scholarly journals Филогенетическая реконструкция начальных этапов распространения вируса SARS-CoV-2 на Евроазиатском и Американском континентах посредством анализа геномных данных (краткое сообщение)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Юрий Букин ◽  
Артем Бондарюк ◽  
Сергей Балахонов ◽  
Юрий Джиоев ◽  
Владимир Злобин
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Rate Of Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Phylogenetic Method

Проанализированы 252 полных генома вируса SARS-CoV-2 первой волны (декабря 2019 - июль 2020 г.) пандемии COVID-19 из 21 страны мира, включая Россию, посредством Байесовского филогенетического метода с молекулярными часами. Используемая нами методика показала, что первые заболевшие COVID-19 в человеческой популяции появились в период с июля по ноябрь 2019 г. в Китае. Распространение SARS-CoV-2 из Китая по всем регионам мира произошло с декабря 2019 по начало февраля 2020 года. Появление вируса в России датируется второй половиной января 2020 года. Скорость эволюции кодирующей части генома SARS-CoV-2 равная в среднем 7.3×10-4 (5.95×10-4 – 8.68×10-4) нуклеотидных замен на сайт в год сопоставима со скоростями накопления замен в геномах других человеческих РНК-содержащих вирусах (Measles morbillivirus, Rubella virus, Enterovirus C). 252 complete genomes of the SARS-CoV-2 isolated during the first wave (December 2019 - July 2020) of the global COVID-19 pandemic from 21 countries of the world, including Russia, were analyzed using the Bayesian phylogenetic method with a molecular clock. Results showed that the first cases of COVID-19 in the human population appeared in the period between July and November 2019 in China. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 from China toward all regions of the world occurred from December 2019 to early February 2020. The appearance of the virus in Russia dates back to the second half of January 2020. The rate of evolution of the coding part of the SARS-CoV-2 genome equal to 7.3×10-4 (5.95×10-4 - 8.68×10-4) nucleotide substitutions per site per year is comparable to the rates of accumulation of substitutions in genomes of other human RNA viruses (Measles morbillivirus, Rubella virus, Enterovirus C).

COVID 19, All a Radiologist Needs to Know: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Shobeirian
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Interlobular Septal Thickening ◽  
Radiologic Characteristics

Background: Coronaviruses are non-segmented enveloped positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses, and COVID-19 is the seventh known coronavirus, infecting humans. Objective: As the COVID-19 continued to spread the world wildly, every radiologist or clinician needs to be familiar with its imaging findings. Methods: In this study, we reviewed available studies to provide a comprehensive statement on COVID-19 imaging findings. Results: Ground-glass opacities, linear opacities, interlobular septal thickening, consolidation, and Crazy-paving patterns are the most frequent findings in computed tomography (CT) of lungs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, which are mostly bilateral, multifocal, and peripheral. Staff needs to follow some rules to reduce infection transmission. Conclusion: COVID-19 pneumonia is a new global concern which has many unknown features. In this article, the radiologic characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia are discussed. We also discussed appropriate protective measures that the radiology team should be aware of.

scholarly journals From Capsids to Complexes: Expanding the Role of TRIM5α in the Restriction of Divergent RNA Viruses and Elements

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Rose ◽  
Stephanie J. Spada ◽  
Rebecca Broeckel ◽  
Kristin L. McNally ◽  
Vanessa M. Hirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Hiv 1

An evolutionary arms race has been ongoing between retroviruses and their primate hosts for millions of years. Within the last century, a zoonotic transmission introduced the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), a retrovirus, to the human population that has claimed the lives of millions of individuals and is still infecting over a million people every year. To counteract retroviruses such as this, primates including humans have evolved an innate immune sensor for the retroviral capsid lattice known as TRIM5α. Although the molecular basis for its ability to restrict retroviruses is debated, it is currently accepted that TRIM5α forms higher-order assemblies around the incoming retroviral capsid that are not only disruptive for the virus lifecycle, but also trigger the activation of an antiviral state. More recently, it was discovered that TRIM5α restriction is broader than previously thought because it restricts not only the human retroelement LINE-1, but also the tick-borne flaviviruses, an emergent group of RNA viruses that have vastly different strategies for replication compared to retroviruses. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of retroelements and flaviviruses and how they differ from the more widely known ability of TRIM5α to restrict retroviruses.

scholarly journals A produção de vôngole e seu potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos a base de pescado

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Mayla Monique dos Santos Leite ◽  
Gesilene Mendonça Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Center Line ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Fishing Resources

<p>A dificuldade em suprir a demanda de proteína de origem animal de excelente valor biológico para a população humana é uma das maiores preocupações do nosso século. De acordo com a FAO, a atividade pesqueira (pesca extrativa e aquicultura), será uma das principais atividades responsáveis pela segurança alimentar do planeta, com previsões de produção de proteína de origem animal para a próxima década maior do que o setor de animais de abate (carnes bovinas, suínas e aves). A utilização de recursos pesqueiros subutilizados com potencial para explotação poderá assegurar a manutenção da oferta primária de matéria prima no mercado interno local e/ou regional, e inibir oscilação de preços, como a prática da mariscagem. Neste contexto, o presente artigo de revisão tem por objetivo evidenciar o potencial da <em>Anomalocardia brasiliana</em> para explotação e processamento contribuindo para o fortalecimento desta cadeia produtiva no segmento artesanal e diversificação de produtos no mercado brasileiro.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>The production of clams and its potential for development of new products based on fish</em></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> The difficulty in supplying the animal protein demand of great biological value for the human population is a major concern of our century. According to the FAO, the fishery (extractive fishing and aquaculture), will be one of the main activities responsible for food safety in the world, with animal protein production forecasts for the next decade longer than the slaughter of animals sector (beef, pork and poultry). The use of fishing resources with underutilized potential for exploitation can ensure the maintenance of primary supply of raw materials on-site domestic and / or regional, and inhibit movement of prices, as the practice of shellfish. In this context, the present review aims to highlight the potential of <em>Anomalocardia brasiliana</em> to exploitation and processing contributing to the strengthening of this production chain in the craft segment and product diversification in the Brazilian market.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"> </p>

scholarly journals Plants causing dermatosis in humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
Vaskrsija Janjić
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Human Population ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Everyday Problem

Many plants cause dermatosis in the human population, thus presenting an everyday problem for dermatologists and allergologists around the world. To this day it is still not known how common are plant-induced dermatosis. It is estimated that around 334 million people worldwide, or 3.5% of the world population, is affected by dermatosis each year. The onset of dermatitis is most common in the early childhood. Around 20% of children in Great Britain and 10% in the USA are affected by different types of dermatosis. It is believed that around 10,000 plant species can cause dermatosis in humans. Phytodermatosis are dermatosis caused by plants. They are usually induced by direct contact with a plant, but can also occur without a direct contact or be activated by the sun. Dermatosis which occur without a direct contact with the plant are observed in those cases where certain perfumes, cremes or other cosmetic products are used. Some cosmetic products contain substances such as eugenol, isoeugenol, cinnamaldehyde, colophonium, turpentines and other substances which originate from plants. Similarly, lichens, which are not plants, but organisms resulting from a fungi and algae symbiosis, produce usnic acids, which are most commonly used in sun protection products.

scholarly journals An exploration of ambigrammatic sequences in narnaviruses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. DeRisi ◽  
Greg Huber ◽  
Amy Kistler ◽  
Hanna Retallack ◽  
Michael Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Reverse Complement ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Reverse Strand ◽  
Coding Strategy

ABSTRACTNarnaviruses have been described as positive-sense RNA viruses with a remarkably simple genome of ∼ 3 kb, encoding only a highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Many narnaviruses, however, are ‘ambigrammatic’ and harbour an additional uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) covering almost the entire length of the reverse complement strand. No function has been described for this ORF, yet the absence of stops is conserved across diverse narnaviruses, and in every case the codons in the reverse ORF and the RdRp are aligned. The > 3 kb ORF overlap on opposite strands, unprecedented among RNA viruses, motivates an exploration of the constraints imposed or alleviated by the codon alignment. Here, we show that only when the codon frames are aligned can all stop codons be eliminated from the reverse strand by synonymous single-nucleotide substitutions in the RdRp gene, suggesting a mechanism for de novo gene creation within a strongly conserved amino-acid sequence. It will be fascinating to explore what implications this coding strategy has for other aspects of narnavirus biology. Beyond narnaviruses, our rapidly expanding catalogue of viral diversity may yet reveal additional examples of this broadly-extensible principle for ambigrammatic-sequence development.

scholarly journals Plant Physiology and some aspects of future agriculture.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
E.C. Wassink
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Solar Energy Conversion ◽  
Research Station ◽  
The World

From considerations of solar energy conversion data it is suggested that the total area required for feeding the entire human population of the world according to present agricultural practices and nutritional standards is relatively small, being about 2000 x 2000 km. This area includes roads etc. and that needed for crop production would be only 25% of this figure. The author proposes that agricultural production may benefit from the setting up, in various parts of the world, of 3000 units each about 30 x 40 km in area and devoted to a limited number of crops and served by its own research station. Some consequences of this suggestion are discussed.-F.A.S. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Viral Mutation Rates

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (19) ◽  
pp. 9733-9748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Sanjuán ◽  
Miguel R. Nebot ◽  
Nicola Chirico ◽  
Louis M. Mansky ◽  
Robert Belshaw
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Viral Mutation

ABSTRACT Accurate estimates of virus mutation rates are important to understand the evolution of the viruses and to combat them. However, methods of estimation are varied and often complex. Here, we critically review over 40 original studies and establish criteria to facilitate comparative analyses. The mutation rates of 23 viruses are presented as substitutions per nucleotide per cell infection (s/n/c) and corrected for selection bias where necessary, using a new statistical method. The resulting rates range from 10−8 to10−6 s/n/c for DNA viruses and from 10−6 to 10−4 s/n/c for RNA viruses. Similar to what has been shown previously for DNA viruses, there appears to be a negative correlation between mutation rate and genome size among RNA viruses, but this result requires further experimental testing. Contrary to some suggestions, the mutation rate of retroviruses is not lower than that of other RNA viruses. We also show that nucleotide substitutions are on average four times more common than insertions/deletions (indels). Finally, we provide estimates of the mutation rate per nucleotide per strand copying, which tends to be lower than that per cell infection because some viruses undergo several rounds of copying per cell, particularly double-stranded DNA viruses. A regularly updated virus mutation rate data set will be available at www.uv.es/rsanjuan/virmut .

How to Age Successfully

2021 ◽  
pp. 302-319
Author(s):  
Ozum Egilmez ◽  
Gozde Koca
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Societal Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
Capital Development

Successful aging is a multi-faceted term with continuous attention while the human population is aging around the globe. The aging components differ while the world is changing, such as an increase in life expectancy or dramatic affection of the general COVID-19 pandemic. As aging is investigated in many disciplines, this research's focus is interdisciplinary to be able to reveal the acknowledgment of the benefits of the potential aging country. Therefore, aging is to be determined as a societal issue in this research under the lenses of continuous engagement with life. To that, the authors use fuzzy BWM approach to reveal the relations of components adopted from the MacArthur model of successful aging. Findings revealed that human capital development was the best factor whilst the relevance of successful aging was the worst factor in adopting relevant policies for successfully aging.

scholarly journals An exploration of ambigrammatic sequences in narnaviruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. DeRisi ◽  
Greg Huber ◽  
Amy Kistler ◽  
Hanna Retallack ◽  
Michael Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Reverse Complement ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Reverse Strand ◽  
Coding Strategy

AbstractNarnaviruses have been described as positive-sense RNA viruses with a remarkably simple genome of ~3 kb, encoding only a highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Many narnaviruses, however, are ‘ambigrammatic’ and harbour an additional uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) covering almost the entire length of the reverse complement strand. No function has been described for this ORF, yet the absence of stops is conserved across diverse narnaviruses, and in every case the codons in the reverse ORF and the RdRp are aligned. The >3 kb ORF overlap on opposite strands, unprecedented among RNA viruses, motivates an exploration of the constraints imposed or alleviated by the codon alignment. Here, we show that only when the codon frames are aligned can all stop codons be eliminated from the reverse strand by synonymous single-nucleotide substitutions in the RdRp gene, suggesting a mechanism for de novo gene creation within a strongly conserved amino-acid sequence. It will be fascinating to explore what implications this coding strategy has for other aspects of narnavirus biology. Beyond narnaviruses, our rapidly expanding catalogue of viral diversity may yet reveal additional examples of this broadly-extensible principle for ambigrammatic-sequence development.

scholarly journals Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Elrashdy ◽  
Elrashdy M. Redwan ◽  
Vladimir N. Uversky
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Viral Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Host Factors

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.

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