Online Cleaning of Carbonate Deposits. The Potential and Limitations of a Novel Cleaning Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myles Martin Jordan ◽  
Louise Sutherland ◽  
Clare Jennifer Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Packed Column ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Solid Ratio

Abstract The formation of calcium carbonate scale within produced brine as it passes through topside heaters is a very common flow assurance challenge. Normally this scale risk is predicted and chemically controlled via scale inhibitors deployed upstream of the point of brine supersaturation. In some operations chemical application is not fully effective due to under treating of the chemical or carbonate from the reservoir (fines) builds up within the heaters. In cases of reduced fluid throughput cleaning of the inorganic scale is required. The most common method of cleaning is to take the heater offline and batch clean with acids (mineral or organic) to remove the deposits. This paper outlines an investigation into the performance of conventional batch cleaning vs a more novel application method of online cleaning the heater while operating with application of organic acid into the produced fluid upstream of the heaters. The online cleaning process was evaluated via laboratory tests where packed column of field scale were flushed with organic acid within the produced water, and for comparison mineral acid, to understand the potential for online cleaning vs batch cleaning and what factors influenced the effectiveness of these application methods. Factors evaluated included flow rate/contact time, acid strength and acid type. During these online cleaning tests, the effluent of each column was evaluated for pH and finally weight loss at the end of the tests. The online cleaning results were compared to conventional batch cleaning assessment of the same scale samples via static bottle tests The observations from the tests show that online cleaning using both organic and mineral acids result in the development of preferential flow paths within the scale packed columns that reduces the effectiveness of the cleaning chemicals. Improvements to the cleaning program were investigated such as the scale thickness when cleaning is first started to improve cleaning performance and fluid flow rate, increased acid concentration and liquid to solid ratio changes. Field application data from the initial cleaning programs and improvements to the cleaning programs will be shared as part of this publication The factors that need to be assessed to determine if this method is suitable for a specific process system and likelihood of effective scale removal are presented. This method does present the possibility for some production systems that cleaning of carbonate scale can be carried out without the need to take the heater offline for chemical batch or mechanical cleaning.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ORGANIC ACID ADDITION ON THE FORMATION OF PRECIPITATED IRON COMPOUNDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thao Thi Nguyen ◽  
Than Ngoc Truong ◽  
Binh Ngoc Duong
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Removal Time

In this work, acetic and citric acids were used along with ammonium chloride in the removal of iron from reduced Hatinh ilmenite. Iron removal was carried out at 70ºC, 4 liter/min of air flow rate, 7/1 of liquid/solid ratio and 0.5% NH<sub>4</sub>Cl as catalyst. After 9 hours, metallic iron was decreased from 30.3% in reduced ilmenite to 0.5% in synthetic rutile. The addition of 0.4% acetic acid into NH<sub>4</sub>Cl solution reduces removal time to 5 hours, residual metallic iron (RMI) was also 0.5%. The addition of 0.4% citric acid also reduces removal time to 5 hours, RMI was reduced to 0.33%. The rusting rate of metallic iron increased when acid concentration increased from 0.1 to 1%. The results indicated that acetic and citric acids could be used as additional catalysts along with NH<sub>4</sub>Cl in the removal of metallic iron in reduced ilmenite. The acid have the capability to form complexes with iron and also showed impact on the formation of precipitated iron compounds.

Breakthrough curves of oil adsorption on novel amorphous carbon thin film

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 2361-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. El-Sayed ◽  
M. Ramzi ◽  
R. Hosny ◽  
M. Fathy ◽  
Th. Abdel Moghny
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Bed Height ◽  
Carbon Thin Film ◽  
Oil Adsorption ◽  
Amorphous Carbon Thin Film

A novel amorphous carbon thin film (ACTF) was prepared by hydrolyzing wood sawdust and delignificating the residue to obtain cellulose mass that was subjected to react with cobalt silicate nanoparticle as a catalyst under the influence of sudden concentrated sulfuric acid addition at 23 °C. The novel ACTF was obtained in the form of thin films like graphene sheets having winding surface. The prepared ACTF was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The adsorption capacity of ACTF to remove oil from synthetic produced water was evaluated using the incorporation of Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models. The performance study is described through the breakthrough curves concept under relevant operating conditions such as column bed heights (3.8, 5 and 11 mm) and flow rate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mL.min−1). It was found that the oil uptake mechanism is favoring higher bed height. Also, the highest bed capacity of 700 mg oil/g ACTF was achieved at 5 mm bed height, and 0.5 mL.min−1 flow rate. The results of breakthrough curve for oil adsorption was best described using the Yoon–Nelson model. Finally, the results illustrate that ACTF could be utilized effectively for oil removal from synthetic produced water in a fixed-bed column system.

scholarly journals Statistical Modelling of Oil Removal from Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Produced Water by Using Flotation Column

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Ku Esyra Hani ◽  
Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Flotation Column

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polymer (GLP-100) and surfactant (MFOMAX) towards the efficiency of oil removal in a flotation column by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Various concentrations of surfactant (250, 372 and 500 ppm) and polymer (450, 670, and 900 ppm) produced water were prepared. Dulang crude oil was used in the experiments. Flotation operating parameters such as gas flow rate (1–3 L/min) and duration of flotation (2–10 min) were also investigated. The efficiency of oil removal was calculated based on the difference between the initial concentration of oil and the final concentration of oil after the flotation process. From the ANOVA analysis, it was found that the gas flow rate, surfactant concentration, and polymer concentration contributed significantly to the efficiency of oil removal. Extra experiments were conducted to verify the developed equation at a randomly selected point using 450 ppm of polymer concentration, 250 ppm of surfactant concentration, 3 L/min gas flowrate and duration of 10 min. From these extra experiments, a low standard deviation of 1.96 was discovered. From this value, it indicates that the equation can be used to predict the efficiency of oil removal in the presence of surfactant and polymer (SP) by using a laboratory flotation column.

Effect of Calcium Chloride on Prometryne and Fluometuron Adsorption in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Abernathy ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Saturated Soils ◽  
Current Field ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
Flowing System ◽  
Water Saturated

The movement and adsorption of soil-applied14C-labeled 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio-s-triazine (prometryne) and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) in the presence of 0.01 and 0.5NCaCl2were studied. The soils were Ca++-saturated Eufaula loamy fine sand and Norge loam. In equilibrium adsorption studies, fluometuron adsorption was decreased and prometryne adsorption was increased by increasing the CaCl2concentration from 0.01 to 0.5N. The mobility of prometryne in the two water-saturated soils was decreased by an increase in CaCl2concentration. Fluometuron mobility was unchanged by the two CaCl2concentrations in Eufaula, but was greater in Norge at the higher CaCl2concentration. The adsorption of each herbicide in the flowing system was less than that predicted by the distribution coefficient. Differences in CaCl2concentration do not appear to influence the mobility of the two herbicides sufficiently at the soil-water flow rate used in this study to require changes in current field application practices.

Variables Affecting the Use of Positive Displacement Pumps to Apply Herbicides in Ultralow Volume

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hanks ◽  
Chester G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
System Components ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Paraffinic Oil

Water and paraffinic oils were used to determine variables that affect positive displacement pumps used to meter liquid flow in an air-assist spray system. Components needed to construct an air-assist spray system were described for use in spray chambers and on a tractor for field application of herbicides in ultralow volume (ULV). The flow rate of the pump varied less than 2% for the water and oil as the pump setting was varied from 0 to 100% of the pump's capacity. Linear relationships were shown for both liquids as the voltage input varied from 4 to 13 volts. Air pressures to 100 kPa and liquid temperatures to 35 C did not affect flow rate of the pump. Volume median diameter of the spray droplets decreased from 295 μm to 77 μm and 159 μm to 85 μm for water and paraffinic oil, respectively, as the air pressure was adjusted from 14 to 110 kPa.

Study of a Pseudo Bipolar Design for a Piezoelectric Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell With Nozzle and Diffuser

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Kang Ma ◽  
Jyun-Sheng Wang ◽  
Ya-Ting Chang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Cell Performance ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Previous studies of a piezoelectric proton exchange membrane fuel cell with nozzle and diffuser (PZT-PEMFC-ND) have shown that a PZT device could solve flooding problems and improve cell performance. The results also indicated that the rectification efficiency (γ) of the diffuser elements, the PZT vibrating frequency (f), and the displaced volume per stroke (ΔV) affected the flow rate of the PZT device. The rectification efficiency of the diffuser elements, which is an indicator of the preferential direction, depends on the geometrical parameters (AR and θ) and the Reynolds number. In this study, an innovative design for a PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell with pseudo bipolar electrodes was developed to achieve a higher power in the stack design to solve water flooding problems and improve cell performance. This new design, with a reaction area of 8 cm2, contains two cells with two outside anodes and two inside cathodes that share a common PZT vibrating device for pumping air flow. The influence of the varying aspect ratio (AR) of the diffuser elements on the unit cell flow rate were investigated using a three-dimensional transitional model. The results show that a proper AR value of 11.25 for the diffuser with a smaller θ of 5° could ensure a smoother intake of the air and thus better cell performance. A lower AR value of 5.63 resulted in smaller actuation pressure inside the chamber, and thus the produced water could not be pumped out. However, a larger AR of 16.88 induced a blocking phenomenon inside the diffuser element, and thus less air was sucked into the cathode chamber. The performance of the PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell could be 1.6 times greater than that of the single cell. This performance may be influenced by the phase difference of the operating modes.

scholarly journals EXAMINATION OF FAILURES OF CONSTRUCTED WATER WELLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
V. V. Bredikhin ◽  
A. A. Akulshin ◽  
K. I. Los
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Frequency Converter ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Frequency Converters ◽  
Technical Examination ◽  
Analysis Of Failures

The example of judicial construction and technical examination of the constructed water intake well in one of settlements is considered in this article. The analysis of failures occurred during the operation of the newly built water intake well was carried out. The point moments on the quality and timing of the work performed there are often disputable when putting objects into operation. If these questions cannot be resolved by mutual agreement of the parties, their decision is transferred to the courts, which appoint judicial construction and technical expertise. The type of judicial engineering and technical expertise, judicial construction and technical expertise plays an important and sometimes decisive role in legal proceedings, including the consideration of civil disputes in courts of General jurisdiction and arbitration courts. Judicial construction and technical expertise was appointed on the basis of the decision of the arbitration court for a new water intake well built in one of the settlements of the Kursk region. The reason for the appointment of the examination is that this well has ceased to provide the planned flow rate, and the produced water meet the quality requirements. Two main reasons led to the decline in the technological characteristics of the well and the deterioration of the quality of the produced water: the wrong choice of the pumping unit and the lack of a water tower on the network. The selected ECV 6-16-140 pump created excess pressure in the network, which was then reduced by the installed automation (frequency Converter), and accordingly the well flow rate decreased. The use of frequency converters is not always useful, but can even have a harmful effect on the operation of the water supply system. In addition to reducing the flow rate, the operation of the frequency Converter caused the combustion of several pumps operating in unacceptable modes. The work of the frequency Converter installed on the pump unit with overestimated characteristics led to the turbidity of the produced water, there was an uneven consumption of water from the well.

Calcium Naphthenates in Complex Production Systems - Evaluation and Chemical Inhibition Challenges

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.. A. Nichols ◽  
F.F.. F. Rosário ◽  
M.C.M.. C.M. Bezerra ◽  
S.E.. E. Gorringe ◽  
H.L.. L. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Bicarbonate Ions ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Field Deployment

Abstract Over the last 15 years, much research and many field application studies have led to considerable improvement in our understanding of the formation and mitigation of calcium naphthenate deposits. In this field example, calcium naphthenates and stable emulsions are formed following mixing of fluids from different reservoir formations on a single FPSO. High TAN crudes containing low levels of ARN produce with low calcium formation waters whereas low TAN crudes are associated with high calcium formation waters. Mixing of these two systems has led to calcium naphthenate deposition and associated problems with its removal. This paper outlines the challenges in this complex deepwater subsea production system and the interpretation of the cause of the deposit. A series of laboratory tests using a specialised flow rig were conducted to illustrate the effects of mixing different fluids and identify those mixtures with the largest naphthenate potential. The work further illustrates the effect of bicarbonate ions on the system. Laboratory tests at low levels of bicarbonate (to prevent carbonate scaling at separator conditions) do not result in calcium naphthenate formation when mixing the high TAN crude with the current produced brine (moderate calcium). Naphthenates only formed when mixing with the high calcium brine. When bicarbonate is included at full field levels (in the presence of a scale inhibitor) significant calcium naphthenate formation is recorded with the lower calcium brines. The effect of CO2 within the produced fluids has also been evaluated. The paper describes how several variables contribute to the likelihood of calcium naphthenate deposition and presents results from several naphthenate formation and inhibition tests covering a range of fluid compositions and mixtures. Chemical qualification in the lab using the worst case fluid mixtures has been conducted to select a calcium naphthenate inhibitor for field deployment. Field trials demonstrate both the effectiveness of the treatments and also the qualification exercise conducted for this field. The results further indicate the complexity of accurately predicting a calcium naphthenate risk while illustrating that, even under challenging conditions, chemical inhibitors are effective in this system.

scholarly journals Comparison of two methods to assess heterogeneity of water flow in soils

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Lichner ◽  
Jaromír Dušek ◽  
Louis W. Dekker ◽  
Natalia Zhukova ◽  
Pavol Faško ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Effective Cross Section ◽  
Radioactive Tracer ◽  
Tracer Experiment ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The heterogeneity of water flow and solute transport was assessed during radioactive tracer infiltration experiment in a black clay loam soil using modified methods to estimate the effective cross section (ECS) and the degree of preferential flow (DPF). The results of field and numerical experiments showed that these parameters characterized the heterogeneity of water flow in the soils unequivocally. The ECS decreases non-linearly and the DPF increases linearly with an increase of the bypassing ratio (ratio of macropore flow rate to total flow rate). The ECS decreased and the DPF increased with depth, which suggests an increase in the heterogeneity of water flow with depth. The plot of the DPF against ECS values calculated from the tracer experiment data was consistent with the relationship obtained by the numerical simulation assuming preferential flow in the neighbourhood of three probes.

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