scholarly journals DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN DOMESTIK DAN PERUBAHAN FAKTOR EKSTERNAL TERHADAP INDUSTRI MINYAK GORENG INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
I KETUT ARDANA ◽  
BONAR M. SINAGA
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Domestic Price ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Export Tax

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Minyak goreng merupakan salah satu komoditas penting penghasil<br />devisa bagi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak<br />kebijakan domestik dan perubahan faktor eksternal terhadap industri<br />minyak goreng Indonesia, dengan pendekatan sistem yang menggunakan<br />model ekonometrika dalam bentuk persamaan simultan. Data yang<br />digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terkait dengan produksi, volume dan<br />harga perdagangan domestik, volume dan harga ekspor, dalam bentuk data<br />deret waktu tahun 1978-2001. Pendugaan parameter dilakukan dengan<br />metode two stage least squares (2SLS). Untuk mengevaluasi dampak<br />kebijakan domestik dan perubahan faktor eksternal, dilakukan simulasi<br />model untuk periode 1992-1996 yang menggambarkan kondisi sebelum<br />terjadi krisis ekonomi, dan 1998-2001 menggambarkan kondisi saat terjadi<br />krisis ekonomi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan harga<br />CPO di pasar dunia pada kedua periode menyebabkan peningkatan ekspor.<br />Kebijakan pengenaan pajak ekspor minyak sawit mentah (CPO) dan<br />peningkatan harga minyak goreng sawit domestik cukup efektif menekan<br />ekspor. Pada periode 1992-1996 kebijakan pengenaan pajak ekspor CPO<br />menyebabkan penurunan penerimaan devisa 1,114 persen (Rp 17,092<br />miliar). Peningkatan harga minyak goreng domestik pada periode 1992-<br />1996 menyebabkan penurunan penerimaan devisa 21,458 persen (Rp<br />329,187 miliar) tetapi pada periode 1998-2001 dampak tersebut dinetralisir<br />oleh penurunan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap US$. Implikasi dari kondisi<br />demikian adalah perlunya optimalisasi pajak ekspor. Penetapan pajak<br />ekspor pada tingkat yang menyebabkan penurunan penerimaan devisa<br />sebaiknya tidak dilakukan. Dampak peningkatan ekspor terhadap<br />penurunan ketersediaan bahan baku minyak goreng domestik dapat<br />diminimalkan dengan mendorong reorientasi pasar minyak kelapa mentah<br />(CCO) dari ekspor ke pasar domestik. Langkah yang diperlukan adalah<br />menghidupkan kembali industri kelapa dengan pengembangan industri<br />pengolahan lanjut minyak goreng berbahan baku CCO, seperti oleokimia,<br />sehingga meningkatkan nilai tambah dan memberi insentif bagi petani dan<br />pelaku industri kelapa.<br />Kata kunci : Minyak goreng, kebijakan domestik, faktor eksternal, model<br />ekonometrika, simulasi kebijakan, penerimaan devisa</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />The impacts of domestic policy and external factor<br />changes on Indonesian cooking oil industries<br />Cooking oil is an important commodity in the Indonesian economy,<br />because of its role in foreign exchange revenue. The objective of this study<br />is to analyze the impacts of domestic policy and external factor changes<br />on trade and foreign exchange revenue of Indonesian cooking oil industry.<br />The study was conducted using a system approach by formulating an<br />econometric model of cooking oil industry, utilizing secondary data related<br />to production, volume and price in domestic trade, export volume and<br />price, etc, in the time series for the period of 1978 to 2001. Two stage<br />least squares method was used for estimating the parameters. The result of<br />this study showed that increasing world price of CPO would lead to<br />improve foreign exchange revenue. However, export tax on crude palm oil<br />and increase of cooking oil domestic price effectively decreased the<br />export. In the period of 1992 to 1996 export tax policy on CPO decreased<br />1,114 percent (Rp 17,092 miliar) of foreign exchange revenue. Increase of<br />cooking oil domestic price in the period of 1992 to 1996 caused foreign<br />exchange revenue decrease 21,458 percent, but in the period of 1998 to<br />2001 this impact was netralized by exchange rate of US$ to rupiah. Those<br />implicated that export tax must be optimalized. The impact of export<br />encrease on domestic supply of cooking oil raw material could be<br />minimized by pushing CCO market oriented from export to domestic<br />market and developing final process industry of coconut, for example<br />oleochemical industry, to improve added value and incentive for the<br />farmers and for stakeholders.<br />Key words : Cooking oil, domestic policy, external factor, econometric<br />model, policy simulation, foreign exchange</p>

scholarly journals Dampak Kebijakan Perdagangan terhadap Pengembangan Industri Biodiesel Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Helena Juliani Purba ◽  
Bonar Marulitua Sinaga ◽  
Tanti Novianti ◽  
Reni Kustiari
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Export Tax ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Biodiesel Industry

<strong>English</strong><br />Indonesian government has been promoting development of palm oil based biodiesel industry through the so-called biodiesel mandatory policy. Biodiesel is a renewable energy and low emission. Palm oil and its derivative products are the most important contributors of foreign exchange in 2017. Trade policy is required to accelerate the achievement of biodiesel industry development in Indonesia. The study is intended to analyze the impacts of trade policy (export tax by Indonesian government and import restriction by the European Union) on the development of Indonesia’s biodiesel industry. The analysis used econometrics model in the form of simultaneous equations system consisting of 27 structural and 9 identity equations, estimated using the 2SLS (Two Stage Least Squares) method. This research used annual time series data 1991–2015. The result shows that both the export tax policy by Indonesian government and palm oil import ban by European Union have positive impacts on Indonesia's biodiesel industry but do have negative impacts on the foreign exchange revenues. The negative impacts on foreign exchange revenues can be avoided by replanting policy. Whenever the European Union imposes palm oil import ban policy; then, it is suggested that Indonesian government imposes the domestic market obligation and replanting policy. <br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Indonesia sedang melakukan upaya pengembangan biodiesel yang bersumber dari minyak sawit dalam kebijakan mandatori biodiesel. Biodiesel adalah sumber energi terbarukan dan rendah emisi. Minyak sawit dan produk turunannya adalah penyumbang devisa negara terbesar pada tahun 2017. Kebijakan perdagangan diperlukan untuk mempercepat pencapaian pengembangan industri biodiesel Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan perdagangan (pajak ekspor oleh pemerintah Indonesia dan pembatasan impor oleh Uni Eropa) terhadap pengembangan industri biodiesel Indonesia. Analisis menggunakan model ekonometrik dalam bentuk sistem persamaan simultan terdiri dari 27 persamaan struktural dan 9 persamaan identitas yang diestimasi dengan metode Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) menggunakan data series tahunan 1990–2015. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kebijakan pajak ekspor oleh pemerintah Indonesia maupun larangan impor oleh Uni Eropa berdampak positif bagi perkembangan industri biodiesel Indonesia, namun berdampak negatif terhadap penerimaan devisa Indonesia. Dampak negatif terhadap penerimaan devisa dapat diatasi dengan kebijakan peremajaan kelapa sawit (replanting). Manakala Uni Eropa melakukan pelarangan impor minyak sawit, maka disarankan Pemerintah Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan domestic market obligation dan replanting.

scholarly journals Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3703
Author(s):  
Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽  
Wei-Ting Lin ◽  
Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽  
Shuhn-Shyurng Hou
Keyword(s):  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
High Acid ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

DOES TRUST PROMOTE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY?

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (05) ◽  
pp. 1385-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
KITAE SOHN ◽  
ILLOONG KWON
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Trust was found to promote entrepreneurship in the US. We investigated whether this was true in a developing country, Indonesia. We failed to replicate this; this failure was true whether trust was estimated at the individual or community level or whether ordinary least squares (OLS) or two stage least squares (2SLS) was employed. We reconciled the difference between our results and those for the US by arguing that the weak enforcement of property rights in developing countries and the consequent hold-up problem make it more efficient for entrepreneurs to produce generic goods than relationship-specific goods—producing generic goods does not depend on trust.

scholarly journals Model Persamaan Simultan pada Analisis Hubungan Kemiskian dan PDRB

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Rokhana Dwi Bekti ◽  
David David ◽  
Gita N ◽  
Priscillia Priscillia ◽  
Serlyana Serlyana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Estimation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Two Stage Least Squares ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simultaneous Model

Simultaneous model is a model for some equation which have simultaneous relationships. It was often found in econometrics, such as the relationship between Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) and poverty. GDP is a common indicator that can be used to determine the economic growth occurred in region. Meanwhile, poverty is one of the indicators to measure the society welfare. Information about these relathionships were important to perform the relathionsips between GDP and poverty. So this research conducted an analysis to obtain simultaneous models between GDRP and poverty. Estimation of the parameters used is Two-Stage Least Squares Estimation (2SLS). The data used are 33 provinces in Indonesia at 2010. By α = 5%, it was conclude that variable which significant effect on GDRP is poverty, export, and import. Meanwhile, the variables that significantly affect poverty are population. The simultaneous model (α = 5%) also conclude that there is no simultaneous relationship between GDRP and poverty. However, with α = 25%, there is a simultaneous relationship between GDRP and poverty.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKSPOR CPO (BAHAN BAKU MINYAK GORENG) INDONESIA PADA TAHUN 1973 - 1998

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Wahyu Wahyu ◽  
Triyono Triyono
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Cooking Oil

The demand for cooking oil from domestic and foreign market has madetrade of CPO as cooking oil raw material. The strength of CPO trade iscaused by amount of government wish to keep cooking oil price stability asdomestic main need and by the amount of government interest to increaseforeign exchange achievement. The research is centered on variables whichinfluence on the number of CPO export from Indonesia. The data used aretime series data from 1973-1988 which is taken from BPS (Central Bureauof Statistic) of Indonesian Plantation Annual Report. Whereas analysismethod used are Double Linear Regression by using OLS (Method ofOrdinary Least Squares) with variables test toward classical assumption andstatistic test.

scholarly journals Profile Inferences on Restricted Additive Partially Linear EV Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiuli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Asymptotic Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Partially Linear ◽  
Profile Least Squares ◽  
Restricted Estimator

We consider the testing problem for the parameter and restricted estimator for the nonparametric component in the additive partially linear errors-in-variables (EV) models under additional restricted condition. We propose a profile Lagrange multiplier test statistic based on modified profile least-squares method and two-stage restricted estimator for the nonparametric component. We derive two important results. One is that, without requiring the undersmoothing of the nonparametric components, the proposed test statistic is proved asymptotically to be a standard chi-square distribution under the null hypothesis and a noncentral chi-square distribution under the alternative hypothesis. These results are the same as the results derived by Wei and Wang (2012) for their adjusted test statistic. But our method does not need an adjustment and is easier to implement especially for the unknown covariance of measurement error. The other is that asymptotic distribution of proposed two-stage restricted estimator of the nonparametric component is asymptotically normal and has an oracle property in the sense that, though the other component is unknown, the estimator performs well as if it was known. Some simulation studies are carried out to illustrate relevant performances with a finite sample. The asymptotic distribution of the restricted corrected-profile least-squares estimator, which has not been considered by Wei and Wang (2012), is also investigated.

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