scholarly journals Aplikasi Teknik Rekayasa Genetik dalam Perbaikan Sumber Daya Genetik Tanaman untuk Ketahanan Cekaman Biotik

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
M. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas ◽  
Great Opportunity

<p>The main constraint encountered in the<br />utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR) in agriculture are<br />biotic stresses such as insect pests, plant diseases, and plant<br />parasitic nematodes. The application of genetic engineering<br />techniques create a great opportunity for crops improvements<br />particularly for insect and plant diseases resistance. Through<br />genetic engineering, genetically engineered (GE) crops have<br />been developed, of which having the new traits such as resistance<br />to insect pests, plant diseases, and herbicide tolerance.<br />GE crops are already widely grown and marketed in many<br />countries. Globally, GE crops that are commercialized consists<br />of four categories of traits, which are insect resistance (IR),<br />herbicide tolerance, (HT), the combined traits of IR and HT<br />(stacked genes), and virus resistance. Initially, GE crops had<br />been commercialized globally covering 1.7 million ha in 1996,<br />and the cropping area increased rapidly to reach about 134<br />million ha in 2009. Indonesia is known as a country rich in<br />PGR, that have very high value. One of environmentally<br />friendly technologies that can be applied in the utilization of<br />PGR in Indonesia, is genetic engineering. In Indonesia,<br />research on plant genetic engineering had started since 1997.<br />Commodities that are being researched to develop GE plants<br />limited on rice, potatoes and tomatoes. GE rice resistant to<br />stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), GE potato resistant to<br />late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and GE tomato resistant<br />to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and cucumber<br />mosaic virus (CMV) have been successfully developed by<br />Research Center for Biotechnology of Indonesian Institute of<br />Science and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology<br />and Genetic Resources Research and Development<br />(ICABIOGRAD). Those GE crops have been tested for their<br />resistance at the screenhouses, green houses of the biosafety<br />containment, and confined field trial.</p>

scholarly journals Research and development of genetically engineered soybean using insect-resistance genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Le Thi Thu Hien ◽  
Pham Le Bich Hang ◽  
Nguyen Tuong Van ◽  
Le Thi Minh Thanh ◽  
Dao Thi Hang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
The World

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the crops which have high economic value and serve for food, feed and process of many countries around the world. However, there are many factors affecting the productivity of soybean, of which insect pests and diseases are the most harmful agents. Therefore, an application of biotechnology to transfer insect resistance genes derived from a species of bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis can contribute to increase soybean yield and significantly reducing pesticide use. Currently, there are many insecticidal proteins detected from B. thuringiensis such as Cry, Cyt and Vip with a broad and specific spectrum belonged to several orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Homopera, and Nematoda. Numerous studies have been implemented over the world to transfer genes encoding these proteins in combination or modified forms to increase their toxicity. Several events of genetically engineered soybean with stacked traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance are commercialized and approved to be cultured in many countries such as MON 87701 × MON 89788 or DAS-81419-2. In Vietnam, studies on genetically engineered soybean with insect resistance trait has been carried out. Moreover, the exploitation, screening and selection of high biodiversity and indigenous B. thuringiensis strains which habors specific genes capable of killing targeted insects and serve as materials for plant transformation are great scientific meaning and potential practical application. This will be an important source of materials to create many soybean cultivars with good ability of insect resistance in order to meet specific needs.

scholarly journals Genetic engineering: An additional tool for plant improvement

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mohan Jain ◽  
Christian Oker-Blom ◽  
Eija Pehu ◽  
R. J. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
New Genes

Advances in gene transfer technologies have enabled the production of both monocot and dicot transgenic plants. With the biolistic method, genes can be transferred in recalcitrant crop plants and forest trees, independent of their genotype. Inexpensive methods for both stable and transient gene transfers - ultrasonication, direct DNA insertion during imbibition using somatic embryos, and silicon carbide fibres - have been developed. The frequency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation rates of cloned genes can be enhanced in plant cells. The analysis of molecular markers (RFLPs, RAPDs, DNA fingerprints) can accomplish the characterization, gene mapping and identification and certification and patent protection of cultivars. With PCR, selective amplification of a specific DNA segment from a small amount of an organism’s total DNA can be used toidentify transgenic cultivars. The expression of a target gene can be inhibited with antisense RNA. So far, a limited number of genes have been identified and cloned with genetic engineering. With specific gene transfers, many goals such as biological control of insect pests and fungi, male sterility, virus resistance, improving seed protein, and production of transgenic plants as “bioreactors” can be accomplished. T-DNA mutagenesis may lead to learning more about the genetic control of plant development and morphogenesis, and isolation of useful mutants. Before genetic engineering becomes a reliable tool of plant breeding, more attention is needed to explore: (a) new plant genetic resources in order toidentify and clone new genes, (b) fate of selective and scorable marker genes, and (c) field evaluation of transgenes in transgenic plants.

Genetic engineering technologies for Ethiopian agriculture: Prospects and challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adane Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
Ethiopian Government

Genetic engineering (GE) technologies can contribute to improve crop productivity and quality in Ethiopia. Adoption of commercialized insect resistance and herbicide tolerance technologies can help to protect major crops such as cotton, maize, sorghum and small cereals from their main insect pests or prevent heavy weed-inflicted loss. Moreover, key production constraints such as  bacterial wilt of enset, late blight of potato, drought stress on crops like maize and wheat, lodging resistance on tef as well as low nutritive quality of native crops like enset and grasspea can be addressed by strengthening domestic GE research capacity and international collaboration. Cognizant of this potential, the Ethiopian government has made significant investment in modern biotechnology capacity building in the last decade. There has also been specific interest by cotton sector to boost its productivity by adopting insect resistance (Bt) technologies. However, the GE regulatory system based on the existing biosafety law is so stringent that it is not possible for the country to access useful technologies from abroad as well as initiate domestic GE research. Consequently, no GE experiment is approved so far, leaving the country at risk of missing out on the global GE revolution. To catch up and  harness the benefits of GE technologies, the country needs to create conducive regulatory environment, strengthen domestic GE capacity and devise a farsighted strategy.

Pros and Cons of GMO Crop Farming

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene Van Acker ◽  
Motior Rahman ◽  
S. Zahra H. Cici
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Gm Crop ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
And Control

The global area sown to genetically modified (GM) varieties of leading commercial crops (soybean, maize, canola, and cotton) has expanded over 100-fold over two decades. Thirty countries are producing GM crops and just five countries (United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and India) account for almost 90% of the GM production. Only four crops account for 99% of worldwide GM crop area. Almost 100% of GM crops on the market are genetically engineered with herbicide tolerance (HT), and insect resistance (IR) traits. Approximately 70% of cultivated GM crops are HT, and GM HT crops have been credited with facilitating no-tillage and conservation tillage practices that conserve soil moisture and control soil erosion, and that also support carbon sequestration and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Crop production and productivity increased significantly during the era of the adoption of GM crops; some of this increase can be attributed to GM technology and the yield protection traits that it has made possible even if the GM traits implemented to-date are not yield traits per se. GM crops have also been credited with helping to improve farm incomes and reduce pesticide use. Practical concerns around GM crops include the rise of insect pests and weeds that are resistant to pesticides. Other concerns around GM crops include broad seed variety access for farmers and rising seed costs as well as increased dependency on multinational seed companies. Citizens in many countries and especially in European countries are opposed to GM crops and have voiced concerns about possible impacts on human and environmental health. Nonetheless, proponents of GM crops argue that they are needed to enhance worldwide food production. The novelty of the technology and its potential to bring almost any trait into crops mean that there needs to remain dedicated diligence on the part of regulators to ensure that no GM crops are deregulated that may in fact pose risks to human health or the environment. The same will be true for the next wave of new breeding technologies, which include gene editing technologies.

scholarly journals RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-603
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hai Ha ◽  
Pham Le Bich Hang ◽  
Nong Van Hai ◽  
Le Thi Thu Hien
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
The Us

The status of research, development and application of genetic technology in the US has been reflected through efforts and accomplishments in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture in the past decades. In the area of medicine, the field of therapeutic purposes on human is the pioneer, in which gene therapy is attempted to carry out in various clinical trials. Diagnostic applications of human diseases which focus primarily on infectious diseases, cancer, pharmacogenomics and screening for inherited diseases by using molecular techniques related to PCR, next generation sequencing are followed. In addition, preparatory studies on human cells utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology have been undertaken in hopes of finding new treatments for cancer and rare form of eye disorder. In the field of agriculture, many large companies in the US have been developing varieties of genetically modified crops with traits of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, drought resistance and nutrition enhancement. Among the biotech crops, proportion of planted acres of genetically engineered soybean, corn and cotton were increased rapidly and forecasted to expand in the coming years. Studies on generating genetically modified animals and fisheries have also been concentrated in order to not only resist diseases, enhance nutrition, but also provide pharmaceutical compounds. Application of new gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 on plants and animals help biotech products have more opportunities to be approved for commercial sale in the US market. In general, although the research and application of genetic engineering in the US has outstripped worldwide, numerous obstacles are still encountered due to serious ethical regulations and controversy regarding to human health and environment. The US government continues to establish suitable policies and invest in science and technology to improve the quality of human life.

Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Improvement as Tools to Develop Sustainable Agriculture

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ceccarelli ◽  
J. Valkoun ◽  
W. Erskine ◽  
S. Weigand ◽  
R. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Plant Improvement ◽  
Low Input

SummaryThis paper addresses the current and future contributions of plant genetic resources and plant improvement to sustainable agriculture with reference to the activities of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in association with national programmes in West Asia and North Africa. These regions constitute the primary centres of diversity of crops such as wheat, barley, chickpea and lentil. Genetic erosion is being curtailed by germplasm collection and preservation. Selection for low-input cultivars of barley is conducted under low input conditions, and new cultivars of lentil and barley are often intentionally heterogeneous to stabilize their performance in dry rainfed areas. The importance of genetic differences in the cultivars on subsequent crops in the rotation and on straw quality for livestock is under study. Insect pests and diseases contribute to yield instability. Because of the potential adverse impact of pesticides on the fragile ecosystems of the region, integrated control strategies based on agronomic management, host plant resistance, biological control agents and strategic use of selective insecticides are being developed.

scholarly journals SEED ENHANCEMENT AND THE PUBLIC: A PARTNERSHIP PROPOSAL

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1410a-1410
Author(s):  
Joseph Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Near Term

Agricultural biotechnology, in such areas as seed enhancement, is making significant progress in overcoming a variety of conceptual and practical problems. As a result, the near-term potential is tremendous for improving agricultural productivity and efficiency on marginal lands, for decreasing reliance on synthetic chemicals, and for enhancing environmental acceptability. However, a number of major challenges lie ahead, at least three of which require the development of a strategic plan, if the seed industry is to remain viable. The emergence of resistant viral strains and more aggressive insects, as well as herbicide-resistant weeds, requires access to a greater diversity of genetic resources. Then: too, with governmental oversight, there must be a credible, sound review process that is flexible and assures safety while facilitating technology development, transfer, and use. Third, the public must develop a far better understanding of the applications of biotechnology and the actual risks they may pose. This can be accomplished through a process that recognizes the tremendous potential benefits biotechnology offers, while also eliminating irrational fears, mistrust of recombinant DNA, and ill-founded aversion to genetically engineered products. The purpose of this paper is to address these challenges concerning seed enhancement by proposing and outlining a partnership strategy supportive of school-based community seedbank programs. Also explored in this presentation, because they can ensure the success of such initiatives, are the reciprocal, conceptual changes that society appears to require of the seed enhancement industry and, more generally, agricultural biotechnology. In such respects, the emphasis is on the conservation of plant genetic resources. This includes the germplasm of crop plants, their wild relatives, and other plant species possibly contributing important genetic characteristics and scientific understanding of their oligogenic nature.

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