scholarly journals Formation of a generalized semantic network of concepts

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Valerii Onyshchenko ◽  
Yana Korolova ◽  
Andrii Nosyk
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Information Visualization ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Mathematical Linguistics ◽  
Image Description ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Approach

The subject of research is the features of formation of a generalized semantic network of concepts. The purpose of article is to substantiate the composition and main types of nodes and relationships characteristic of the semantic network of concepts, as well as the formation of a generalized semantic network of concepts for structural and linguistic recognition of images in computer systems and networks. Research methods: methods of the theory of mathematical logic, mathematical linguistics and set theory; methods of information visualization using graphs. Results: an approach to the formation of a generalized semantic network of structural and linguistic concepts of contour images of objects obtained at different shooting angles is proposed; the substantiation of the composition and types of nodes and relations, characteristic of the semantic network of concepts, has been carried out; the basic principles of constructing a semantic network of structural and linguistic concepts of recognition objects are formulated. Conclusions: To construct an image description that corresponds to the concept of semantic information processing and can be used in systems for collecting relevant images in computer systems and networks, it is advisable to use a structural-linguistic approach to recognition using a generalized semantic network of concepts. The use of this network in the classification and identification of objects can significantly expand the range of images accepted for consideration, taking into account different directions of shooting and different angles of camera deviation from nadir position.

Backgrounding and suppression of reciprocal participants

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Relation ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Reciprocal Relations ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Argument Mapping ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Plural Subject ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Plural Subjects

According to traditional wisdom, reciprocal predicates can only occur with plural subjects. This is assumed either because the reciprocal predicates in question are constructed by means of a reciprocal anaphor, which is considered as being inherently plural and hence requiring a plural antecedent, or, if there is no binding requirement, the following principle of argument mapping is implicitly assumed: all participants of a reciprocal situation need an overt realization by the same highest syntactic argument. Since a reciprocal relation minimally involves the existence of two participants, and since (in the languages considered so far) the highest syntactic argument is the subject, this mapping principle leads to the idea that the subjects of reciprocal predicates should be confined to plural or conjoined phrases. In this paper, I will show that this principle turns out to be unrealistically strong, once real discourse data are considered, in particular from a cross-linguistic perspective. Under certain structural and pragmatic conditions, participants of reciprocal relations may be backgrounded and also suppressed, with the result that, in the second case, they will lack an overt realization altogether. It will be argued that there is a typological correlation between the following three phenomena: discontinuous reciprocals (where one participant is backgrounded and hence realized as an oblique phrase), “true” singular subject reciprocals (where only one participant is realized overtly, while the other is suppressed), and plural subject reciprocals, admitting the interpretation that each individual among the subject’s referents participates in a reciprocal relation with some other (unknown or arbitrary) individual that is, however, suppressed, i.e. not referred to by the subject phrase or any other phrase in the sentence. I will present data from four languages: Hungarian, German, (Modern) Greek and Serbian/Croatian. In general, a cross-linguistic approach will be favored which considers differences and similarities at all relevant levels of description, e.g. discourse pragmatics, verbal aspect, lexical-semantic fields, interfering effects of ambiguity, etc. in addition to structural constraints in marking reciprocity.

main principles and directions of socio-cultural re-socialization of foreign students

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-E) ◽  
pp. 327-335
Author(s):  
Hoshang Farhad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Students ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of the article is to investigate the basic principles and directions of socio-cultural re-socialization of foreign students. The subject of the research is the institutional practices of re-socialization of foreign students in the conditions of a megalopolis (on the example of Moscow). The results of the work are that the author has studied the basic principles and directions of socio-cultural re-socialization of foreign students, they include 2 components, one of which provides the necessary conditioning of the internal state of a person for entering the host society, and the second-actually entering society through following certain trajectories in the social space. Thus, Russian megacities as places of subsequent social adaptation of foreign students are full of more opportunities for successful re-socialization of a criminal than small cities, but they are not without risks.

scholarly journals NOVEL “ORANG-ORANG PROYEK”: SEJARAH ORDE BARU

TELAGA BAHASA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramis Rauf
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
New Order ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Alain Badiou ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

This study wants to reveal the truth procedures in Ahmad Tohari's novel Orang-Orang Proyek, as a part of an event and a factor in the presence of a new subject. This research would answer the problem: how was the subjectification of Ahmad Tohari in Orang-Orang Proyek novel as truth procedures? This study used the set theory by Alain Badiou. The set theory explained that within a set there were members of "Existing" or Being and events as "Plural" members.  The results proved that the subjectivity between Tohari and New Order events produced literary works: Orang-Orang Proyek. This happened because there was a positive relationship between the author and the event as well as on the naming of the event. Not only as of the subject but also do a fidelity to what he believed to be a truth. The truth procedures or the void—originating from the New Order event—was in the history of the making of a bridge in a village in Java island, Indonesia during the New Order period that filled with corruption, collusion, and nepotism. Tohari then embodied it in his novel. By the presences of the novel, we could know the category of Tohari's presentation as a new subject such as faithful, reactive, and obscure.

scholarly journals Perception and Text Comprehension. It’s a Matter of Perception!

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (07) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Aglaia Tourimpampa ◽  
Athanasios Drigas ◽  
Alexandra Economou ◽  
Petros Roussos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This study is a comprehensive attempt to assess the impact of the cognitive skill of perception in the ability to comprehend a text. More specifically, it investigates the function of perception as a primary structure of the human brain to contact the world and examines the certain cognitive processes of perception that affect text comprehension. It is also presented the relation between cognitive perception and the linguistic approach of pragmatics in order the subject to comprehend the text. Perception is the organization, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. Pragmatics is the linguistic field that studies how people comprehend and produce speech or a text as a communicative act. Furthermore, it features the current scientific achievements on the ICTs processes and tools, which exploit the assessment of perception in text comprehension.

On some issues of legislation harmonization on legal proceedings and representation: comparative legal characteristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
Valentina M. Bolshakova
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Judicial Protection

The subject of research is the issues of improving the legislation on the judicial system, legal proceedings types, further unification of duties of general jurisdiction courts and analysis of requirements for a procedural representative. The modern legal doctrine contains legislative regulations governing various spheres of social activity. One of these areas is the regula-tion of the structure and regulatory legal framework of the activities of judi-ciary, administering justice and implementing in practice the basic principles of the legal state. Method, research methodology: we illustrate the need to improve the legislation on the judicial system and legal proceedings based on the application of comparative legal and systemic research methods. The novelty of research, main conclusions: we consider social trends leading to judicial changes, we present the corresponding opinions of scientists on this issue. As a result of the conducted scientific research, we establish that some normative legal acts regulating the types of legal proceedings, the duties of general jurisdiction courts, as well as the institution of procedural representation, need to be amended in order to bring them into line with constitutional provisions and establish precise legal and technical formulations. We especially note that this study makes it possible to assess how optimal the judicial and procedural legislation is at present and how effectively it allows for judicial protection of violated or disputed rights and simplifies citizens' access to justice.

scholarly journals Arrangement and safe operation of auto-roads on a construction site

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08003
Author(s):  
Ivan Doroshin ◽  
Boris Zhadanovskiy ◽  
Ruben Kazaryan
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Data Investigation ◽  
Working Out

Traditional and innovative ways of constructing temporary roads at a construction site are considered. The basic principles of the preparation of construction operations are given, which should be taken into account at this stage. Particular attention is paid to the preparation of the construction of the facility and preparation for the construction and installation works. The organization of designing construction roads, temporary and permanent, is considered. Methods for determining the parameters of construction roads are described. The main technical indicators of construction roads are given. Dangerous areas of the roads are indicated. The main purpose of the research is to generalize and systematize the modern ways of arrangement and operation of auto-roads on a construction site. For carrying out of the study the methodical and scientific literature on the subject was analyzed, and also the statistic methods of data investigation were used. The main results of the research is the accomplishment of estimation of expenses on arrangement of auto-roads, the indication of order of working out of design of the auto-roads, also the indication of necessity of use of permanent roads as temporary. The design of temporary and permanent construction roads is very important because of their greater use in comparison with railway transport and a great influence on the supply of construction materials.

Optical Methods To Measure Shape and Size

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Resolving Power ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Incoherent Light ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moiré Techniques ◽  
Living Objects ◽  
Mechanical Sensing ◽  
Physical Principles

A number of methods are available to quantify exterior size and shape of living and non-living objects. Relevant items for dentistry are the exterior of face and skull and the surface of dental casts. To the best of our knowledge, dentitions have not yet been measured in situ. The optical methods using incoherent light are mechanical sensing of casts, visual stereometry (on the subject or on stereophotographic pairs), moire techniques, and optical-sensor morphometry. It will be shown that the three latter systems in fact rely on the same physical principles, although they involve quite different technologies. On the other hand, coherent optical techniques, such as holography and contouring holographic interferometry, are presented. The basic principles of the different techniques are shown, and their main features in relation to applications to the dental object discussed. Main features include: resolving power, range, time needed for a measurement, requirements for the surface of the object, and ease of selection and collection of data. Examples of methods from the literature and from work by the author are given.

L1–L2 asymmetry in animacy effects in the processing of Japanese relative clause

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanako Mitsugi ◽  
Yasuhiro Shirai
Keyword(s):  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
First Languages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
English Group ◽  
Processing Difficulty

AbstractUsing self-paced reading, this study investigated the role of head animacy in the processing of Japanese relative clauses (RCs). Second language (L2) learners whose first languages (L1) are English and Korean, and Japanese native speakers participated. The results showed that for native speakers, inanimate heads diminished the processing difficulty associated with object RCs. However, head animacy did not have an effect on L2 processing. The Korean group showed the subject-object asymmetry but no effect of head animacy. The English group did not demonstrate the effect of RC type or head animacy. The overall pattern of these results suggests that L2 learners of Japanese are not guided by syntactic and lexical-semantic information in the same way as Japanese native speakers. These findings are interpreted within the constraint-satisfaction models (MacDonald et al., 1994) and are further discussed in the light of the research concerning the transfer of L1 processing routines.

scholarly journals Pelaksanaan Perancangan Kontrak dalam Pembuatan Struktur Kontrak Bisnis

Acta Comitas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
I Gst. Agung Rio Diputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Contract Signing ◽  
Business Structure

In business activities in Indonesia, the contract is a basic framework that is used as a frame of relations for economic actors. Contract may give rise to rights and obligations for the parties to make the contract. Thus the contract is very important in doing business in Indonesia. This condition serves as background of this research in frame of disclosing (1) How the stages to design business contract?; and (2) How to create a contract business structure? The research usesa type of normative legal research with a conceptual and legal approach. Analysis of legal materials collected in this research performed by a descriptive, interpretative, evaluative and argumentative analysis. The research result indicated (1) The stages to design contract onsisting of pre-contract stage, contract signing phase and post-contract stage. In the making of an agreement or contract, the parties to observe some very basic principles in the making of such contract. The principles are to understand the terms of the validity of an agreement, and the principles and elements of an agreement; (2) In designing good and correct contracting of business contracts, it is necessary precision and accuracy of the parties making an agreement or contract. In addition must meet procedural requirements that meet subjective and objective requirements. A good contract must be clear and detailed, concerning the subject, its object and the obligations of the parties and the sanctions imposed on the parties, as well as the clarity of procedures and procedures for the implementation of sanctions, and not contrary to all legal norms relating to the contract. In addition, additional requirements which contain safety clauses for the interest of the parties are also required. Dalam kegiatan bisnis di Indonesia, kontrak merupakan kerangka dasar yang digunakan sebagai bingkai dari hubungan bagi para pelaku ekonomi. Kontrak dapat menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban bagi para pihak yang membuat kontrak tersebut. Dengan demikian kontrak sangat berperan penting dalam berbisnis di Indonesia. Kondisi ini melatarbelakangi penelitian ini dalam rangka mengetahui (1) Bagaimana tahapan perancangan kontrak bisnis? dan (2) Bagaimana pembuatan struktur kontrak bisnis?. Penelitian ini mempergunakan jenis penelitian hokum normatif dengan pendekatan konsep dan undang-undang. Analisis bahan hokum dilakukan secara deskriptif, interpretatif, evaluatif dan argumentatif analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Tahapan perancangan kontrak terdiri dari tahap prakontrak, tahap penandatangan kontrak dan tahap pasca kontrak. Pihak-pihak yang mrlakukan suatu perjanjian harus melihat prinsip yang menjadi dasar pada kontrak yang dibuat. Prinsip yang dimaksud seperti paham akan unsur dari perjanjian, asas dari perjanjian serta syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian; (2) Perlu cermat dan teliti oleh pihak-pihak yang melakukan suatu kontrak/perjanjian dalam merancang pembuatan struktur kontrak bisnis yang baik dan benar. Selain itu harus memenuhi syarat prosedural yaitu memenuhi syarat subjektif dan objektif. Sebuah kontrak yang baik harus jelas dan terperinci, menyangkut subjeknya, objeknya serta kewajiban para pihak beserta sanksi yang dibebankan terhadap para pihak, serta kejelasan cara dan prosedur pelaksanaan sanksi, serta tidak bertentangan dengan seluruh norma hukum yang terkait dengan kontrak. Selain itu diperlukan juga persyaratan tambahan yang berisi klausul pengaman untuk kepentingan para pihak.

scholarly journals A survey of grammatical variability in Early Modern English drama

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-301
Author(s):  
Andrew Hardie ◽  
Isolde van Dorst
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Drama ◽  
Early Modern English Drama ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Quantitative Metrics ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Statistical Summary

Grammar is one of the levels within the language system at which authorial choices of one mode of expression over others must be examined to characterise in full the style of the author. Such choices must however be assessed in the context of an understanding of the extent of variability that exists generally in the language. This study investigates a set of grammatical features to understand their variability in Early Modern English drama, and the extent to which Shakespeare’s grammatical style is distinct from or similar to that of his contemporaries in so far as these features are concerned. A review of prior works on Shakespeare’s grammar establishes that the quantitatively informed corpus linguistic approach utilised in this study is innovative to this topic. Using two of the grammatically annotated corpora created by the Encyclopedia of Shakespeare’s Language project, one made up of Shakespeare’s plays, one of plays by other playwrights of the period, we present a method which steers a course between the narrow focus of close reading and the naïvely quantitative metrics of authorship analysis. For a set of 15 grammatical features of stylistic interest, we retrieve all instances of each feature in each play via complex corpus search patterns and calculate its relative frequency. These results are then considered, in aggregate and at the text level, to assess the differences across plays, across dramatic genre, and between Shakespeare and the other dramatists, via both statistical summary and visual representation of variability. We find that Shakespeare’s grammatical style tends (especially in comedies and tragedies) to disprefer informationally dense noun phrases relative to the other playwrights; and, moreover, to prefer tense, aspect and pronoun features which suggest a greater degree of narrative focus in his style. Furthermore, we find Shakespeare to be highly distinct in his preferences regarding verb complement subordinate clause types. These findings point the way both to a novel methodology and to further as yet unconsidered questions on the subject of Shakespeare’s grammatical style.

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