scholarly journals Experiments and Computational Research of Biomass Pyrolysis in a Cylindrical Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
A. V. Mitrofanov ◽  
V. E. Mizonov ◽  
S. V. Vasilevich ◽  
M. V. Malko
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Difference Approximation ◽  
Radial Coordinate ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Cylindrical Reactor

The article features an experimental study of thermally thin biomass samples (beech wood particles 17×8×6 mm) pyrolysis in a laboratory scale batch reactor. The reactor was a cylindrical steel body with internal diameter of 200 mm and height of 500 mm. The temperature of a lateral surface of the cylinder during the experiment was being kept constant (550 °C) due to electrical heating. The initial loading of the apparatus was about 4 kg with moisture content of about 14 % by weight. During the experiment, the temperature values of the material being pyrolyzed were recorded at two points of the radial coordinate, viz. at the wall of the apparatus and on its axis. A one-dimensional numerical model of the nonstationary process of biomass conversion (heat and mass transfer in combination with the Avrami – Erofeev reaction model) has been proposed and verified. The reactor is represented as a set of a countable number of cylindrical layers, considered as cells (representative meso-volumes) with an ideal mixing of the properties inside. The cylindrical surfaces that form cells are considered to be isothermal. The size of the cells is chosen to be sufficiently large in comparison with the individual particles of the layer, which makes it possible to consider the temperature field inside the cell volume as monotonic. The evolution of the temperature distribution over the radius of a cylindrical reactor is determined on the basis of a difference approximation of the process of non-stationary thermal conductivity. The calculated forecasts and experimental data showed a good agreement, which indicates the adequacy of the developed mathematical model of pyrolysis and makes it possible to recommend it for engineering calculations of biomass pyrolysis. This model can also be useful in improving the understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes occurring in the conditions of biomass pyrolysis.

scholarly journals Effects of Pretreatment with Ionic Liquids on Cellulose Hydrolysis under Hydrothermal Conditions

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshitaka Funazukuri ◽  
Shingo Ozawa
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Cellulose Hydrolysis ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Imidazolium Chloride ◽  
Product Yields

Hydrothermal hydrolysis in hot pressurized liquid water (HPLW) is attractive for biomass conversion into valuable products because it achieves high reaction rates without catalysts and additives. The hydrothermal hydrolysis of high crystalline cellulose requires higher reaction temperature than polysaccharides having low crystallinity. It can be expected to increase the reaction rate or decrease temperature by decreasing the crystallinity. In the present study ashless filter paper as a fibrous pure cellulose sample was pretreated with ionic liquids (ILs) such as imidazolium chloride ILs containing alkyl side chains ranging from two to six carbons, and with an aqueous solution of bis(ethylenediamine ammonium) copper (BEDC). Herein, the pretreatment with ILs was to regenerate filter paper: dissolving in ILs at 373 K for 120 min or in an aqueous BEDC solution at room temperature, precipitating by adding water, washing the solid, and then drying. Subsequently, the pretreated filter paper samples were hydrolyzed at 533 K and 5.0 MPa in HPLW in a small semi-batch reactor, and the effects of the pretreatment with ILs or BEDC on reaction rates and product yields were examined. While the crystallinity indexes with all ILs and BEDC after the pretreatments decreased to 44 to 47 from the original sample of 87, the reaction rates and product yields were significantly affected by the IL species. At 533 K and 5.0 MPa, the dissolution rate with [AMIM][Cl] was nine times as fast as that for untreated sample.

scholarly journals Catalytic Properties and Recycling of NiFe2O4 Catalyst for Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification of Eucalyptus Wood Chips

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ane Caroline Pereira Borges ◽  
Jude Azubuike Onwudili ◽  
Heloysa Andrade ◽  
Carine Alves ◽  
Andrew Ingram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Nickel Iron ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Supercritical Water Gasification ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Reaction Cycles

Nickel iron oxide (NiFe2O4) catalyst was prepared by the combustion reaction method and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The catalyst presented a mixture of oxides, including the NiFe2O4 spinel and specific surface area of 32.4 m2 g−1. The effect of NiFe2O4 catalyst on the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of eucalyptus wood chips was studied in a batch reactor at 450 and 500 °C without catalyst and with 1.0 g and 2.0 g of catalyst and 2.0 g of biomass for 60 min. In addition, the recyclability of the catalyst under the operating conditions was also tested using recovered and recalcined catalysts over three reaction cycles. The highest amount of H2 was 25 mol% obtained at 450 °C, using 2 g of NiFe2O4 catalyst. The H2 mol% was enhanced by 45% when compared to the non-catalytic test, showing the catalytic activity of NiFe2O4 catalyst in the WGS and the steam reforming reactions. After the third reaction cycle, the results of XRD demonstrated formation of coke which caused the deactivation of the NiFe2O4 and consequently, a 13.6% reduction in H2 mol% and a 5.6% reduction in biomass conversion.

scholarly journals Parameter Effects in the Preparation of Pyrolytic Carbon from Agroforestry Biomass Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Yuxin Sun ◽  
Jiaying Xu ◽  
Meixuan He ◽  
Yixuan Tang ◽  
Leichang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Pyrolytic Carbon ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Energy Shortage

Traditional fossil fuels are being replaced by pyrolytic carbonization fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass to address the energy shortage crisis and the environmental pollution caused by the massive burning of fossil fuels in recent years. This paper introduces the research progress in the preparation of agriculture and forestry biomass pyrolysis carbonization molding fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of different biomass conversion technology are presented. The effects of different technological parameters on the preparation of pyrolytic carbon from agricultural and forestry biomass waste were reviewed. Agriculture and forestry biomass combustion characteristics and their regularity are analyzed.

Fast Pyrolysis of Soy Hulls in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Main Components of the Bio-Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Tiago José Pires de Oliveira ◽  
Cássia Regina Cardoso ◽  
Carlos Henrique Ataíde
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Vapor Condensation ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Soy Hulls ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Nitrogen Concentration

The fast pyrolysis is an efficient and promising process of thermal decomposition. The process consists in the reaction of organic materials in the total or partial absence of oxygen to produce condensable vapor, non-condensable gases and char. Bio-oil is generated after vapor condensation and it can be converted into fuels and/or chemicals. Fast pyrolysis of soy hulls was conducted in a batch reactor fluidized bed, made of stainless steel, with internal diameter of 78 mm and 1069 mm height. The fast pyrolysis of soy hulls, mixed with inert (sand), was carried out at approximately 550 °C. Atmosphere with high nitrogen concentration was used. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the soy hulls bio-oil using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Beech Wood in A Continuous Drop Tube Reactor in Comparison to A Batch Reactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-451
Author(s):  
Chetna Mohabeer ◽  
Nourelhouda Boukaous ◽  
Antoinette Maarawi ◽  
Lokmane Abdelouahed ◽  
Abdeslam-Hassen Meniai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Drop Tube ◽  
Tube Reactor

Technologies for Biomass Conversion

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Bucura ◽  
Violeta Niculescu ◽  
Elena David ◽  
Claudia Sisu ◽  
Marius Constantinescum
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Conversion

Platelet Accumulation on Fibrin-coated Polyethylene: Role of Platelet Activation and Factor XIII

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (05) ◽  
pp. 850-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
F D Rubens ◽  
D W Perry ◽  
M W C Hatton ◽  
P D Bishop ◽  
M A Packham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xiii ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Static System ◽  
Graft Occlusion ◽  
Platelet Binding ◽  
Coated Surface ◽  
Platelet Accumulation ◽  
Polyethylene Tubing

SummaryPlatelet accumulation on small- and medium-calibre vascular grafts plays a significant role in graft occlusion. We examined platelet accumulation on the surface of fibrin-coated polyethylene tubing (internal diameter 0.17 cm) during 10 min of flow (l0ml/min) at high wall shear rate (764 s-1). Washed platelets labelled with 51Cr were resuspended in Tyrode solution containing albumin, apyrase and red blood cells (hematocrit 40%). When the thrombin that was used to form the fibrin-coated surface was inactivated with FPRCH2C1 before perfusion of the tubes with the platelet:red blood cell suspension, the accumulation of platelets was 59,840 ± 27,960 platelets per mm2, whereas accumulation on fibrin with residual active thrombin was 316,750 ± 32,560 platelets per mm2 (n = 4). When the fibrin on the surface was cross-linked by including recombinant factor XIII (rFXIII) in the fibrinogen solution used to prepare the fibrin-coated surface, platelet accumulation, after thrombin neutralization, was reduced by the cross-linking from 46,974 ± 9702 to 36,818 ± 7964 platelets per mm2 (n = 12, p <0.01). Platelet accumulation on tubes coated with D-dimer was ten times less than on tubes coated with D-domain; this finding also supports the observation that cross-linking of fibrin with the formation of γ-γ dimers reduces platelet accumulation on the fibrin-coated surface. Thrombin-activated platelets themselves were shown to cross-link fibrin when they had adhered to it during perfusion, or in a static system in which thrombin was used to form clots from FXIII-free fibrinogen in the presence of platelets. Thus, cross-linking of fibrin by FXIII in plasma or from platelets probably decreases the reactivity of the fibrin-containing thrombi to platelets by altering the lysine residue at or near the platelet-binding site of each of the γ-chains of the fibrinogen which was converted into the fibrin of these thrombi.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using nanopillars-TiO2 thin films: Batch reactor studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lalhriatpuia
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Tio2 Thin Films ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Bet Specific Surface Area ◽  
Interfering Ions

Nanopillars-TiO2 thin films was obtained on a borosilicate glass substrate with (S1) and without (S2) polyethylene glycol as template. The photocatalytic behaviour of S1 and S2 thin films was assessed inthe degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution under batch reactor operations. The thin films were characterized by the SEM, XRD, FTIR and AFM analytical methods. BET specific surface area and pore sizes were also obtained. The XRD data confirmed that the TiO2 particles are in its anatase mineral phase. The SEM and AFM images indicated the catalyst is composed with nanosized pillars of TiO2, evenly distributed on the surface of the substrate. The BET specific surface area and pore sizes of S1 and S2 catalyst were found to be 5.217 and 1.420 m2/g and 7.77 and 4.16 nm respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was well studied at wide range of physico-chemical parameters. The effect of solution pH (pH 4.0 to 10.0) and MB initial concentration (1.0 to 10.0 mg/L) was extensively studied and the effect of several interfering ions, i.e., cadmium nitrate, copper sulfate, zinc chloride, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, glycine, oxalic acid and EDTA in the photocatalytic degradation of MB was demonstrated. The maximum percent removal of MB was observed at pH 8.0 beyond which it started decreasing and a low initial concentration of the pollutant highly favoured the photocatalytic degradation using thin films and the presence of several interfering ions diminished the photocatalytic activity of thin films to some extent. The overall photocatalytic activity was in the order: S2 > S1 > UV. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. The mineralization of MB was studied with total organic carbon measurement using the TOC (total organic carbon) analysis.

Urban pollution control strategy: SBR technology to treat agricultural waste from pig farm in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Lindawati Lindawati
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Number Of Customers

Reduction of food rations and shortages is one of the impacts of the increasing human population. Food sector industries then try to cope with the fast growing number of customers. Agribusiness sector gains its popularity in these recent years, including pig farm. The increase trend of animal farming industry is likely to bring increasing pollution problem unless effective treatment methods are used. The main problems related to the pig farm include odor nuisance and pig manure disposal. The existing land application of piggery wastewater is the traditional way to discharge the wastewater. This may yield in land and water contamination, due to the accumulation of unused nutrients by crop plant. A case study of a large commercial pig farm from Australia is proposed to apply in smaller scale in Indonesia. Operational strategies for the small-scale SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) treating piggery effluent were developed based on lab-scale experiments. Due to SBR characteristics, which are money-saving and space-saving, it is very suitable to be applied in urban area. An economic evaluation was made of various process options. The cost estimation showed that SBR is a cost effective process, allowing operational batches to be adjusted to reduce unnecessary aeration cost. A reduction in the aeration cost was achieved by shortening the batch time from 24-h to 8-h. A comparison of three different SBR options showed that smaller size reactors could be more flexible and cost effective when compared with the larger ones.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document