scholarly journals IMPACT OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OF CONTRACEPTIVES ON THE FEMALE GENERAL CONDITION AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. ANALYTICAL REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Ya.N. Pavlov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Effective Contraceptive

Considering the activity level of a modern woman and her desire for self-development and self-realization, she independently regulates and chooses the time that, in her opinion, is the most favorable for creating a family and having a child. Considering the fact that in most cases women use contraceptives to regulate pregnancy and childbirth, the issue of selecting the most effective contraceptive without negative consequences or health disturbances including reproductive system becomes extremely relevant. The purpose of this review is to identify contraceptives that, according to medical researchers and gynecologists, have minimum or no negative impact on women's health and yet help to prevent pregnancy. The analysis of WHO recommendations and conclusions made by both Russian and foreign researchers, including Yaglov V.V., Crosignani PG, H.K. Kallner, K. G. Danielsson and others during the past 10 years, has identified contraceptives with minimum negative effects and the highest possible effectiveness. Based on the conducted literature review, the following main groups of contraceptives have been identified and classified: hormonal (combined estrogen-gastrogenic drugs, mini-pills, injectable drugs, subcutaneous implants, hormonal, etc.) barrier (vaginal diaphragm, cervical cap, contraceptive sponge); biological methods (temperature method, cervical method, symptothermal method). The study showed that hormonal-type drugs turned out to have the highest effectiveness (99.9%) with negative consequences including hormonal disruptions, excess weight gain, and cancer development in rare cases. Regardless of the contraceptive type selected, the woman should first undergo a medical examination and consult a gynecologist who will tell which contraceptives are most appropriate in each case. Most researchers in the field of medicine and gynecology agree that the safest and most effective contraceptive method is male barrier contraceptives - condoms that do not have a negative effect on the female health, except for possible allergic reactions to lubricants used by the manufacturer.

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on IT Sector. The Case of Greece

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the Information and Technology (IT) sector on the countries’ innovation development has been recognized as crucial in prior and recent research studies. Moreover, firms’ innovativeness affects positively countries’ economies. Nevertheless, the global economic crisis of the last decade constituted a significant barrier to the development of country economies and had a negative effect on firms’ performance. Specifically, the negative consequences of the global crisis became harder for Southern Europe Countries. More specifically the Greek economy was suffered by an extended period of crisis with harder consequences than those of other European countries. The main purpose of this study was to examine the financial performance of Greek IT firms in the early years of crisis. Our findings have been relevant to those of previous studies which observed negative effects of the financial recession on firms profitability.

scholarly journals Does Customer Demotion Jeopardize Loyalty?

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tillmann Wagner ◽  
Thorsten Hennig-Thurau ◽  
Thomas Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Loyalty Intentions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scenario Study

Hierarchical loyalty programs award elevated customer status (e.g., “elite membership”) to consumers who meet a predefined spending level. However, if a customer subsequently falls short of the required spending level, firms commonly revoke that status. The authors investigate the impact of such customer demotion on loyalty intentions toward the firm. Building on prospect theory and emotions theory, the authors hypothesize that changes in customer status have an asymmetric negative effect, such that the negative impact of customer demotion is stronger than the positive impact of status increases. An experimental scenario study provides evidence that loyalty intentions are indeed lower for demoted customers than for those who have never been awarded a preferred status, meaning that hierarchical loyalty programs can drive otherwise loyal customers away from a firm. A field study using proprietary sales data from a different industry context demonstrates the robustness of the negative impact of customer demotion. The authors test the extent to which design variables of hierarchical loyalty programs may attenuate the negative consequences of status demotions with a second experimental scenario study and present an analytical model that links status demotion to customer equity to aid managerial decision making.

scholarly journals The Negative Impact of the Effects of Coronavirus on the Well-Being of Children and Families Who Are Clients of Child Protection Authorities in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
J. Kuokkanen ◽  
A Tiili ◽  
A. Paasivirta
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Restrictive Measures

In the spring 2020, the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic quickly spread across Finland, having significant negative consequences for people’s living conditions. On March 16, 2020, the Finnish government declared a state of emergency and imposed several restrictive measures that were in effect until July 16, 2020 [13; 16]. The coronavirus and its aftermath have weakened the resilience of the Finnish welfare state, thereby challenging the welfare state’s ability to protect those most in need of its support. Recent studies have shown that the most vulnerable populations, such as children, are most affected by the negative effects of the pandemic in Finland and worldwide [5; 9; 11; 14; 18]. In autumn 2020, the Central Union for Child Welfare (CUCW) and the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) conducted a large-scale survey among the heads of child protection authorities (15.08.—13.10.2020), the aim of which was to find out how the consequences of the coronavirus and government restrictions have affected the well-being of children and their families who are clients of child protection authorities during the fall 2020. This article presents the main results and conclusions of the survey.

scholarly journals Seven years of experimental warming and nutrient addition causes decline of bryophytes and lichens in alpine meadow and heath communities

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha M Alatalo ◽  
Annika K Jägerbrand ◽  
Ulf Molau
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Nutrient Addition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Alpine Regions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Heath Community ◽  
Species Specific

Global change is predicted to have large and rapid impact on polar and alpine regions. Bryophytes and lichens increase their importance in terms of biomass, carbon/nutrient cycling, cover and ecosystem functioning at higher latitudes/altitudes. Here we report from a seven year factorial experiment with nutrient addition and warming on the abundance of bryophytes and lichens in an alpine meadow and heath community. Treatments had significant negative effect on relative change of total abundance bryophytes and lichens, the largest decline to the nutrient addition and the combined nutrient addition and warming treatments, bryophytes decreasing most in the meadow, lichens most in the heath. Nutrient addition, and the combined nutrient addition and warming brought rapid decrease in both bryophytes and lichens, while warming had a delayed negative impact. Of sixteen species that were included the statistical analyses, we found significant negative effects on seven species. We show that impact of simulated global change on bryophytes and lichens differ in in time and magnitude among treatments and plant communities. Our results underscore the importance of longer-term studies to improve the quality of climate change models, as short-term studies are poor predictors of longer-term responses of bryophytes and lichens, similar to what have been shown for vascular plants. Species-specific responses may differ in time, and this will likely cause changes in the dominance structures of bryophytes and lichens over time.

scholarly journals Designing for Packaging Sustainability. The Effects of Appearance and a Better Eco-Label on Consumers’ Evaluations and Choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3251-3260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Krah ◽  
Tea Todorovic ◽  
Lise Magnier
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
User Perspective ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Typical Appearance ◽  
Perceived Usability ◽  
Choice Intentions ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe environmental burden of packaging is huge. However, redesigning packaging to make it more sustainable without damaging its other functions is not always easy and can have a negative impact on consumers’ choice. In this paper, we adopt a user-perspective and test the effects of packaging appearance and a better eco-label on consumers’ responses. Based on the literature, we designed an eco- label using a traffic light system with an objective sustainability score enabling to compare the sustainability of different packages. The results of our experimental study (N=120) show that while a sustainable (vs. typical) appearance in packaging has a positive effect on perceived sustainability, it has a negative effect on perceived usability. However, we demonstrate that the presence of a high score on the eco-label positively impacts the perceived sustainability of both the sustainable and the typical packages and the choice intentions. This eco-label also enabled to mitigate the negative effects of the sustainable appearance on perceived usability. Designers and policy-makers can use the results of this paper to positively influence evaluations of and choice for sustainable packaging.

scholarly journals Industrial Robotic Systems & International Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Abbas Basiri ◽  
Reza Mousazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
International Human

The development and growth of industrial robots started in 1947. The velocity of this process has increased as a result of development technology. Now, industrial robots have broad applications. They can be substituted for human force in different industries. The ever increasing growth and development of robotic technology in the field of industry was always challenging. One of these important challenges emphasizes on the negative effect of robotics on employment rate. As a result of cost reduction and production improvement, industrial countries have been motivated to employ robots and substitute them for workers in production lines. However, the broad use of robotic systems in the field of industry can have negative consequences in different societies. One of the common and negative effects of these systems is the reduction of employment opportunities which increases unemployment for those who look for jobs and for employed individuals. It can lead to employment insecurity and threat the health and safety of workers. These matters violate the human rights regarding the security and health of individuals, equality of opportunity, and particularly the employment rate. It also violates the employment standards supported by the international human rights instruments. 

To the Problem of Minimizing the Volume of Mobile Dust in the Development of Pits

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
V.I. Golik ◽  
◽  
Z.A. Gashimova ◽  
M.Yu. Liskova ◽  
Ch.B. Kongar-Syuryun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Dust Formation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Living Organisms

Technogenic factors that have a negative effect on the environment and humans are analyzed. The integrated effect of negative impact on the environment aggravated by the number of factors is revealed. These factors include the following: gorges, river valleys and mountain landscapes. From the previously conducted studies it was concluded that the main source of negative effects on living organisms is the mineralized dust. The actual task of the study is determined, which consists in detailing the mechanisms and methods of the mineralized dust formation for improving the methods of minimizing its formation. Using the example of an open pit development of a dolomite deposit the relationship is established between the indicators of atmospheric dusting by the products of rock technological crushing and grinding. Dependence is established related to the dust emission intensity on the air flow velocity and dust concentration. It is proved that all the dust-like products formed as the result of mining and processing of the mineral raw materials have dimensions that allow them to move with the help of air masses. The results of the experiments on solving the problem of reducing dust by minimizing the output of mobile dust classes are presented (studies of the granulometric composition of rocks of various types with differentiation by type of the dust source, the mechanism of pollution using trapping screens and the development of directions for minimizing dusting of the atmosphere of the quarry and the surrounding area). The measures to reduce dust formation are proposed. The model for assessing the potential of environmental pollution by gas and dust products is developed. The proposed measures and the developed model will allow to minimize the effect of mining production on the environment of the region and the health of the workers of the mining enterprise and the residents of the region. The results obtained may be in demand when improving existing and developing new methods for improving occupational safety in the mining industry.

MOTHER SINGLEHOOD AT FIRST BIRTH AND MORTALITY RISKS OF FIRST- AND LATER-BORN CHILDREN: THE CASE OF SENEGAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-77
Author(s):  
Nathalie Guilbert ◽  
Karine Marazyan
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Premarital Sexual

AbstractThis paper investigates the extent to which being born to a single mother affects a child’s survival rate in Senegal, a context where girls’ premarital sexual relationships are still widely stigmatized. It also examines whether any negative effect persists up to affecting the survival rate of children of higher birth order born after the mother has married. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey, we find that the mortality rate is higher for first-born boys, but not for first-born daughters, whose mother was single at the time of their birth, and lower for second-born children whose sister, but not brother, was born out of wedlock. The latter effect is actually driven by children from older cohorts of women. Therefore, strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of the stigma associated with a premarital birth seem to exist but vary with the gender of the child born premarital in Senegal. In addition, persisting negative effects appear to have decreased over time. Potential channels through which boys born from a single mother are at a higher risk of death in the country are discussed. Overall, our findings indicate that social programs targeting single mothers, especially when they gave birth to a boy, would help avoiding dramatic events as the death of a child.

scholarly journals Negative Effects of a Multimodal Inpatient CBASP Program: Rate of Occurrence and Their Impact on Treatment Outcome in Chronic and Treatment-Resistant Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Herzog ◽  
Sophia Häusler ◽  
Claus Normann ◽  
Eva-Lotta Brakemeier
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Chronic Depression ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Impact On Treatment

Background: A growing number of studies indicate that the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) is effective in treating chronic depression. However, there is no systematic research into possible negative effects. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to investigate the rate of occurrence of negative effects of an inpatient CBASP program and their impact on treatment response.Methods: Patients with chronic depression and treatment resistance who completed the 12-week multimodal inpatient CBASP treatment program in an open trial (N = 52) retrospectively completed the Inventory for the Assessment of Negative Effects of Psychotherapy (INEP) during follow-up data collection. Severity of depressive symptoms was assessed self- and observer-rated at admission, discharge, and 6 months follow-up. Rates of occurrence of negative effects were calculated and binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship to treatment outcome.Results: The results indicate that 92.3% of patients reported having experienced at least one negative effect and 45.2% indicated dependence on their therapist. Stigmatization and financial concerns as well as intrapersonal changes were reported by about one-third. Only dependence on the therapist negatively impacted treatment outcome in both outcome measures.Conclusions: While almost all patients reported at least one negative effect of a multimodal inpatient CBASP treatment program, most of the reported negative effects appear to be benign. However, dependence on the therapist seems to have a negative impact on treatment outcome. If these results can be replicated in future large-scale, randomized controlled prospective studies, CBASP therapists should be aware of possible dependence and consciously address it during treatment.

On the Negative Impact of Defects Liability Period

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6261-6267
Author(s):  
Yong Cai Gu ◽  
Wen Di Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Contract Management ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Construction Quality ◽  
Warranty Period ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Law ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Interim Measures

The "Interim Measures for Construction Quality Margin" gave the provisions on the terms of defect liability period. These provisions have serious negative effects on the construction contract management. This negative effect is manifested in two aspects: firstly, it is difficult for people to distinguish defects liability period, defects notification period in FIDIC contract, and the warranty period in the law. Second is to cause a heavier burden on the contractors. This paper analyzes both the negative impacts and causes.

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