Full Analytical Modeling Of Intrawell Chemical Tracer Concentration For Robust Production Allocation In Challenging Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Pirrone ◽  
Satria Andrianata ◽  
Sara Moriggi ◽  
Giuseppe Galli ◽  
Simone Riva
Keyword(s):  
Added Value ◽  
Full Time ◽  
New Production ◽  
Tracer Concentration ◽  
Transient Conditions ◽  
Parallel Acquisition ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Production Allocation ◽  
Concentration Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Conventional downhole dynamic characterization is based on data from standard production logging tool (PLT) strings. Such method is not a feasible option in long horizontal drains, deep water scenarios, subsea clusters, pump-assisted wells and in presence of asphaltenes/solids deposition, mainly due to high costs and risk of tools stuck. In this respect, intrawell chemical tracers (ICT) can represent a valid and unobtrusive monitoring alternative. This paper deals with a new production allocation interpretation model of tracer concentration behavior that can overcome the limitation of standard PLT analyses in challenging environments. ICT are installed along the well completion and are characterized by a unique oil and/or water tracer signature at each selected production interval. Tracer concentration is obtained by dedicated analyses performed for each fluid sample taken at surface during transient production. Next, tracer concentration behavior over time is interpreted, for each producing interval, by means of an ad-hoc one-dimensional partial differential equation model with proper initial and boundary conditions, which describes tracer dispersion and advection profiles in such transient conditions. The full time-dependent analytical solutions are then utilized to obtain the final production allocation. The methodology has been developed and validated using data from a dozen of tracer campaigns. The approach is here presented through a selected case study, where a parallel acquisition of standard PLT and ICT data has been carried out in an offshore well. The aim was to understand if ICT could be used in substitution of the more impacting PLT for the future development wells in the field. At target, the well completion consists of a perforated production liner with tubing. The latter, which is slotted in front of the perforations, includes oil and water tracer systems. The straightforward PLT interpretation shows a clear dynamic well behavior with an oil production profile in line with the expectations from petrophysical information. Then, after a short shut-in period, the ICT-based production allocation has been performed in transient conditions with a very good match with the available outcomes from PLT: in fact, the maximum observed difference in the relative production rates is 5%. In addition, the full analytical solution of the ICT model has been fundamental to completely characterize some complex tracer concentration behaviors over time, corresponding to non-simultaneous activation of the different producing intervals. Given the consistency of the independent PLT and ICT interpretations, the monitoring campaign for the following years has been planned based on ICT only, with consequent impact on risk and cost mitigations. Although the added value of ICT is relatively well known, the successful description of the tracer signals through the full mathematical model is a novel topic and it can open the way for even more advanced applications.

First encounter effects in testing of highly automated vehicles during two experimental occasions – The need for recurrent testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Andersson ◽  
Azra Habibovic ◽  
Daban Rizgary
Keyword(s):  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Over Time

Abstract To explore driver behavior in highly automated vehicles (HAVs), independent researchers are mainly conducting short experiments. This limits the ability to explore drivers’ behavioral changes over time, which is crucial when research has the intention to reveal human behavior beyond the first-time use. The current paper shows the methodological importance of repeated testing in experience and behavior related studies of HAVs. The study combined quantitative and qualitative data to capture effects of repeated interaction between drivers and HAVs. Each driver ( n = 8 n=8 ) participated in the experiment on two different occasions (∼90 minutes) with one-week interval. On both occasions, the drivers traveled approximately 40 km on a rural road at AstaZero proving grounds in Sweden and encountered various traffic situations. The participants could use automated driving (SAE level 4) or choose to drive manually. Examples of data collected include gaze behavior, perceived safety, as well as interviews and questionnaires capturing general impressions, trust and acceptance. The analysis shows that habituation effects were attenuated over time. The drivers went from being exhilarated on the first occasion, to a more neutral behavior on the second occasion. Furthermore, there were smaller variations in drivers’ self-assessed perceived safety on the second occasion, and drivers were faster to engage in non-driving related activities and become relaxed (e. g., they spent more time glancing off road and could focus more on non-driving related activities such as reading). These findings suggest that exposing drivers to HAVs on two (or more) successive occasions may provide more informative and realistic insights into driver behavior and experience as compared to only one occasion. Repeating an experiment on several occasions is of course a balance between the cost and added value, and future research should investigate in more detail which studies need to be repeated on several occasions and to what extent.

Transition to work, mismatch and underemployment among graduates: an Australian longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Jackson ◽  
Ian Li
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Over Time

PurposeThere are ongoing concerns regarding university degree credentials leading to graduate-level employment. Tracking graduate underemployment is complicated by inconsistent measures and tendencies to report on outcomes soon after graduation. Our study explored transition into graduate-level work beyond the short-term, examining how determining factors change over time.Design/methodology/approachWe considered time-based underemployment (graduates are working less hours than desired) and overqualification (skills in employment not matching education level/type) perspectives. We used a national data set for 41,671 graduates of Australian universities in 2016 and 2017, surveyed at four months and three years' post-graduation, to explore determining factors in the short and medium-term. Descriptive statistical techniques and binary logistic regression were used to address our research aims.FindingsGraduates' medium-term employment states were generally positive with reduced unemployment and increased full-time job attainment. Importantly, most graduates that were initially underemployed transited to full-time work at three years post-graduation. However, around one-fifth of graduates were overqualified in the medium-term. While there was some evidence of the initially qualified transitioning to matched employment, supporting career mobility theory, over one-third remaining overqualified. Skills, personal characteristics and degree-related factors each influenced initial overqualification, while discipline was more important in the medium-term.Originality/valueOur study explores both time-based underemployment and overqualification, and over time, builds on earlier work. Given the longer-term, negative effects of mismatch on graduates' career and wellbeing, findings highlight the need for career learning strategies to manage underemployment and consideration of future labour market policy for tertiary graduates.

Innovative Contribution of Women in Spanish Companies

2020 ◽  
pp. 410-431
Author(s):  
Beatriz Corchuelo Martínez-Azúa ◽  
Alfonso del Horno García
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Work Organisation ◽  
Autonomous Community ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
The Family ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Over Time

Official data in Spain show that women's activity rate is increasing, and women's unemployment rate is decreasing during the last years. Nevertheless, both of these indicators continue being higher in men, although this difference is reduced over time because the women's participation in the labour market continues growing. In this chapter, the main objective is to analyse the added value that women bring to organisations. A qualitative study is carried out, based in an in-depth interview conducted for women that work in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain). Results show the women's perception about their added value in the organisations that is mainly manifest in aspects such as commitment, equanimity, work organisation, creativity, collaboration, and empathy (called “velvet management”). Women bring innovation and creativity in an environment of diversity. Nevertheless, there are still some cultural barriers that affect the family and professional life of women that limit their professional career.

Dualisation or normalisation of part-time work in the Nordic countries: work insecurity and mobility over time

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-242
Author(s):  
Jouko Nätti ◽  
Kristine Nergaard
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Work Insecurity ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Over Time

In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.

How working hours influence the life satisfaction of childless men and women, fathers and mothers in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rational Maximization ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper uses the German Socio-Economic Panel to show that fathers – and to a lesser degree childless men and women, are most satisfied with life when working full-time or longer. In contrast, whether mothers spend more or less hours in employment hardly affects their life satisfaction. The rational maximization of income as postulated by family economics cannot explain these results, as they are even found in households where women earn more than men. Because they are also found among those who hold secure jobs and have very little household work and childcare duties, these results contradict the predictions by expansionist role theory that men and women are better off in egalitarian employment arrangements. The results change little over time, with cohorts or with educational group-membership. For men, the results therefore fit best with the predictions of traditional role theory, which suggests that people are most satisfied when adhering to stereotypical gender roles.

Long-Term Clonal Evolution of Circulating Follicular Lymphoma-Like B Cells in Healthy Individuals: An Early Pathway to Lymphomagenesis.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 185-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Roulland ◽  
Julie Agopian ◽  
Mélanie Briand ◽  
Jean-Marc Navarro ◽  
Yannick Lecluse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Follicular Lymphoma ◽  
Somatic Hypermutation ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Parallel Acquisition ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL), one of the most common B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a germinal centre (GC)-derived malignancy, for which acquisition of the oncogenic t(14;18) translocation in the bone marrow constitute the genetic hallmark and early initiating event of FL pathogenesis. As t(14;18) is also present at low frequency in peripheral blood from healthy individuals (HI), it has been assumed that in HI, t(14;18) is carried by circulating quiescent naïve B-cells with restrained oncogenic potential. In sharp contrast, we recently demonstrated that in HI, t(14;18) is mainly carried by an expanding population of atypical B-cells presumably issued from the GC, displaying genotypic and phenotypic features of FL, and prone to constitute potent pre-malignant niches. Based on these data, we proposed that in HI, most t(14;18)+ cells were similarly rescued by BCL2 from apoptosis, and “frozen” at a differentiation stage where constitutive AID expression drives continuous somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) activity, two GC-associated mechanisms conferring a high propensity for further oncogenic aberrations. To test this model, we investigated the evolution of t(14;18)+ clones over time in HI by examining whether “FL-like” clonal development is associated with GC-specific processes. Using immunophenotypic, LR-PCR and mutation pattern analysis of the upstream switch μ flanking region from the translocated allele, we found that most circulating FL-like cells retain the GC-specific CD10 marker and carry highly mutated Sμ regions with a similar pattern to the mutated IgV genes, signing the maintenance of a GC-derived AID-mediated process. Moreover, as found for FL clones, the mutation load is higher in isotype switched than in sIgM+ t(14;18)+ cells, a difference maintained during the course of evolution (parallel acquisition of CSR/SHM on both functional and translocated alleles). We next analyzed intraclonal variation (ICV) as a way to determine how t(14;18)+ clones evolve over time based on their common BCL2/JH signature. In contrast to typical GC-derived memory B cells, which usually undergo transitory and extensive proliferation upon antigenic challenge without further SHM, we were able to construct genealogical trees for most circulating t(14;18)+ clones. Interestingly, few t(14;18)+ clones, although persistent and frequent, showed no clear evidence for clonal evolution but rather subclone selection. The presence of ICV and most importantly the identification of a somatically mutated common precursor through clonal arborescence confirm that FL-like cells not only display a GC-”frozen” phenotype but also provide direct support for the existence of premalignant niches from which cells undergo clonal evolution/selection and are constantly released. Although it remains currently unknown whether t(14;18)+ clones are directly issued from the GC founder or, similarly to FL, acquired the ability to invade other reactive GC for further rounds of SHM/CSR, ICV constitute an indirect signature for intense dynamics of the cells. Taken together, our results indicate that long-lived t(14;18)+ cells from HI are not conventional memory B-cells but recapitulate features of a “frozen” GC-derived population, able to undergo active AID-mediated processes while retaining at the same time dependence on BCR expression and presumably keeping the potential for intense trafficking between blood and tissues, a unique feature shared with FL cells.

Earnings trends among older employees in England and Wales, 1972–2001

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
TONY MALLIER ◽  
DAVID MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Older Employees ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Earnings Trends ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Over Time

This article considers the hypothesis that ‘older people in full-time employment normally receive earnings below the level previously enjoyed’, by examining the money and real earnings of older British full-time employees as they age. After a review of the factors that influence earnings, data from the New Earnings Survey of Great Britain are used to estimate average gross weekly money and real earnings of two cohorts of manual and non-manual workers as they age. The two cohorts were born respectively in 1927 and 1937, and male and female employees are considered separately. The estimates are used to develop time series age-earnings profiles of real earnings. These suggest that the average full-time older employee normally benefits over time from rising real earnings as a consequence of increases in national prosperity, although the increases vary by gender, occupational group and cohort. Older female employees benefited more than males from significantly higher percentage increases in their average real earnings, and between 1981–2000 average real earnings in non-manual occupations rose relative to manual workers' earnings.

Changes in Individual Sibling Relationships in Response to Life Events

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenna D. Spitze ◽  
Katherine Trent
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
The Face ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
Over Time

Data from the first two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households are used to examine how individual sibling relationships change in response to life events in a gendered context. We find union formation is associated with a decline in sibling visits, as is transitioning from part- to full-time work. Becoming a parent increases support from a sibling and remaining childless over time is associated with more exchanges of support. Parental death decreases support to a sibling. Moving farther away lowers the number of visits, exchanges of support, and frequency of phoning or writing. However, for most of the life events examined, we find no significant effects on sibling relationships and little evidence that gender of siblings influences the effects of life events on sibling relationships. We conclude that the nature of individual sibling relationships remains relatively stable in the face of life events.

scholarly journals REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, CONCEPTUAL ELEMENTS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina Popa
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Regional Competitiveness ◽  
General Sense ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Over Time

In a general sense, competitiveness is conveyed as the ability of a nation to lay the foundations and ensure an economic, social and political environment capable of sustaining the creation of added value, enabling the positioning of a country within global economy, from the perspective of comparing the performances obtained and the growth potential over time. The paper highlights the importance of increasing competitiveness of regional economy and the perspectives for their development. There are exhibited numerous aspects of the competitiveness concept expressed by definitions, formulated by experts that outline features of the phenomenon, as well as the interaction between knowledge and competitiveness. Finally, there are also shown some methods for measuring regional competitiveness.

Simplifying the Design of Human-Like Behaviour

2012 ◽  
pp. 32-53
Author(s):  
Joanna J. Bryson ◽  
Emmanuel Tanguy
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Virtual Character ◽  
Specific Instance ◽  
Emotion Representation ◽  
Representational Framework ◽  
Over Time

Human intelligence requires decades of full-time training before it can be reliably utilised in modern economies. In contrast, AI agents must be made reliable but interesting in relatively short order. Realistic emotion representations are one way to ensure that even relatively simple specifications of agent behaviour will be expressed with engaging variation, and those social and temporal contexts can be tracked and responded to appropriately. We describe a representation system for maintaining an interacting set of durative states to replicate emotional control. Our model, the Dynamic Emotion Representation (DER), integrates emotional responses and keeps track of emotion intensities changing over time. The developer can specify an interacting network of emotional states with appropriate onsets, sustains and decays. The levels of these states can be used as input for action selection, including emotional expression. We present both a general representational framework and a specific instance of a DER network constructed for a virtual character. The character’s DER uses three types of emotional state as classified by duration timescales, keeping with current emotional theory. We demonstrate the system with a virtual actor. We also demonstrate how even a simplified version of this representation can improve goal arbitration in autonomous agents.

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