First Successful Channel Fracturing Job, in the Middle East, Across Darcy-Permeability Sandstone Formation in Challenging Preperforated Liner Disposal Well Proves to be the Optimum Solution for Enhancing Injectivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Fawwaz ◽  
Rashid H. Al-Obaid ◽  
Stevanus Dwi Kurniadi ◽  
Abdul Muqtadir Khan ◽  
Ziad Al Jalal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Matrix Acidizing ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Optimum Solution

Abstract Produced water is a byproduct of the production cycle that often creates problems for handling and disposal. In Khafji Joint Operation (KJO), thousands of BWPD were being produced every day and disposed of by pumping the water back into the A formation. This formation is sandstone and has a permeability range over one Darcy. To improve the economics of this project, KJO set an injection target rate of 30,000 B/D per well at a maximum of 1,500-psi wellhead injection pressure due to surface facility constraints. Several completion and stimulation methods were selected to enhance the injectivity rate of these disposal wells. A pilot project was conducted to understand the best methods for injector well development. The well was drilled slanted across the reservoir to increase the reservoir contact area. Openhole and preperforated liners with different upper completion tubing sizes (i.e., 5-in. and 7-in. tubing) were compared to set the baseline of injectivity. Coiled tubing matrix acidizing and hydraulic fracturing were performed in this pilot well to enhance the injectivity. In each different methodology, a series of injection and surveillance tools was deployed to quantify the results. Upon completion with the 5-in. tubing, the pilot well could not achieve the target injectivity rate without well stimulation. An improvement after acid stimulation via coiled tubing was observed, although it was not able to achieve the injectivity target. Completing the well with 7-in tubing improved the injectivity rate slightly, but the injection pressure was still relatively high. Finally, and despite the combination of all challenges in this well, the first channel fracturing in a preperforated injector well in the Middle East was successfully performed. The post-fracturing evaluation shows that channel fracturing is the optimal stimulation method, increasing the injectivity index in this well ninefold compared to matrix acidizing. These results suggest that the implementation of effective fracturing design and operations improves the economics of the project. The results also demonstrate the importance of surveillance activities and their analysis to guide the technical decision and technology deployment. To overcome the challenges, a clear and robust workflow and solution execution and surveillance methods were developed. The pilot project illustrates the importance of having the right data to guide decisions and a rigorous QA/QC approach before, during, and after fracturing to achieve successful delivery.

The Effect Of Matrix Acidizing On The Compressive Strength Of Sandstone Formation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shamsul Izwan Ismail ◽  
Issham Ismail ◽  
Wilanin A/P Peng Buah ◽  
Ali Piroozian
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Core Sample ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Berea Sandstone ◽  
Matrix Acidizing ◽  
Hydraulic Equipment ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Sandstone Formation

Artikel ini membincangkan kesan pengasidan matriks terhadap kekuatan mampatan sebuah formasi baru pasir. Kajian makmal terbabit melibatkan dua sistem utama, perkakasan pengasidan–kebolehtelapan dan kelengkapan hidraul servo. Asid lumpur dengan kepekatan HF 1–9% telah digunakan untuk merawat sampel teras batu pasir Berea yang rosak. Rawatan ini melibatkan tekanan suntikan dari 30 psi (206 KN/m2) hingga 660 psi (4550 KN/m2) pada suhu bilik. Sampel teras batu pasir Berea pada asalnya dirosakkan menerusi penggunaan lumpur gerudi sebelum bermulanya kerja–kerja pengasidan matriks. Selepas berakhirnya proses pengasidan, nilai kebolehtelapan tertingkat sampel teras yang telah dirawat menggunakan asid lumpur dibandingkan dengan kebolehtelapan rosak, yang diukur menggunakan perkakasan pengasidan–kebolehtelapan. Kekuatan mampatan formasi batu pasir selepas pengasidan juga dinilai menggunakan kelengkapan hidraul servo. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengasidan berupaya meningkatkan kebolehtelapan sampel teras yang rosak, tetapi akan menjejaskan kekuatan mampatan sampel teras terbabit, lebih–lebih lagi jika menggunakan 9% HF–12% HCl. Isi padu asid lumpur yang digunakan untuk mencapai ARC 1.0 berkurang bila meningkatnya tekanan suntikan, tetapi tekanan terbabit mesti lebih besar daripada 30 psi (206 KN/m2) untuk mencapai nilai ARC yang lebih besar daripada 1.0. Tekanan suntikan yang terlalu tinggi boleh mengurangkan keberkesanan pengasidan secara menyeluruh berikutan masa tindak balas yang terhad. Kata kunci: Sampel teras batu pasir Berea; kekuatan mampatan; pengasidan matriks; kebolehtelapan This paper discusses the effect of matrix acidizing on the compressive strength of a sandstone formation. The laboratory works involved two main systems, namely the acidizing–permeability apparatus and servo hydraulic equipment. The mud acid with 1–9% HF concentrations was used to treat the damaged Berea sandstone core samples using different injection pressures ranging from 30 psi (206 KN/m2) to 660 psi (4550 KN/m2) at room temperature. The Berea sandstone core sample was initially damaged using drilling mud before the matrix acidizing took place. After the acidizing process, the value of improved permeability of the acidized core sample was compared with the damaged permeability, which was measured using the acidizing-permeability apparatus. The compressive strength of sandstone formation after the acidizing process was also evaluated using the Servo Hydraulic Equipment. The experimental results revealed that acidizing could improve the permeability of the damaged core sample but would affect the compressive strength of the core sample, especially when using 9% HF–12% HCl. The volume of mud acid required to achieve ARC 1.0 reduces when injection pressure increases, which should be greater than 30 psi (206 KN/m2) in order to achieve ARC greater than 1.0. It was also noted that higher injection pressure would reduce the overall effectiveness of the acid treatment due to insufficient reaction time. Key words: Berea sandstone core sample; compressive strength; matrix acidizing; permeability

Barge Assisted Coiled Tubing in Malay Basin of South China Sea - Pilot Project Success Story

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Hairi Abdul Razak ◽  
Fuad M. Noordin ◽  
M.N. Afendy Yusoff ◽  
Rahmat Wibisono
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Success Story ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Coiled Tubing

The City-Logic of Resistance: Subverting Urbicide in the Middle East City

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Right To The City ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Extreme Variant ◽  
Urban Terrain ◽  
Critical Urban Theory ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Most armed conflict today takes place within urban terrain or within an urbanised context. An extreme variant of such armed conflict is violence perpetrated by external state and non-state forces within the city, known as urbicide. Urbicidal violence deliberately strives to kill, discipline or deny the city to its inhabitants by targeting and then reordering the sociomaterial urban assemblage. Civil resistance within urbicidal violence seeks to subvert the emerging alternative sovereign order sought by such forces. It does so by using the inherent logic of the city in order to maintain/restore the community's social cohesion, mitigate the violence, affirm humanity, and claim the right to the city. This paper investigates the city-logic of civil resistance through examples drawn from the recent urbicidal experiences of Middle East cities such as Gaza, Aleppo, Mosul, and Sana'a. Theoretical insights from the conflict resolution literature, critical urban theory, and assemblage thinking inform the argument.

SAGD ESP Intake Design Improvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Zhong ◽  
Patrick Keough ◽  
Kjellb Martel ◽  
Richard Delaloye ◽  
Curtis Goulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Severe Motor ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Electrical Submersible Pump ◽  
Motor Load ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intake Flow

Abstract One of the major challenges in SAGD Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) operation is produced water flashing to steam when flowing pressure loss is significant, such as at an ESP intake. "Bottom Feeder" style intakes are a standard SAGD ESP intake which has been applied in the SAGD industry for over a decade. However,it was identified in recent years at ConocoPhillips's (CPC) Surmont Oilsands operations that Bottom Feeder intakes can lead to steam flashing in pump at the right conditions. The flashed steam causes significant cavitation in pump, which in turn causes severe motor load chattering. Further to that, steam locking in the pump can occur, which is called a "no flow event" (NFE) in the SAGD industry. ConocoPhillips and Baker Hughes have been working together to optimize SAGD ESPs by utilizing an integral intake to minimize the pressure loss across the intake ports. This would also streamline the connection between intake and pump housing to minimize pressure loss at these intake flow paths. The improved design has been tested in Surmont successfully, and the integral intake has become an optional intake to be applied in the well cases where steam flashing has been known to cause operation interruptions or ESP damages. This paper will review the process undertaken by CPC and Baker Hughes to study the ESP performance with the bottom feeder intake in comparison to the ESP performance with an integral intake.Design and field data will be presented and reviewed to highlight the performance of each system.

Asphaltene Mitigation in Giant Carbonate Abu Dhabi Fields: A Techno-Economic Comparison Between Continuous Injection and Formation Squeeze

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Grutters ◽  
Sameer Punnapala ◽  
Dalia Salem Abdallah ◽  
Zaharia Cristea ◽  
Hossam El Din Mohamed El Nagger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Asphaltene Precipitation ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Continuous Injection

Abstract Asphaltene deposition is a serious and re-occurring flow assurance problem in several of the ADNOC onshore oilfields. Fluids are intrinsically unstable with respect to asphaltene precipitation, and operating conditions are such that severe deposition occurs in the wellbore. Wells in ADNOC are generally not equipped with downhole chemical injection lines for continuous inhibition, and protection of the wells require frequent shut-in and intervention by wireline and coiled tubing to inspect and clean up. Since some of the mature fields are under EOR recovery strategies, like miscible hydrocarbon WAG and CO2 flood, which exacerbates the asphaltene precipitation and deposition problems, a more robust mitigation strategy is required. In this paper the results of two different mitigation strategies will be discussed; continuous injection of asphaltene inhibitor via a capillary line in the tubular and asphaltene inhibitor formation squeeze. Three asphaltene inhibitors from different suppliers were pre-qualified and selected for field trial. Each inhibitor was selected for a formation squeeze in both one horizontal and one vertical well, and one of the inhibitors was applied via thru-tubing capillary string. The field trials showed that continuous injection in remote wells with no real-time surveillance options (e.g. gauges, flow meters) is technically challenging. The continuous injection trial via the capillary string was stopped due to technical challenges. From the six formation squeezes four were confirmed to be effective. Three out of fours squeezes significantly extended the production cycle, from approximately 1.4 to 6 times the normal uninhibited flow period. The most successful squeezes were in the vertical wells. The results of the trial were used to model the economic benefit of formation squeeze, compared to a ‘do-nothing’ approach where the wells are subject to shut-in and cleanup once the production rates drop below a threshold value. The model clearly indicates that the squeezes applied in ADNOC Onshore are only cost-effective if it extends the normal flow period by approximately three times. However, a net gain can be achieved already if the formation squeeze extends the flow cycle by 15 to 20%, due to reduction of shut-in days required for intervention. Therefore, the results in this paper illustrate that an asphaltene inhibitor formation squeeze can be an attractive mitigation strategy, both technically and economically.

Managing IS Security and Privacy

2011 ◽  
pp. 2497-2503
Author(s):  
Vasilios Katos
Keyword(s):  
Policy Decision ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Simple Explanation ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Optimum Solution

The concept of privacy has received attention for over a century now and its definition?let alone, understanding?has been profoundly challenging. This is primarily attributed to the “incompatible” and rich set of characteristics privacy comprises. As Brunk (2002) states very sharply, “Privacy is a matter of intellectual and philosophical thought and retains few tangible characteristics, making it resistant to simple explanation.” Perhaps the first scholarly work on privacy was that of Warren and Brandeis (1980), who introduced the highly abstractive yet popular definition of privacy as the “right to be left alone.” As privacy was recognized as a right, it primarily existed within a legal context. Legislation for protecting one’s privacy exists in many countries and in some cases at a constitutional level (see for example the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution). It was soon realized in the information revolution era that privacy and information are somewhat coupled. More precisely, emerging privacy concepts and metrics relate to the intentional or unintentional information flows. However, when it comes to studying, using, and investing in information, security appeared to have a higher priority over privacy. Security and privacy seemingly operate under different agendas; privacy is about protecting one’s actions in terms of offering anonymity, whereas security includes the notion of accountability which implies that anonymity is waived. Still, security is a vital component of an information system, as it is well needed in order to protect privacy. This contradictory relation between security and privacy has caused a considerable amount of debate, political and technical, resulting in a plethora of position and research papers. Accepting that there may be no optimum solution to the problem of striking a balance between security and privacy, this article presents a recently developed methodology that could support policy decision making on a strategic level, thus allowing planners to macro-manage security and privacy.

Anti-Zionism and the Italian Extreme Right

Modern Italy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Chiarini
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Alliance ◽  
Over Time

There are few issues that better illustrate the unresolved condition of the Italian right in the postwar period (neo-fascist in identity, democratic from necessity) than that of its stance on Israel, the Jews and Zionism. In the aftermath of the fall of fascism, the right had no difficulty in combining the defence of anti-Jewishness with domestic anti-anti-fascist policies and a foreign policy that was hostile towards the ‘allies’ of 1940–1945. Yet as soon as political competition became oriented around pro- and anti-communism, the right was, over time, driven to play down the recollections of fascism and specifically its antipathy towards Israel, not to mention its anti-Zionism. The exacerbation of the Middle East problem and the right's foreign policy response to it led to a further evolution in its stance, eventually culminating in a definitive end to any ambivalence on the issue with the birth of the ‘National Alliance’. From that point onwards, anti-Zionism found support only in the utterances of neo-Nazi skinheads and the banners of rowdy fans at the ‘northern end’ of football stadia.

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