvent and ignore the rights of electronic consumers. This electronictransaction has its own characteristics when compared to conventional transactions. Basedon the principle of contract freedom, then the contract can be made in any form and bindingas law for the parties. Therefore the consumer protection should be equated with consumerconducting transactions conventionally. Under the provisions of UUPK stated that businessesare prohibited from creating a standard clause in the contract that the form of the transferof responsibility. Consequently, the violation of the provisions of the standard clause thathas been set by the business is declared null and void. The principle of responsibility is alsoadopted in principle of the presumption of UUPK is to always be responsible (presumptionof liability principle) by the burden of reversed proof. For greater protection for consumersin electronic transactions, it is right in Indonesia to implement the principle of absoluteliability in providing maximum legal protection for consumers in transactions in cyberspace.Keywords: Business Actors, Electronic Transactions Consumer, Contracts Materials,

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