Effect of Hyperglycemia on the Total Surface Charge of the Erythrocyte Membrane in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Aim. To study the effect of hyperglycemia on the total surface charge of the erythrocyte membrane (SCEM) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS).Material and methods. 112 MS patients were examined (45 men and 67 women) (mean age 61.4±7.2 years, average MS duration 8.7±5.2 years). The level of SCEM was determined by adsorption of a positive cationic dye (cationic blue O) on the surface of the plasma membrane of erythrocytes to completely neutralize their negative charge, followed by photometry of the solution and calculation of the number of charges on the cell surface of erythrocytes.Results. In the main group of patients with MS, abdominal obesity was observed in 100% of patients, arterial hypertension – in 73%, hyperglycemia – in 75%, dyslipidemia – in 80%. The level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined in all patients with MS, which was 7.3±1.9%. Patients with MS were conditionally divided according to the level of HbA1c into 2 groups (group 1 – HbA1c from 6.6 to 7.8%, group 2 – more than 7.8%). In MS patients with hyperglycemia, the SCEM values were significantly lower than in the group of patients without hyperglycemia (1.58±0.05×107 and 1.64±0.03×107, respectively; p=0.001)., Significant negative correlations between SCEM and the fasting blood glucose level, hyperglycemia duration, HbA1c level were found in patients with MS.Conclusion. SCEM indices reliably depended on the presence, severity and duration of hyperglycemia, which indicated the effect of impaired carbohydrate metabolism on the state of electric charge of erythrocyte membranes and, therefore, on the mechanisms of microvascular blood flow, thereby contributing to the development of vascular changes in patients with MS.

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Vascular wall status and its link with perivascular adipose tissue and other fat depots in young patients with abdominal obesity

Systemic Hypertension ◽

10.26442/sg33559 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 80-86

Author(s):

Ekaterina A Zheleznova ◽

Juliya V Zhernakova ◽

Olga A Pogorelova ◽

Mariia I Tripoten ◽

Nataliia V Blinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Control Group ◽

Additional Risk Factor ◽

Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Aim. To evaluate the common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media complex thickness (IMT) and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) in young people with abdominal obesity who don’t have metabolic syndrome and those who have it, as well as a link between fat depots (perivascular, visceral, subcutaneous, epicardial) and CCA IMT. Materials and methods. The study included 145 people aged 18-45 years. They were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n=18) - healthy volunteers (control group), group 2 (n=48) - patients with abdominal obesity and no more than one additional risk factor (metabolically healthy) and group 3 (n=79) - patients with metabolic syndrome. In persons included in the study the following parameters were measured: the height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, uric acid, lipid profile, insulin and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). They also were given a 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, and an evaluation of CCA IMT, a presence of ASP in the carotid arteries and a maximum degree of internal carotid stenosis was performed using the duplex scan of brachiocephalic arteries. Computed tomography (Aquilion One Vision Edition, Toshiba, Japan) with determining subcutaneous, visceral, perivascular, epicardial fat was performed, and the ratio of subcutaneous to visceral fat was calculated. Results. Significant differences in mean CCA IMT were revealed only between persons of group 1 and group 3 (p=0.025), while the median of IMT were within normal ranges (group 1: 0.49 [0.46; 0.56]; group 2: 0.53 [0.49; 0.59]; group 3: 0.56 [0.52; 0.62]). Significant differences in a distribution of individuals with increased IMT between groups were also not revealed. However, the proportion of individuals with ASP was significantly higher in group 2 compared with group 1 (p

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Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in HIV-Positive Men with and without Antiretroviral Therapy

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57060578 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 578

Author(s):

Win-Long Lu ◽

Yuan-Ti Lee ◽

Gwo-Tarng Sheu

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Antiretroviral Drugs ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Naive Group ◽

Treatment Naïve ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Treatment of HIV infection is a lifelong process and associated with chronic diseases. We evaluated the prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with individual antiretroviral drugs exposure among HIV-infected men in Taiwan. A total of 200 patients’ data were collected with a mean age of 32.9. Among them, those who had CD4 positive cell number less than 350/mL were eligible to have highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patients were divided into group-1 that contains 45 treatment-naïve participants, and group-2 that includes 155 HAART treatment-experienced participants. MetS prevalence between group-1 and group-2 was 18% and 31%, respectively. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for the naïve and experienced groups were 4.7 ± 4.2 and 3.87 ± 5.92, respectively. High triglyceride (TG > 150 mg/dL) in group-1 and group-2 were 15.6% and 36.6% (p < 0.05), whereas, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL < 39 mg/dL) in group-1 and group-2 presented as 76.7% versus 51% (p < 0.05), respectively. In group-2, treatment with protease inhibitors (PIs) resulted in higher TG levels when compared with non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase inhibitors (InSTIs). The prevalence of MetS in the treatment-naïve group was lower than that of the treatment-experienced group; high TG level resulted in higher MetS prevalence in the treatment-experienced group. In contrast, the cardiovascular risk of FRS in the treatment-naïve group was higher than that of the treatment-experienced group, which may result from the low HDL level. Although group-1 participants have a higher risk of developing CVDs, in group-2, an increasing TG level in PIs user indicated higher CVDs risk. TG and HDL are two significant biofactors that required regular evaluation in HIV-positive individuals.

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Metabolic Syndrome in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Journal of Renal and Hepatic Disorders ◽

10.15586/jrenhep.v5i2.99 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 34-37

Author(s):

Zhahid Hassan ◽

Muzamil Latief ◽

Mahroosa Ramzan ◽

Farhat Abbas ◽

Summyia Farooq

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and other features of metabolic syndrome. It is identified as the most common cause of liver enzyme derangement. Lately, NAFLD has generated interest in exploring treatment options, including weight loss and dietary interventions. An association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome has been suggested in contemporary literature. In this study, we attempted to look into the association of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome. In this study, 80 adult NAFLD patients were recruited from a tertiary care hospital. Among these, 42 were males and 38 females with a mean age of 44.46±13.146 years (range 18–82 years). Grades of fatty liver and presence or absence of metabolic syndrome were studied in this patient population. Patients who did not qualify for the criteria of met-abolic syndrome were placed in Group 1 and those who fulfilled the stated criteria were considered in Group 2. There were 29 (36.25%) patients in Group 1 and 51 (63.75%) in Group 2. All the patients in Group 1 were having Grade I fatty liver whereas patients in Group 2 were found to having varying grades of fatty liver, with six patients having Grade III fatty liver. We found statistically significant difference in various parameters of study (liver enzymes, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and blood pressure) between Group 1 and Group 2. Ultrasound evidence of a fatty liver should be considered as a predictor of metabolic syndrome, and these patients must be investigated for the different components of metabolic syndrome so as to have early diagnosis and intervention to alter development of long-term metabolic disorders and their inherent complications.

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TREATMENT OF A COMBINATION OF DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND GOUT

Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology ◽

10.12737/2409-3750-2021-7-3-24-27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 24-27

Author(s):

S. Tokareva ◽

R. Kupeev ◽

Aleksandr Hadarcev ◽

Sof'ya Belyaeva

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Diabetic Polyneuropathy ◽

Sf 36 ◽

Effect Of Therapy ◽

Male Patients ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The purpose of the work. To show the expediency of using a complex DPN therapy with thio-gammoy-600 in combination with TPP, B12-ankerman and febuxostat. Materials and research methods. The study involved 28 male patients suffering from DM2 aged 56-77 years, with an av-erage age of 64.6±0.7 years. The initial values of average fasting blood glucose were 7.8 ± 1.52 mmol/l, glycosylated hemoglobin 7.4 ± 0.13%. Two groups were identified: group 1 (main) – 14 people and group 2 (control) - 16 people. In group 2, basic DPN therapy was used (thiogamma 600 mg/day for 4 months). For the first 14 days, the drug was administered intravenously, and then administered orally. In group 1, in addition to basic DPN therapy, B12-ankerman and febuxostat (adenuric) – 80 mg/day were received. TPP was carried out on a portable device TPP-03 for 15 minutes daily. This treatment regimen was used for 4 months. The assessment of the quality of life (QL) was carried out using the MOS SF-36 questionnaire. Results and their discussion. Four months after the start of therapy, more pronounced changes were observed in patients of the first group. The total score of the NSS scale in this group increased by 28.9%, and in group 2 - by 18.8%. The positive effect of therapy with adenuric and TES on the course of DPN shows that the use of this treatment will naturally lead to an improve-ment in the quality of life of patients, the dynamics of which was studied according to the results of the SF-36 questionnaire.

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M86. CAN WEIGHT GAIN CAUSE METABOLIC SYNDROME A DECADE LATER IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER?

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S167-S167

Author(s):

Moradi Hawar ◽

Lars Helldin ◽

Anna-Karin Olsson ◽

Pontén Anna

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Life Time ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder ◽

Group 4 ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder have a reduced life time expectancy with up to 20 years. Obesity and metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent and cardio vascular disease, CVD, remain the most common cause of the excess mortality. Despite studies showing the reduced life time expectancy and its causes the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder yet remain to benefit of the development of the healthcare. In this study we aim to focus on how the weight changes in different age groups and when do the cluster of conditions of metabolic syndrome start to occur. Methods In this naturalistic study we follow 71 patients, 47 man and 24 women diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. We divided the patients into 5 different groups based on age. Group 1 aged 20–30 years, Group 2 aged 31–40 years, Group 3 aged 41–50 years, group 4 aged 51–60 years and Group 5 aged 61 years and elder. The longest time of observation was 18 years. Data on weight (kg) and disorders such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were collected at baseline and then yearly thereafter. Data from baseline and the last yearly follow up were included in this study. Weight and the presence of the cluster of conditions that make up metabolic syndrome in the above-mentioned groups were analyzed. Results Patients in group 1 make the highest gain of weight with 0, 9 kg per year and group 2 with the least gain of weight only 0, 01 kg per year. Patients in group 3 have a weight loss of 0, 2 kg per year. At endpoint 9 out 19 patients in group 3 and 11 out of 21 patients in group 4 were treated for one, two or three conditions of the metabolic syndrome. Discussion In our study we show that weight gain appears at least 10 years before the development of metabolic syndrome. Despite the loss of weight that appear in group 3 the negative effects of the weight gained a decade earlier may be a factor that make patients aged 41 years and older to be at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and of Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Internal Medicine ◽

10.2478/inmed-2018-0036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

Manta Andrei ◽

Maștaleru Alexandra ◽

Oancea Andra ◽

Anghel Razvan Constantin ◽

Roca Mihai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Therapeutic Success ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

AbstractObesity, a component of the metabolic syndrome, is a rising public health problem, continuously increasing in the European countries. The therapeutic success of the patient with metabolic syndrome requires a multidisciplinary approach to lifestyle changes, weight loss, continuous and dynamic dietary improvement, sedentary reduction, normalization of blood pressure, glycemia and lipid parameters. We performed a retrospective study that was conducted in the Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital in Iasi, with 4627 patients that were admitted in the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Clinic from January 2011 to December 2015 with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome according to WHO definition (Group 1) or with other comorbidities (Group 2). In the first group were included 1064 patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. This group has predominantly smoking female patients. Also, in group 1 were diagnosed more patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary heart disease compared to group 2. Most of the patients with inflammatory syndrome were included in the group without metabolic syndrome (group 2). The results of our study confirm that metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities whose evolution determines the development of coronary heart disease. All this would advocate for treating metabolic syndrome as the primary method of preventing cardiovascular disease.

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Dynamic parameters of homeostasis under the influence of antiaggregant treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation and metabolic syndrome

Bukovinian Medical Herald ◽

10.24061/2413-0737.xviii.2.70.2014.75 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (2 (70)) ◽

Author(s):

M. A. Orynchak ◽

M. M. Vasylechko

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽

Dynamic Parameters ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

D Dimer ◽

Group 1

The condition of coagulation and platelet hemostasis in 125 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and with metabolic syndrome (MS) has been analysed. Сoagulation and platelet hemostasis in 125 patients with AF and MS under treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (group 1), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) (group 2) and ASA with L-arginine (3 group) during 2 months were measured. It was established that omega-3 PUFAs are more effective compared with ASA/aspirin with L-arginine and it promotes normalization of fibrinogen, soluble fibrin-monomer complexes (SFMK), D-dimer and improves the platelet aggregative activity (PAA).

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Lesions of paired eyes at the initial stages of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Archive of Ukrainian Ophthalmology ◽

10.22141/2309-8147.9.1.2021.229520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 21-27

Author(s):

S.O. Rykov ◽

K.V. Korobov ◽

S.Yu. Mogilevskyy

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Vascular Anomalies ◽

Vascular Changes ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Background. One of the early microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diabetic retinopathy (DR). Its main cause is prolonged hyperglycemia, which triggers the development of microangiopathy. In this regard, the issue of damage to paired eyes and the spread of DR in the initial stages has not been fully clarified. The purpose: to study the peculiarities of lesions of paired eyes at the initial stages of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. We examined 91 patients with T2DM (182 eyes), who did not have retinopathy according to the International Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (2002). Paired eyes were divided into three groups: group 1 included 132 paired eyes (66 patients) with 10 points according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Group Study (ETDRS); group 2 consisted of 25 eyes with 10 points on ETDRS, and group 3 — 25 paired eyes with retinal vascular anomalies (14–15 points on ETDRS). The patients were examined again after 1 year. According to the ETDRS, Airlie House classification, microaneurysms, microhemorrhages, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, retinal vascular abnormalities, and retinal nonperfusion were detected. Results. The majority (58.3 %) of paired eyes without initial changes (group 1) had no progression of DR within 1 year, 12.9 % had vascular anomalies (14–15 points on ETDRS), 13.6 % developed mild, and 15.2 % — moderate non-proliferative DR. The highest progression of DR (88.0 % of eyes) was observed in eyes without diabetic vascular changes, which were paired to eyes with such changes (group 2) that was 2.1 times (p < 0.001) higher than the indicator of paired eyes without diabetic changes (group 1; 41.7 %). Most eyes that had mild vascular changes (group 3) progressed to moderate non-proliferative DR after 1 year, which was four times more often than in eyes that had no initial changes (60.0 versus 15.2 %; p < 0.001). DR in the eyes of group 3 with progression accounted for 43–47 points on EDTRS; the visual acuity of these eyes, both before and after 1 year, was significantly lower than in other groups, and the level of glycated hemoglobin in the blood of patients with such eyes was significantly higher. Conclusions. This study established the features of the progression of early stages of DR in patients with T2DM, and the significance of primary retinal vascular anomalies in the presence of which the progression of DR was faster.

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Cough hypersensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome: a clinical finding and its possible mechanisms

BMC Pulmonary Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12890-021-01652-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiafen Cheng ◽

Zhuangli Xie ◽

Shengyuan Wang ◽

Siwan Wen ◽

Shanshan Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Induced Sputum ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

Calcitonin Gene ◽

Routine Physical Examination ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Capsaicin Cough ◽

Group 1

Abstract Purpose To investigate the changes of cough sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome and its possible mechanisms. Method A total of 29 metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients with OSAHS (group-1), 22 MetS patients without OSAHS (group-2), and 25 healthy controls (group-3) were included. All participants underwent a routine physical examination and completed the gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GerdQ), and the inflammatory mediator profile were determined. The cough threshold for capsaicin, induced sputum cell count and cell classification, and inflammatory mediators in induced sputum supernatants were compared. The correlation between capsaicin cough sensitivity and various indicators in the MetS population was analyzed. Results The minimum concentration of inhaled capsaicin needed to induce ≥ 5 coughs (C5) was significantly different among three groups (H = 14.393, P = 0.001) and lower for group-1 and group-2 than it for group-3 (P = 0.002, P = 0.005). The percentage of neutrophils in induced sputum and the concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the sputum supernatant of group-1 and group-2 were significantly higher than those of group-3. Besides, the pepsin concentrations were significantly different among the 3 groups (F = 129.362, P < 0.001), which significantly was highest in group-1 (P < 0.001) and lowest in group-3 (P < 0.001). Triglycerides, AHI, pepsin concentration and BMI were risk factors of increased capsaicin cough sensitivity. Conclusion Increased capsaicin cough sensitivity in MetS patients is closely related to sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux. For patients in MetS patients without OSAHS, gastroesophageal reflux is an important factor for increased capsaicin cough sensitivity. Airway inflammation, especially airway neurogenic inflammation, may also play a role in the pathogenesis of increased capsaicin cough sensitivity. Trial registration The protocol was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Register (http://www.chictr.org.cn/) (ChiCTR1800014768). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.

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Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome ◽

10.1186/s13098-019-0484-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Giuseppina Piazzolla ◽

Mafalda Candigliota ◽

Margherita Fanelli ◽

Anna Castrovilli ◽

Elsa Berardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Carotid Stenosis ◽

Color Doppler ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

C Peptide ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition potentially promoting the development of atherosclerotic disease. To date, the clinical impact of elevated serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels in MetS is still under discussion. The aim of this cross sectional study was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and hyperhomocysteinemia and the potential role of Hcy in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic complications of MetS. Methods We recruited 300 outpatients with MetS. All patients underwent a medical history collection, physical examination, blood sampling and carotid ultrasound echo-color Doppler. According to Hcy levels, MetS patients were divided into two groups: “normal” (< 10.7 μmol/l; n = 140, group 1) and “high” Hcy (≥ 10.7 μmol/l; n = 160, group 2). Comparisons between groups were made by Student’s t-test or Chi-square test. The effects of potential covariates on group differences were evaluated by general linear models. The relationships between continuous variables were assessed by simple or multiple correlation and by linear regression. Multiple regression models were built to evaluate the effects of Hcy, together with other potential risk factors, on carotid atherosclerosis. Results Patients with high Hcy were predominantly male and slightly older than group 1 patients. Smokers and non-smokers exhibited similar Hcy levels, nor was a statistical relationship between pack-years and Hcy observed. Group 2 showed lower levels of folic acid, vitamin D, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) than group 1, but higher levels of C-peptide, uric acid and triglycerides. In all patients, Hcy was positively correlated with C-peptide and uric acid and negatively with folic acid and e-GFR. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid stenosis degree were significantly higher in patients with high Hcy and a positive relationship between Hcy and both IMT and carotid stenosis was detected in all patients. Finally, Hcy atherogenic effects were independent of other well-known atherosclerosis risk factors. Conclusions Our results highlight a link between MetS and hyperhomocysteinemia and a direct effect of Hcy on atherogenic process during MetS. Early correction of folic acid levels may contribute to prevent cardiovascular complications in MetS patients.

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