scholarly journals Cognitive science: from paradigms to theoretical complexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
M.A. Sushchin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Constructive Function ◽  
Negative Function ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Basic Concepts

This article deals with the task of understanding main theoretical movements in cognitive science, including classical computational cognitivism, connectionism, moderate embodied cognition, and predictive processing. For this purpose, the article analyzes the well-known post-positivist conceptions of philosophy of science developed by T. Kuhn, I. Lakatos, and L. Laudan, which focus not on individual theories, but on groups of theories. Despite the fact that all these well-known post-positivist conceptions describe well certain features of theoretical movements in cognitive science, none of them as such can be taken as a basis for understanding those cognitivist groups of theories and models. Thus, the article develops an alternative approach based on the author’s idea of theoretical complexes. With the help of this idea, it becomes possible, firstly, to characterize the form of organization of main theoretical movements in cognitive science. From this point of view, complexes of individual theories, models, and conceptions in cognitive science can be formed both on the basis of one common property or a number of common properties, and on the basis of family resemblance. And, secondly, the idea of theoretical complexes has made it possible to clarify the basic functions of cognitivist theoretical movements. These functions include the constructive function of a landmark for the supporters of one particular complex (including the subordinate functions of creating and modifying individual theories, defining their basic concepts, etc.). and the negative function of a target for criticism for supporters of competing complexes.

THE CONCEPT AS THE OBJECT OF STUDY OF LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
K. Galiyeva ◽  
◽  
S. Isakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Scientific Fields

The article is devoted to the definition of concept in modern linguistics. Various points of view and definitions of the basic concepts are considered: "concept", "conceptual sphere", "content". The aim of the article is to describe and explain such a complex unit as a concept from the point of view of linguistics. The object of research is studied in its various manifestations, the combination of verbal and nonverbal means of information expression in the conceptual sphere is revealed. the relevance of this topic is due to the need for a detailed consideration of the concept of concept based on the works of prominent scientists and linguists. Researchers treat the concept as a cognitive, psycholinguistic, linguocultural, cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The concept is an umbrella term because it "covers" the subject areas of several scientific fields: primarily cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics.

scholarly journals Deutsches auch und italienisches anche im Vergleich

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 187-208
Author(s):  
Manuela Caterina Moroni ◽  
Ermenegildo Bidese
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Semantic Point

The focus of our contribution is the German particle auch ‘also’ and its Italian counterpart anche. From a semantic point of view, auch and anche convey the same additive meaning in both languages: through them an element, called ‘domain of association’, is added to a list of further elements for which the auch/anche phrase applies. From a syntactical point of view, auch and anche can occupy different positions in the sentence by modifying the type and the scope of the domain of association. This results in four basic usage patterns which are similar in both languages and correspond to just as many functions of auch/anche: (i) additivity, (ii) sentence connection, (iii) focus domain, and (iv) modality. Despite these common functions, auch and anche interact with the syntax and the information structure of the sentence in German and in Italian differently. Furthermore, they are used in conversation contexts, which are distinctive in both languages. By starting from the current description of auch and anche in the literature, the first aim of our contribution is to provide evidence for the above-mentioned four basic functions despite their language-specific usage contexts. As a second aim, we want to validate our systematization through the analysis of spoken data for German and Italian, explaining why some functions are more likely to be found in the former than in the latter.

Para la autocomprensión de las ciencias del espíritu: notas al comienzo de "Verdad y método" de Hans-George Gadamer

2013 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Simňn Royo Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Circular Form ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Truth And Method ◽  
Hans Georg Gadamer

This article is a hermeneutic commentary of the introduction to "Truth and Method" by Hans-Georg Gadamer. Here, the reference to Rilke's poem allows us to take on the beginning opus. But ending and beginning are the same from a hermeneutic point of view, and this work has a circular form. In this essay, Gadamer's hermeneutics are explored with a particular focus on some of the basic concepts of his philosophy.

Prenatal Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-158
Author(s):  
Nezahat Hamiden Karaca
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Development Section ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Developmental Principles ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Impact

The prenatal period is a vital process for the mother and father to become conscious about the development of the baby. Particularly in this process, in which mental and physical changes are observed in the mother, both the mother and father should be supported in order for the baby in the mother's womb to have a healthy gestation and to prevent a risky pregnancy. In this regard, particularly with the impact of recent technological innovations and with the increasing awareness of parents through increasing literacy, it is reported that the mortality rate is decreased; however, it is also reported that severe injuries during pregnancy and disabled babies still exist. From this point of view, the basic concepts related to development, developmental areas, developmental principles, factors affecting development and prenatal development will be explained in detail in the antenatal development section.

Meaning Redefined

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Sonesson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Scholastic Realism ◽  
Recurrent Theme ◽  
Do So

From the point of view of semiotics, the essential contribution of John Deely consists in having made us all aware of the richness of the Scholastic heritage, and to have explained it to us latter-day semioticians. Even for those, who, like the present author, think that semiotics was alive and well between the dawn of the Latin Age, and the rediscovery of Scholastic realism by Peirce, the notions coined by the Scholastic philosophers are intriguing. To make sense of scholastic notions such as ens reale and ens rationis is not a straightforward matter, but it is worthwhile trying to do so, in particular by adapting these notions to ideas more familiar in the present age. Starting out from the notions of Scholastic Realism, we try in the following to make sense of the different meanings of meaning, only one of which is the sign. It will be suggested that there are counterparts to ens rationis, not only in the thinking of some contemporary philosophers, but also, in a more convoluted way, in the discussion within cognitive science about different extensions to the mind. The recurrent theme of the paper will be Deely’s musing, according to which signs, unlike any other kind of being, form relations which may connect things which are mind-dependent (ens rationis) and mind-independent (ens reale). The import of this proposition is quite different if is applied to what we will call the Augustinian notion of the sign, or to the Fonseca notion, which is better termed intentionality. In both cases, however, mind-dependence will be shown to have a fundamental part to play. Following upon the redefinition of Medieval philosophy suggested by Deely, we will broach a redefinition of something even wider: meaning even beyond signs.

The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim van Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Cognitive Agents ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamical Hypothesis

According to the dominant computational approach in cognitive science, cognitive agents are digital computers; according to the alternative approach, they are dynamical systems. This target article attempts to articulate and support the dynamical hypothesis. The dynamical hypothesis has two major components: the nature hypothesis (cognitive agents are dynamical systems) and the knowledge hypothesis (cognitive agents can be understood dynamically). A wide range of objections to this hypothesis can be rebutted. The conclusion is that cognitive systems may well be dynamical systems, and only sustained empirical research in cognitive science will determine the extent to which that is true.

scholarly journals Enactivism, Radical Enactivism and Predictive Processing: What is Radical in Cognitive Science?

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Gärtner ◽  
Robert W. Clowes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Radical Enactivism ◽  
Problem Section ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basic Cognition

AbstractAccording to Enactivism, cognition should be understood in terms of a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. Further, this view holds that organisms do not passively receive information from this environment, they rather selectively create this environment by engaging in interaction with the world. Radical Enactivism adds that basic cognition does so without entertaining representations and hence that representations are not an essential constituent of cognition. Some proponents think that getting rid of representations amounts to a revolutionary alternative to standard views about cognition. To emphasize the impact, they claim that this ‘radicalization’ should be applied to all enactivist friendly views, including, another current and potentially revolutionary approach to cognition: predictive processing. In this paper, we will show that this is not the case. After introducing the problem (section 2), we will argue (section 3) that ‘radicalizing’ predictive processing does not add any value to this approach. After this (section 4), we will analyze whether or not radical Enactivism can count as a revolution within cognitive science at all and conclude that it cannot. Finally, in section 5 we will claim that cognitive science is better off when embracing heterogeneity.

New poetics in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217
Author(s):  
Norbert Francis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chinese Poetry ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Modern Chinese

A new study of modern Chinese poetry has been published that deserves the attention of linguists working in both the applied and theoretical fields. The focus of the book is experimental and avant-garde literature, and as such it raises questions that are different than the ones we are accustomed to considering in the field of poetics. This review essay considers proposals for understanding poetic ability and sensibility from the point of view of applications of cognitive science.

scholarly journals Śāntarakṣita on veridical perception

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Marie Louise Friquegnon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Single System ◽  
Veridical Perception ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Level I ◽  
The 19Th Century

William Paterson UniversityŚāntarakṣita, an 8th century Indian Buddhist philosopher, united the Cittamātra and the Madhyamaka views into a single system. Consistently following Nāgārjuna, from the point of view of absolute reality he proclaimed all things to be empty and beyond conception. From the point of view of the conventional, he stated that we should understand everything as awareness. Nevertheless, when analysing Cittamātra views on perception, he found them all to be inadequate. Buddhism is usually described as based on two pillars, direct experience and inference. Given Śāntarakṣita’s sharp critique of the veracity of perception, upon which inductive premises are based, how are we to make sense of knowledge on the conventional level? I will attempt to answer this question through an analysis of the ideas of the 11th century philosopher Rongzom and the 19th century philosopherMipham. I will also show the relevance of Śāntarakṣita’s critique of perception today, by comparing it with contemporary Western cognitive science.

scholarly journals Cognitive Networks: Interactivity, Intersubjectivity, and Synergy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-78
Author(s):  
Helena Knyazeva
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Cognitive Coherence ◽  
Cognitive Niches

Some properties of cognitive networks are discussed in the article in the context of the modern achievements of the network science. It is the study in network structures and their surprising properties that gives a new impetus to the development of the theory of complex systems (synergetics). The analysis of cognitive processes from the point of view of the network structures that arise in them not only fits with such concepts already existing in cognitive science and epistemology, as cognitive niches, cognitive maps, cognitive coherence, etc.), but also brings some new aspects to the understanding of interactivity, intersubjectivity, synergy in cognition and creative activities, empathy.

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