scholarly journals Impact of Lockdown in India: A Case Study on Karnataka with International Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stelvin Sebastian ◽  
Aby Paul ◽  
Joel Joby ◽  
Sanjo Saijan ◽  
Jeeva Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared an epidemic and a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO), prompting various countries to implement early and stringent social distancing protocols through lockdown, to flatten the epidemic curve. The objective of our present study was to assess the impacts and effectiveness of the lockdown protocol in Karnataka and Punjab, compared with the implementation of this method in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK). This study involved the collection of data from different authorized databases, in two phases. The first phase included the time starting with the first-reported index case through the 14th day after the declaration of lockdown, for each country. The second phase involved the data collected between the 15th day through the 28th day of the lockdown. The highest doubling rate for cases was observed in Australia, followed by Karnataka and Punjab, whereas the lowest was observed in the UK. Comparisons of the numbers of the samples tested, the mortality rate, and the recovery rate between Karnataka and Punjab, after the implementation of lockdown, revealed a better recovery rate and lower mortality rate in Karnataka than in Punjab. Our study revealed that the implementation of social distancing and lockdown reduced the transmission of the coronavirus and the number of cases reported. However, the effectiveness of lockdown varied among locations, due to demographic and physiological differences.

scholarly journals Comprehensive physiotherapy management in covid-19 – a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 38030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deivendran Kalirathinam ◽  
Raj Guruchandran ◽  
Prabhakar Subramani
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

The 2019 novel coronavirus officially named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by the World Health Organization, has spread to more than 180 countries. The ongoing global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, spread to the United Kingdom (UK) in January 2020. Transmission within the UK was confirmed in February, leading to an epidemic with a rapid increase in cases in March. As on April 25- 2020, there have been 148,377 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the UK and 20,319 people with confirmed infection have died. Survival of critically ill patients is frequently associated with significant functional impairment and reduced health-related quality of life. Early physiotherapy and community rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients has recently been identified as an essential therapeutic tool and has become a crucial evidence-based component in the management of these patients. This comprehensive narrative review aims to describe recent progress in the application of physiotherapy management in COVID 19 patients. Assessment and evidence- based treatment of these patients should include prevention, reduction of adverse consequences in immobilization, and long-term impairment sequelae. A variety of techniques and modalities of early physiotherapy in intensive care unit are suggested by clinical research. They should be applied according to the stage of the disease, comorbidities, and patient’s level of cooperation.

scholarly journals COVID 19 Corona – Pathway to Environmental Rejuvenation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Great Speed ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus also known as COVID 19 or SARS N-CoV2 is a recent virus outbreak and pandemic in nature infecting and spreading among humans all around the earth. Since it’s a communicable disease it’s considered to be most dangerous in terms of spread regardless of its mortality rate. However, World Health Organization (WHO) has given guidelines to overcome the spread of the pandemic and at the same time, all the nations have followed serious actions and procedures by way of social distancing, lockdown, home quarantine etc. to curb the spread and to curtain the virus. The lockdown has stopped human activities and paralysed economic conditions but environmental rejuvenation is taking place at a great speed.

scholarly journals Anticipatory changes in British household purchases of soft drinks associated with the announcement of the Soft Drinks Industry Levy: A controlled interrupted time series analysis

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e1003269
Author(s):  
David Pell ◽  
Tarra L. Penney ◽  
Oliver Mytton ◽  
Adam Briggs ◽  
Steven Cummins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
World Health ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Nutritional Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

Background Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is positively associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization recommends that member states implement effective taxes on SSBs to reduce consumption. The United Kingdom Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) is a two-tiered tax, announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018. Drinks with ≥8 g of sugar per 100 ml (higher levy tier) are taxed at £0.24 per litre, drinks with ≥5 to <8 g of sugar per 100 ml (lower levy tier) are taxed at £0.18 per litre, and drinks with <5 g sugar per 100 ml (no levy) are not taxed. Milk-based drinks, pure fruit juices, drinks sold as powder, and drinks with >1.2% alcohol by volume are exempt. We aimed to determine if the announcement of the SDIL was associated with anticipatory changes in purchases of soft drinks prior to implementation of the SDIL in April 2018. We explored differences in the volume of and amount of sugar in household purchases of drinks in each levy tier at 2 years post announcement. Methods and findings We used controlled interrupted time series to compare observed changes associated with the announcement of the SDIL to the counterfactual scenario of no announcement. We used data from Kantar Worldpanel, a commercial household purchasing panel with approximately 30,000 British members that includes linked nutritional data on purchases. We conducted separate analyses for drinks liable for the SDIL in the higher, lower, and no-levy tiers controlling with household purchase volumes of toiletries. At 2 years post announcement, there was no difference in volume of or sugar from purchases of higher-levy-tier drinks compared to the counterfactual of no announcement. In contrast, a reversal of the existing upward trend in volume (ml) of and amount of sugar (g) in purchases of lower-levy-tier drinks was seen. These changes led to a −96.1 ml (95% confidence interval [CI] −144.2 to −48.0) reduction in volume and −6.4 g (95% CI −9.8 to −3.1) reduction in sugar purchased in these drinks per household per week. There was a reversal of the existing downward trend in the amount of sugar in household purchases of the no-levy drinks but no change in volume purchased. At 2 years post announcement, these changes led to a 6.1 g (95% CI 3.9–8.2) increase in sugar purchased in these drinks per household per week. There was no evidence that volume of or amount of sugar in purchases of all drinks combined was different from the counterfactual. This is an observational study, and changes other than the SDIL may have been responsible for the results reported. Purchases consumed outside of the home were not accounted for. Conclusions The announcement of the UK SDIL was associated with reductions in volume and sugar purchased in lower-levy-tier drinks before implementation. These were offset by increases in sugar purchased from no-levy drinks. These findings may reflect reformulation of drinks from the lower levy to no-levy tier with removal of some but not all sugar, alongside changes in consumer attitudes and beliefs. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN18042742.

First-contact incidence rate of schizophrenia on Barbados

1999 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Mahy ◽  
Rosemarie Mallett ◽  
Julian Leff ◽  
Dinesh Bhugra
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Comparable Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
African Caribbean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Contact

BackgroundThe incidence rate for broad schizophrenia among second-generation African–Caribbean people in the United Kingdom has been reported as high. Ethnicity, migration and psychosocial stressors have been suggested as causal factors.AimsTo determine the incidence of schizophrenia for the whole population of Barbados using an identical methodology to two previous studies in Trinidad (Bhugra et al, 1996) and London (Bhugra et al, 1997)MethodA12-month study of all persons in the 18–54-year age group presenting with a psychosis for the first time was carried out on the population of Barbados. Information was collected using World Health Organization screening and measurement instruments.ResultsOn an island of just over a quarter of a million, 40 out of the 53 patients that met the inclusion criteria were categorised as S+ (narrow) schizophrenia, giving an incidence rate of 2.8/10 000 (95% CI 1.97–3.7). The incidence rate for broad schizophrenia was calculated at 3.2/10 000 (95% CI 2.3–4.1), which is significantly lower than the comparable rate for London's African–Caribbeans of 6.6/10000 (95% CI 4.5–8.7)ConclusionsThe very high rate for broad schizophrenia among African–Caribbean people in the UK is probably due to environmental factors.

Diphtheria in the United Kingdom, 1986–2008: the increasing role ofCorynebacterium ulcerans

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (11) ◽  
pp. 1519-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. WAGNER ◽  
J. M. WHITE ◽  
N. S. CROWCROFT ◽  
S. DE MARTIN ◽  
G. MANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Uncommon Disease ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Delays In Diagnosis ◽  
Effective Immunization

SUMMARYDiphtheria is an uncommon disease in the UK due to an effective immunization programme; consequently when cases do arise, there can be delays in diagnosis and case-fatality rates remain high. We reviewed 102 patients with infections caused by toxigenic corynebacteria (an average of four per year) reported in the UK between 1986 and 2008: 42Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 59C. ulceransand oneC. pseudotuberculosis, as well as 23 asymptomatic carriers. Five fatalities were reported, all in unvaccinated patients. The major risk factor forC. diphtheriaeinfection continued to be travel to an endemic country.C. ulceransinfections became more common thanC. diphtheriaeinfections in the UK; they were associated with contact with companion animals. The occurrence of indigenous severeC. ulceransinfections and importedC. diphtheriaecases highlights the need to maintain UK routine vaccination coverage at the 95% level in the UK, as recommended by the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Respiratory disease mortality in the United Kingdom compared with EU15+ countries in 1985-2015: observational study

BMJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. k4680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D Salciccioli ◽  
Dominic C Marshall ◽  
Joseph Shalhoub ◽  
Mahiben Maruthappu ◽  
Giuseppe De Carlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

AbstractObjectiveTo compare age standardised death rates for respiratory disease mortality between the United Kingdom and other countries with similar health system performance.DesignObservational study.SettingWorld Health Organization Mortality Database, 1985-2015.ParticipantsResidents of the UK, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Australia, Canada, the United States, and Norway (also known as EU15+ countries).Main outcome measuresMortality from all respiratory disease and infectious, neoplastic, interstitial, obstructive, and other respiratory disease. Differences between countries were tested over time by mixed effect regression models, and trends in subcategories of respiratory related diseases assessed by a locally weighted scatter plot smoother.ResultsBetween 1985 and 2015, overall mortality from respiratory disease in the UK and EU15+ countries decreased for men and remained static for women. In the UK, the age standardised death rate (deaths per 100 000 people) for respiratory disease mortality in the UK fell from 151 to 89 for men and changed from 67 to 68 for women. In EU15+ countries, the corresponding changes were from 108 to 69 for men and from 35 to 37 in women. The UK had higher mortality than most EU15+ countries for obstructive, interstitial, and infectious subcategories of respiratory disease in both men and women.ConclusionMortality from overall respiratory disease was higher in the UK than in EU15+ countries between 1985 and 2015. Mortality was reduced in men, but remained the same in women. Mortality from obstructive, interstitial, and infectious respiratory disease was higher in the UK than in EU15+ countries.

A brief recent history of the epidemiology of congenital syphilis in the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1110-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Simms ◽  
Beng T Goh ◽  
Patrick French ◽  
Lesley A Wallace ◽  
Neil Irvine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Syphilis ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

Within a century, congenital syphilis has been reduced from a major cause of morbidity and mortality to a condition rarely seen in the UK. Here, newly-derived literature and information searches were used to create a contemporary overview of the epidemic, including its epidemiology. Although constrained by high-quality healthcare services and with an incidence below the World Health Organization elimination threshold, congenital syphilis still has the potential to cause major consequences for the health and life chances of affected infants. If the complex challenges presented by this preventable disease are to be resolved, intervention strategies need to be optimised, rigorously assessed and extended across Europe.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Face Masks in Reducing the Spread of COVID-19: A Model-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110190
Author(s):  
Isabelle J. Rao ◽  
Jacqueline J. Vallon ◽  
Margaret L. Brandeau
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mask Effectiveness

Background The World Health Organization and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that both infected and susceptible people wear face masks to protect against COVID-19. Methods We develop a dynamic disease model to assess the effectiveness of face masks in reducing the spread of COVID-19, during an initial outbreak and a later resurgence, as a function of mask effectiveness, coverage, intervention timing, and time horizon. We instantiate the model for the COVID-19 outbreak in New York, with sensitivity analyses on key natural history parameters. Results During the initial epidemic outbreak, with no social distancing, only 100% coverage of masks with high effectiveness can reduce the effective reproductive number [Formula: see text] below 1. During a resurgence, with lowered transmission rates due to social distancing measures, masks with medium effectiveness at 80% coverage can reduce [Formula: see text] below 1 but cannot do so if individuals relax social distancing efforts. Full mask coverage could significantly improve outcomes during a resurgence: with social distancing, masks with at least medium effectiveness could reduce [Formula: see text] below 1 and avert almost all infections, even with intervention fatigue. For coverage levels below 100%, prioritizing masks that reduce the risk of an infected individual from spreading the infection rather than the risk of a susceptible individual from getting infected yields the greatest benefit. Limitations Data regarding COVID-19 transmission are uncertain, and empirical evidence on mask effectiveness is limited. Our analyses assume homogeneous mixing, providing an upper bound on mask effectiveness. Conclusions Even moderately effective face masks can play a role in reducing the spread of COVID-19, particularly with full coverage, but should be combined with social distancing measures to reduce [Formula: see text] below 1. [Box: see text]

scholarly journals Impact on refractive surgery due to increasing use of personal protection equipment: Insights from EUROCOVCAT group

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110186
Author(s):  
Arthur B Cummings ◽  
Cian Gildea ◽  
Antoine P Brézin ◽  
Boris E Malyugin ◽  
Ozlem Evren Kemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Surgery ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Personal Protection Equipment ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Vision Correction ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Motivating Factor

Since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic on 11th March 2020, changes to social and sanitary practices have included significant issues in access and management of eye care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the fear of loss, coupled with social distancing, lockdown, economic instability, and uncertainty, have led to a significant psychosocial impact that will have to be addressed. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, personal protective equipment such as face masks or face coverings have become a daily necessity. While “mass masking” along with hand hygiene and social distancing became more widespread, new issues began to emerge – particularly in those who wore spectacles as a means of vision correction. As we began to see routine patients again after the first lockdown had been lifted, many patients visited our clinics for refractive surgery consultations with a primary motivating factor of wanting spectacle independence due to the fogging of their spectacles as a result of wearing a mask. In this article, we report on new emerging issues in eye care due to the widespread use of masks and on the new unmet need in the corneal and cataract refractive surgery fields.

Pharmaceutical Data Integrity: issues, challenges and proposed solutions for manufacturers and inspectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Sia Chong Hock ◽  
Vernon Tay ◽  
Vimal Sachdeva ◽  
Chan Lai Wah
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Data Integrity ◽  
Database Management System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Record Management ◽  
Guidance Documents ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
The Uk

Data Integrity, which is data deemed Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate, Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available (ALCOA-plus), has been the focus of the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. With the growing use of computerized systems and rising prevalence of outsourcing manufacturing processes, ensuring data integrity is becoming more challenging in an increasingly complex pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. To address this issue, multiple legislation and guidance documents such as ‘Data Integrity and Compliance with CGMP Guidance for Industry’ from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ‘GxP’ Data Integrity Guidance and Definitions from the UK Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and ‘Guidance on Good Data and Record Management Practices’ from the World Health Organization (WHO), have been published in recent years. However, with rising data integrity issues observed by FDA, WHO, MHRA and other pharmaceutical inspectors even after these guidance documents have been published, their overall effectiveness is yet to be determined. This paper compares and evaluates the legislation and guidance currently in existence; and discusses some of the potential challenges pharmaceutical manufacturers face in maintaining data integrity with such legislation and guidance in place. It appears that these legislation and guidance are insufficient in maintaining data integrity in the industry when used alone. Last, but not least, this paper also reviews other solutions, such as the need for a company culture of integrity, a good database management system, education and training, robust quality agreements between contract givers and acceptors, and performance of effective audits and inspections, to aid in maintaining data integrity in the manufacturing industry. These proposed solutions, if successfully implemented, can address the issues associated with data integrity, and raise the standard of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturing worldwide.

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