Realtime Wellbore Digitalization for Stimulations Using Multi-Well Fiber Optics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyang Li ◽  
Andres J. Chavarria ◽  
Yassine Oukaci
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
Well Stimulation ◽  
Time Operation

Abstract Distributed Fiber-optic Sensing (DFOS) provides real-time data acquisition, monitoring and diagnostics for well stimulation and well spacing assessment. These include measurements of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) with high frequency acoustics in treatment wells, and low frequency strain/temperature sensing in offset monitor ones. The goal of this integrated study is to show the value of multi-well fiber sensing for real time fracturing diagnostics and stimulation optimization. By integrating near field injection to far field strain responses we assess overall reservoir development. The availability of fibers on both the treatment well and a nearby observation well allows us to investigate the near-wellbore injection profile and the far-field strain fracture propagation. Quantitative strain levels clearly respond to the effects of well distance, location and treatment well stimulation design. Monitoring well strain measurements of fracture density and triggered stimulated span were logged and compared to acoustic signals in the nearfield stage by stage. DAS interpretation was conducted during the treatment of each stage indicating the effectiveness and efficiency of the completion design. Results show that this is a very effective tool to better understand the performance of the fracturing treatment by digital transformation using DAS data. In addition, acoustic and strain measurements also validated its diagnostic capability for real-time operation monitoring. In this presentation we show how the near-field acoustic and far-field strain measurements allow for better understanding of the completion efficiency. This is by assessing the far field response to quantified DAS injected signals in the treatment. This analysis takes advantage of fiber installation on both the treatment and nearby monitor well. The fluid and proppant allocations in the near field were performed on the treatment well using relative acoustic intensities. Meanwhile, the fracture propagation induced strain change is recorded by the offset fiber well. Using this fiber data reveals dominant clusters and stage bias from near-field injection profile. Simultaneously the far-field identified fracture counts from strain further enable a geomechanical assessment of the stimulated reservoir and assess the effectiveness of the completion design. Multiple DAS fiber equipped wells not only provide single diagnostic tool for each of the fiber well, but also demonstrate significant integrated assessment of the stimulation effectiveness, completion efficiency, well interaction, and reservoir description. Availability of near and far field measurements constitutes an important tool to assess properties of the reservoir. Here we show how different vantage points can help illuminate a fracturing program in unconventional reservoirs.

scholarly journals Investigation on Wireless Link for Medical Telemetry Including Impedance Matching of Implanted Antennas

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431
Author(s):  
Ilkyu Kim ◽  
Sun-Gyu Lee ◽  
Yong-Hyun Nam ◽  
Jeong-Hae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Impedance Matching ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Pattern ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Antenna Coupling ◽  
Medical Telemetry

The development of biomedical devices benefits patients by offering real-time healthcare. In particular, pacemakers have gained a great deal of attention because they offer opportunities for monitoring the patient’s vitals and biological statics in real time. One of the important factors in realizing real-time body-centric sensing is to establish a robust wireless communication link among the medical devices. In this paper, radio transmission and the optimal characteristics for impedance matching the medical telemetry of an implant are investigated. For radio transmission, an integral coupling formula based on 3D vector far-field patterns was firstly applied to compute the antenna coupling between two antennas placed inside and outside of the body. The formula provides the capability for computing the antenna coupling in the near-field and far-field region. In order to include the effects of human implantation, the far-field pattern was characterized taking into account a sphere enclosing an antenna made of human tissue. Furthermore, the characteristics of impedance matching inside the human body were studied by means of inherent wave impedances of electrical and magnetic dipoles. Here, we demonstrate that the implantation of a magnetic dipole is advantageous because it provides similar impedance characteristics to those of the human body.

Hydraulic Fracturing Diagnostics Utilizing Near and Far-Field Distributed Acoustic Sensing DAS Data Correspondences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Wu ◽  
Robert Hull ◽  
Andrew Tucker ◽  
Craig Rice ◽  
Peter Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Multiple Fibers

Abstract Distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) has been utilized in unconventional reservoirs for hydraulic fracture efficiency diagnostics for many years. Downhole fiber cables can be permanently installed external to the casing to monitor and measure the uniformity and efficiency of individual clusters and stages during the completion in the near-field wellbore environment. Ideally, a second fiber or multiple fibers can be deployed in offset well(s) to monitor and characterize fracture geometries recorded by fracture-driven interactions or frac-hits in the far-field. Fracture opening and closing, stress shadow creation and relaxation, along with stage isolation can be clearly identified. Most importantly, fracture propagation from the near to far-field can be better understood and correlated. With our current technology, we can deploy cost effective retrievable fibers to record these far-field data. Our objective here is to highlight key data that can be gathered with multiple fibers in a carefully planned well-spacing study and to evaluate and understand the correspondence between far-field and near-field Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data. In this paper, we present a case study of three adjacent horizontal wells equipped with fiber in the Permian basin. We can correlate the near-field fluid allocation across a stage down to the cluster level to far-field fracture driven interactions (FDIs) with their frac-hit strain intensity. With multiple fibers we can evaluate fracture geometry, the propagation of the hydraulic fractures, changes in the deformation related to completion designs, fracture complexity characterization and then integrate the results with other data to better understand the geomechanical processes between wells. Novel frac-hit corridor (FHC) is introduced to evaluate stage isolation, azimuth, and frac-hit intensity (FHI), which is measured in far-field. Frac design can be evaluated with the correlation from near-field allocation to far-field FHC and FHI. By analyzing multiple treatment and monitor wells, the correspondence can be further calibrated and examined. We observe the far-field FHC and FHI are directly related to the activities of near-field clusters and stages. A leaking plug may directly result in FHC overlapping, gaps and variations in FHI, which also can be correlated to cluster uniformity. A near-far field correspondence can be established to evaluate FHC and FHI behaviors. By utilizing various completion designs and related measurements (e.g. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), gauges, microseismic etc.), optimization can be performed to change the frac design based on far-field and near-field DFOS data based on the Decision Tree Method (DTM). In summary, hydraulic fracture propagation can be better characterized, measured, and understood by deploying multiple fibers across a lease. The correspondence between the far-field measured FHC and FHI can be utilized for completion evaluation and diagnostics. As the observed strain is directly measured, completion engineering and geoscience teams can confidently optimize their understanding of the fracture designs in real-time.

Season Cycling Gas Storage in Stogit Fields. A Real-Time Data Transmission System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Eva Naveda ◽  
France Dominique Louie ◽  
Corinna Locatelli ◽  
Julien Davard ◽  
Sara Fragassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Real Time Data

Abstract Natural gas has become one of the major sources of energy for homes, public buildings and businesses, therefore gas storage is particularly important to ensure continuous provision compensating the differences between supply and demand. Stogit, part of Snam group, has been carrying out gas storage activities since early 1960's. Natural gas is usually stored underground, in large storage reservoirs. The gas is injected into the porous rock of depleted reservoirs bringing the reservoir nearby to its original condition. Injected gas can be withdrawn depending on the need. Gas market demands for industries and homes in Italy are mostly guaranteed from those Stogit reservoirs even in periods when imports are in crisis. Typically, from April to October, the gas is injected in these natural reservoirs that are "geologically tested"; while from November to March, gas is extracted from the same reservoirs and pumped into the distribution networks to meet the higher consumer demand.  Thirty-eight (38) wells, across nine (9) depleted fields, are completed with downhole quartz gauges and some of them with fiber-optics gauges. Downhole gauges are installed to continuously measure and record temperature and pressure from multiple reservoirs. The Real Time data system installed for 29 wells is used to collect, transmit and make available downhole data to Stogit (Snam) headquarter office. Data is automatically collected from remote terminal units (RTUs) and transferred over Stogit (Snam) network. The entire system works autonomously and has the capability of being remotely managed from anywhere over the corporate Stogit (Snam) IT network. Historical trends, including fiber optics gauges ones, are visualized and data sets could be retrieved using a fast and user-friendly software that enables data import into interpretation and reservoir modeling software. The use of this data collection and transmission system, versus the traditional manual download, brought timely data delivery to multiple users, coupled with improved personnel safety since land travels were eliminated. The following pages describe the case study, lessons learned, and integrated new practices used to improve the current and future data transmission deployments.

Real time sound field visualization in the near field, far field and at absorbing surfaces

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 3439-3439
Author(s):  
Hans‐Elias De Bree ◽  
Emiel Tijs ◽  
Tom Basten
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Far Field

Near-field strain in DAS-based microseismic observation

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-49
Author(s):  
Ge Jin ◽  
Frantisek Stanek ◽  
Bin Luo
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Normal Strain ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Sign Patterns

Microseismic monitoring with surface or downhole geophone arrays has been commonly used in tracking subsurface deformation and fracture networks during hydraulic fracturing operations. Recently, the use of fiber-optic DAS technology has improved microseismic acquisition to a new level with unprecedentedly high spatial resolution and low cost. Deploying fiber-optic cables in horizontal boreholes allows very close observation of these micro-sized earthquakes and captures their full wavefield details. We show that DAS-based microseismic profiles present a seldomly reported near-field strain signal between the P- and S-wave arrivals. This near-field signal shows monotonically increasing (or decreasing) temporal variation, which resembles the previously reported near-field observations of large earthquakes. To understand the near-field strain behavior, we provide a mathematical expression of the analytic normal strain solution that reveals the near-field, intermediate-near-field, intermediate-far-field, and far-field components. Synthetic DAS strain records of hydraulic-fracture-induced microseismic events can be generated using this analytic solution with the Brune source model. The polarity sign patterns of the near-field and far-field terms in these synthetics are linked to the corresponding source mechanism’s radiation patterns. These polarity sign patterns are demonstrated to be sensitive to the source orientations by rotating the moment tensor in different directions. A field data example is compared to the synthetic result and a qualitative match is shown. The microseismic near-field signals detected by DAS have potential value in hydraulic fracture monitoring by providing a means to better constrain microseismic source parameters that characterize the source magnitude, source orientation, and temporal source evolution, and therefore better reflect the geomechanical response of the hydraulically fractured environment in the unconventional reservoirs.

Calibration of MEMS Strain Sensors Fabricated on Silicon

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cao ◽  
Chuck Hautamaki ◽  
Jia Zhou ◽  
Tae Song Kim ◽  
Sue Mantell
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Wafer ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Calibration Technique ◽  
Gage Factor ◽  
Mems Sensor ◽  
Aluminum Specimen

Abstract A calibration technique for measuring MEMS strain sensor performance is described. The sensor calibration technique entails developing a repeatable relationship (gage factor) between the change in sensor nominal resistance and the strain measured at the sensor. The calibration technique involves creating a “pseudo” strain sensor consisting of a strain gage mounted on a silicon wafer. Two identical test specimens are evaluated: the pseudo sensor mounted (with adhesive) on an aluminum specimen (or embedded in a specimen), and a MEMS strain sensor mounted on an aluminum specimen (or embedded in a specimen). The dimensions of the silicon wafer for both the pseudo sensor and MEMS sensor are identical. The specimens are loaded by tensile test. For the pseudo sensor specimen, a relationship is established between the strain applied to the specimen (far field strain) and the strain at the sensor (near field strain). Once the relationship between near field and far field strain is known, a relationship between near field strain and change in resistance of the uncalibrated MEMs sensor is established. This relationship between strain at the sensor and change in resistance is the gage factor. Two different MEMS strain sensor designs were fabricated by patterning polysilicon on a 500 micron thick silicon wafer: monofilament and membrane sensors. Gage factors for the MEMS sensors were determined following the calibration procedure. The results also lead to a conclusion that wafer geometry influences the strain transfer to the sensor.

Digital Drilling in Holographic World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Fan ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
Quan Cao ◽  
JingLun Ma ◽  
Jun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Real ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Real Time Operation ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
Operation Center

Abstract Nowadays oil & gas industry is receiving a bulk of data than ever before from its onsite wells where may hundred miles away from operator's headquarter, which benefits us monitoring and analyzing those digital fortune in a data hub, saving a lot of expenditure and improving the efficiency compared to old-fashioned approach which requires senior engineers with rich experience working on wellsite. In this way, the oil & gas operators save money tremendously on human cost under the booming of drilling operations. While, could we do more to dig out further values from those data? Make our operations less dependable on limited resources, the senior drilling engineers, especially when the oil and gas industry face the chasm of human resources sustainability after the hit of downturn, also make the plain real-time data more intuitive and self-explanatory to the operation decision makers in an unprecedented way. What's more, could we make our drilling activities more visible and interactive? This paper is going to introduce using augmented reality technology to create an intuitive platform to integrate and present real-time operation parameters and data. Like any revolutionary method or technology, it could improve the industry efficiency in a non-negligible way, help us manage massive real-time data more effectively and efficiently. The 3D holographic projection presents dynamic models or systems based on the data stream and graphic algorithm, which evolves our industry from 2D world to 3D world, combining the reality environment with the digital world, creating a digital reflection of the real wellsite, bottom hole assembly (BHA), well trajectories, lithological layers, etc. Thanks to the visualization technologies and augmented reality, we can create a digital twin of physic world for those engineers, technicians, managers using holographic method to interact with, scale up and down, analyzing in a better awareness. In this paper, we will describe a digital drilling wellsite which is established on operator's Real Time Operation Center (RTOC)office to monitor and analyze live field operations, the operator could have an overview of their on-site operations, tracking the equipment performance, engineering parameters and downhole status to enhance the understanding and interaction with the on-going field operations. The wellbore trajectory model gives the team a superior knowledge by combining the engineering data or geological data. Not only help well placement in desired reservoir but also improve the anti-collision concept in direction drilling. This model is extreme meaningful when engineers need a discussion to optimize or change their drilling plan as it is 3D visible and able to interact with. We will continues digging out further more value of the real-time data collected from wellsite to educate us find the cost-saving ways which improve our performance and eliminate the complicated conditions that normally resulted in Non production time (NPT) event. For our oil & gas industry, we are just start to have a more adventure and prosperous journey in digitalizing transforming.

Far-field and near-field strain response of Automated Tow-Placed laminates to stress concentrations

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1087-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Cairns ◽  
Larry B. Ilcewicz ◽  
Tom Walker
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Stress Concentrations

scholarly journals An IoT System for Social Distancing and Emergency Management in Smart Cities Using Multi-Sensor Data

Algorithms ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Rosario Fedele ◽  
Massimo Merenda
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Web Platform

Smart cities need technologies that can be really applied to raise the quality of life and environment. Among all the possible solutions, Internet of Things (IoT)-based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have the potentialities to satisfy multiple needs, such as offering real-time plans for emergency management (due to accidental events or inadequate asset maintenance) and managing crowds and their spatiotemporal distribution in highly populated areas (e.g., cities or parks) to face biological risks (e.g., from a virus) by using strategies such as social distancing and movement restrictions. Consequently, the objective of this study is to present an IoT system, based on an IoT-WSN and on algorithms (Neural Network, NN, and Shortest Path Finding) that are able to recognize alarms, available exits, assembly points, safest and shortest paths, and overcrowding from real-time data gathered by sensors and cameras exploiting computer vision. Subsequently, this information is sent to mobile devices using a web platform and the Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. The results refer to two different case studies (i.e., emergency and monitoring) and show that the system is able to provide customized strategies and to face different situations, and that this is also applies in the case of a connectivity shutdown.

Real-Time Electron Diffraction. Part III: Image Transfer via Fiber Optics

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Ewbank ◽  
David W. Paul ◽  
Lothar Schäfer ◽  
Reza Bakhtiar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Image Transfer ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Mean Amplitudes Of Vibration ◽  
Structure Determinations ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
First Time

Improvements are described in photodiode-array real-time data recording for gas electron diffraction (GED). When the conventional glass window and lens optics in a previously reported detector configuration are replaced by fiber optic components, two significant effects arise: (1) detector gain is enhanced to the extent that it is now possible to detect nanoliter samples in combined GED-GC (gas chromatography) experiments, and (2) for the first time since the development of the real-time recording scheme, molecular mean amplitudes of vibration are within error limits of literature values. Thus the method now affords full molecular structure determinations, including bond distances and angles, and their associated mean vibrational properties.

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