scholarly journals Characterization of the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites of Broiler Breeders with Different Egg Laying Rate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengqiao Yang ◽  
Jianping Wang ◽  
Pietro Celi ◽  
Keying Zhang ◽  
Xuemei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ovary Cell ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Dominant Bacteria

Abstract BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine differences in the intestinal microbiota and metabolites of broiler breeders with different egg laying rate; and its possible relationships between intestinal microbiota and intestinal metabolites were also explored.MethodsA total of 200 AA+ parent broiler breeders (41-week-old) were separated into two groups according to their different egg laying rate: average reproductive group (AR: 77.26%±0.88%) and high reproductive group (HR: 86.67%±0.75%), with 10 replicates and 10 birds each 42-days study.ResultsFeed conversion ratio (FCR), ovary cell apoptosis rate (ApoCR) and abdominal fat pad weight percentage were lower (p < 0.05), while the hatchability of qualified egg rate (HQR) was higher (p < 0.05) in HR group than that in AR group. At phylum level, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria in small intestines, while Bacteroidetes was dominant bacteria in cecum. At genus level, Lactobacillus was dominant in small intestines while Bacteroides were dominant in cecum. In HR Phascolarctobacterium were lower (p < 0.05) in ileum. A positive correlation was observed between Actinobacteria in the small intestines and ApoCR (r = 0.34 & p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between FCR and Spirochaetes in cecum (r = 0.54 & p < 0.05). The metabolomics analysis on ileal digesta content revealed a higher concentration of Octadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 11-trans-Octadecenoic acid, d-Ribose and Inositol in HR broiler breeders. Moreover, inositol was enriched in "Phosphatidylinositol signaling system", "Inositol phosphate metabolism", "Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism", "Galactose metabolism", "ABC transporters", and Octadecanoic acid was enriched in "Fatty acid biosynthesis", "Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids".ConclusionsOur results suggest that glycerol, inositol modulate energy partitioning in fat metabolism to influence reproductive performances. Microbiota, such as Actinobacteria (phylum), Spirochaetes (phylum), and Phascolarctobacterium (genus) may have negative relationship with broiler breeders’ reproductive performances.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Intestinal Microbiota of Broiler Breeders With Different Egg Laying Rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengqiao Yang ◽  
Chunhua Zhang ◽  
Jianping Wang ◽  
Pietro Celi ◽  
Xuemei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ovary Cell ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota

The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining animal health, immunity and reproductive performances. However, literature about the relationship between microbiota and reproductive performance is limited. The aim of the present study was to determine differences in the intestinal microbiota of broiler breeders with different egg laying rate. A total of 200 AA+ parent broiler breeders (41-week-old) were separated into two groups according to their different egg laying rate [average egg laying rate group (AR: 78.57 ± 0.20%) and high egg laying rate group (HR: 90.79 ± 0.43%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR), ovary cell apoptosis rate (ApoCR) and relative abdominal fat weight were lower (p = 0.01), while the hatchability rate of qualified egg was higher (p = 0.04) in HR group than that in AR group. Phascolarctobacterium abundance were lower (p = 0.012) in ileum of HR birds. Romboutsia (genus) in ileum was negatively related to the feed efficiency (r = −0.58, p &lt; 0.05), Firmicutes (phylum) and Lactobacillus (genus) abundances in cecum were positively related to the egg laying rate (ELR) (r = 0.35 and 0.48, p &lt; 0.05), feed efficiency (r = 0.42 and 0.43, p &lt; 0.05), while Spirochaetes (phylum) and Sphaerochaeta (genus) abundances in cecum were negatively related to the ELR (r = −0.43 and −0.70, p &lt; 0.05), feed efficiency (r = 0.54 and 0.48, p &lt; 0.05), and positively related to ApoCR (r = 0.46 and 0.47, p &lt; 0.05). Our results suggested that microbiota, such as Firmicutes (phylum) and Lactobacillus (genus) have positive relationship, while Spirochaetes (phylum) and Romboutsia (genus) abundances exert negative relationship with broiler breeders' reproductive performances.

Experimental increase in female mass during the fertile phase leads to enhanced extra-pair paternity in pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Plaza ◽  
Alejandro Cantarero ◽  
Juan Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ficedula Hypoleuca ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wing Loading ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Fertile Phase ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity

Female mass in most altricial birds reaches its maximum during breeding at egg-laying, which coincides temporally with the fertile phase when extra-pair paternity (EPP) is determined. Higher mass at laying may have two different effects on EPP intensity. On the one hand, it would lead to increased wing loading (body mass/wing area), which may impair flight efficiency and thereby reduce female’s capacity to resist unwanted extra-pair male approaches (sexual conflict hypothesis). On the other hand, it would enhance female condition, favouring her capacity to evade mate-guarding and to search for extra-pair mates (female choice hypothesis). In both cases, higher female mass at laying may lead to enhanced EPP. To test this prediction, we reduced nest building effort by adding a completely constructed nest in an experimental group of female pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Our treatment caused an increase in mass and thereby wing loading and this was translated into a significantly higher EPP in the manipulated group compared with the control group as expected. There was also a significant negative relationship between EPP and laying date and the extent of the white wing patch, an index of female dominance. More body reserves at laying mean not only a higher potential fecundity but a higher level of EPP as well. This interaction had not previously received due attention but should be considered in future studies of avian breeding strategies.

Chemical composition of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Ricinus communis Linn. seed oils growing in Marigat, Baringo County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Kiplagat Jepkorir ◽  
Charles Maina Irungu ◽  
Philip Bett Kendagor
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Alkyd Resins ◽  
Natural Remedies

All parts of A. indica (neem) and R. communis (castor) plants have mostly been used as natural remedies in the control and treatment of several ailments, control of pests and insects, animal feeds and production of industrial products globally. The seed oils of A. indica and R. communis are known to have antidiabetic, anti-helminthic, antifertility, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insecticidal and mosquitocidal activity. This study reports for the first time the chemical composition of A. indica and R. communis seed oils from Marigat, Baringo County, Kenya. Seed oils of A. indica and R. communis were   extracted from mature dried seeds through cold pressing and boiling respectively and chemical composition determined using Gas Chromatography (GC)-Mass Spectrometry (MS).  The constituents of both seed oils were dominated by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cyclic esters and methyl esters. The predominant constituents of R. communis were (Z)-6-Octadecenoic acid (37.33%), Ricinoleic acid (30.22%) and 13-Hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one (26.67%) while those of A. indica were 2-hexyl-1-decanol (30.97%), Octadecanoic acid (29.69%) and Oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl ethyl ester (15.55%). Oils contained Hexadecanoic acid and Octadecanoic acid which are used in the manufacture of several products such as candles, soaps, lotions, perfumes and cosmetics. Octadecenoic acid is important in control of human diseases and Ricinoleic acid in production of alkyd resins for surface coating and biofuel.  From the results, A. indica and R. communis seed oils constituents have potential in the agricultural, industrial, comestics and pharmaceutical sectors but require further fractionation to isolate the bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Influence of climate on radial growth of scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) In different habitats of Meshchera lowland

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
O. S. Zheleznova ◽  
S. A. Tobratov
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
East European ◽  
Key Factor

This paper is devoted to the patterns of radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in various topoecological conditions of the Meshchera lowland (Ryazan region, the East European plain). The generalized tree-ring chronologies are constructed for 16 habitats differing in features of a relief of a day surface and a bedrock surface. Despite the relatively low-contrast relief of Meshchera, the average radial pine increment within the study area differs by 2.5 times (1.53.9 mm per year). The correlation and cluster analyses revealed that the key factor influencing the width of annual tree rings of pine is the amount of the available soil moisture. Its surplus (in wetlands) and deficiency (in conditions of sandy outliers) negatively affects the radial pine increment. It is established that in the waterlogged habitats positive correlation of the radial pine increment with temperature and negative with precipitation of autumn of the previous year is observed. The positive correlation of the radial increment with precipitation of autumn, May and with winter temperature is typical for a pine from arid habitats. The negative relationship between the pines growth and amount of precipitation and river discharge may occur with a lag of 14 years in conditions of wetlands. The positive relationship of the radial pine increment with the integral parameters of the current years moisture is more significant in conditions of relatively high hydrodynamics (for example, in conditions of sandy outliers).

scholarly journals The Short Communication: Polymorphism of myostatin gene and its association with body weight traits in a hybrid of GAMA chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linn. 1758)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
ARDO TANJUNG ◽  
H.T.S.S.G. SARAGIH ◽  
TRIJOKO ◽  
H.P. SOENARWAN ◽  
S. WIDIANTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Myostatin Gene ◽  
Positive Correlation

Abstract. Tanjung A, Saragih HTSSG, Trijoko, Soenarwan HP, Widianto S, Mahardhika IWS, Daryono BS. 2019. Polymorphism of myostatin gene and its association with body weight traits in a hybrid of GAMA chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linn. 1758). Biodiversitas 20: 3207-3212. An experiment was conducted to detect SNP of the myostatin gene and its association with the body weight of hybrid chicken crossbreed from F1 Kamper and BC1 Broiler. Four F1 Kamper hens were crossbred with BC1 Broiler rooster. Day old chick (DOC) hatched were maintained for 49 days with body weight measurement every seven days. The blood samples from 49 days old chicken were taken for DNA isolation by Chelex 5% method and then amplification of the myostatin gene. PCR products were sequenced, and sequence alignment was performed using Clustal Omega to obtain SNP. The SNP obtained was analyzed by the Pearson correlation test with the body weight of forty nine-days-old chickens. The body weight of the hybrid chicken is higher than of Pelung chicken but lower than the Broiler. There are 7 SNPs in myostatin gene exons included 2 Adenine insertions, 1 Guanine deletion, and four substitutions (C2244G, G2283A, T4842G, G7378T) that yield nine haplotypes. Six haplotypes had different protein sequences with Myostatin protein, while three haplotypes were identical to Myostatin protein. The correlation analysis showed that there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.736) between normal Myostatin protein and mutant to chicken body weight at 49-days-old. Adenine insertion to nucleotide 2099-2100 of myostatin gene had a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.800) to 49-days-old chicken body weight, although T4842G substitution had a strong negative relationship (r = -0.773) to 49-days-old chicken body weight. Adenine insertion to nucleotide 2099-2100 of myostatin gene could be a genetic marker of heavier body weight of the hybrid chicken.

scholarly journals Does the data do the talking? Confirmation bias in the interpretation of data visualizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itai Yanai ◽  
Martin Lercher
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Prior Expectation ◽  
Correlation Prior

When analyzing the results of an experiment, we often assume that the interpretation of the data is a straightforward act; however, experiments on reproducibility that have large numbers of scientists analyze the same dataset show that even subtle differences in workflows can lead to drastically different results. Beyond the use of different analysis methods, one potential reason for different conclusions from the same data is confirmation bias, a phenomenon well documented in psychology. We reasoned that confirmation bias might not only influence the choice of analysis methods and depth of analysis, but that it might even shape how different researchers interpret the same graphical representation of data. To test this notion, we designed a simple experiment, in which we contrast the prior expectation of participants’ for the relationship between two variables (income and happiness) with their interpretation of a corresponding data plot. We artificially engineered the data such that under superficial examination, it shows an overall negative correlation, while a closer look at distinct age groups (distinguished by color) reveals a within-group positive correlation. Prior to showing the plot, we had asked the participants whether they expected a positive or a negative relationship. We found that participants who expected a positive correlation were more than twice as likely to detect the positive within-age group correlation than those expecting a negative correlation. This simple experiment demonstrates the presence of confirmation bias in the interpretation of graphical data representations.

Studies on the habits of zebu cattle. III. Water consumption of Zebu cattle

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. L. Rollinson ◽  
K. W. Harker ◽  
J. I. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean

In continuation of a series of studies on the habits of Zebu cattle, records for the quantities of water consumed every hour by ten cattle during twenty periods of 24 hr. observations have been analysed.A large variation in day-to-day consumption was evident, but water was taken on an average during 8 hr. of the day with only a small amount of water consumed during darkness. The mean consumption per animal per 24 hr. period was 9·04 kg. (1·9 gal.). The range was 5·1–12·7 kg. (1·1–2·8 gal.).The water consumption records were subdivided into those days on which water was drunk during a small number of hours and those days when water was drunk during many hours. Although the hourly consumption differed markedly the end result showed a similar intake.A significant negative relationship was found between water consumed and grazing counts, and for one group a significant positive correlation was found between water consumption and dry air temperature.

Pentosan levels in Australian and North American feed wheats

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Wootton ◽  
L Acone ◽  
RBH Wills
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The North ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

Pentosan levels in 19 Australian and 12 North American wheats, predominantly of feed grade, were determined. Values were not significantly different between wheats from the two regions and ranged from 5.4 to 7.2% in the Australian and from 5.5 to 6.5% in the North American samples. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values for the Australian wheats, when used in poultry rations, showed a positive correlation with pentosan levels, which is counter to current thinking that suggests a negative relationship. These results imply that any difference between feed wheats from the two regions with respect to AME in poultry rations cannot be attributed to pentosan content.

Application of Target Costing and Performance Analysis: Evidence from Indian Automobile Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NARSAIAH NERALLA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Target Costing ◽  
Target Price ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Return On Sales

The manufacturing companies must keep attention over challenges and for the moment of adopting technology and practices instead of observation of competition amongst competitor companies. To create automobile business successful in India, companies are essential to adopting better cost accounting techniques to minimize costs. Target Costing has been identified as a popular technique to accomplish company’s goals. Target costing consist exclusive approach to decide target price for the product and services. Target Costing ensure that new product price would be competitive in the market with substantial quality of products. This research investigates the application procedure of Target Costing (TC) in Automobile companies in India. This study employed Target Costing as a dependent variable and Profitability; Growth; Net Tangibility Assets (NTA); EPS and Firm Size as independent variables. The study adopted convenience sample of top ten automobile companies listed on BSE of India and panel data has covered from 2014-15 to 2018-19 financial years. The results determine the target costing impact on profitability had reported by Pearson’s correlation result shown a negative relationship. Target costing impact on Return on sales examined by simple regression analysis and revealed that there is positive correlation. Finally, Target costing impact on financial performance examined by multiple regression results revealed that there is positive correlation with Revenue from Operation; Profitability; Return on Sales (ROS) and Growth, while negative correlation revealed by Margin from Operation; ROA; Net Tangibility Assets(NTA); EPS and Firm Size.

scholarly journals Optimization of Dietary Zinc Requirement for Broiler Breeder Hens of Chinese Yellow-Feathered Chicken

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Li ◽  
K. F. M. Abouelezz ◽  
Z. Gou ◽  
X. Lin ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Breeder Hens ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Broiler Breeder Hens

This study aimed to establish the optimal dietary zinc requirement of Chinese yellow-feathered Lingnan broiler breeders. A total of 576 breeder hens aged 58 weeks were randomly assigned to six treatments, each with 6 replicates of 16 birds (n = 96/treatment). The hens were fed either a basal diet (22.81 mg/kg Zn) or the same basal diet supplemented with additional 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 mg Zn/kg up to 65 weeks of age. Compared to the results of birds fed the basal diet (22.81 mg Zn/kg), the dietary supplementation with additional Zn (mg/kg) showed higher egg laying rate (at 48–120 mg), EM (at 96 mg/kg), yolk Zn content (at 24–120 mg/kg), fertility (at 48–120 mg/kg), hatchability (at 48–96 mg/kg), tibial breaking strength (at 24–48 mg/kg), tibial ash content (at 48 mg/kg), serum CuZnSOD activity (at 72 mg/kg) and T-AOC (at 48 mg/kg), and ovarian CuZnSOD and GSH-Px activities (at 96–120 mg/kg), and lower FCR (at 96 mg/kg). The regression model showed that the optimal supplemental Zn for maximal egg laying rate, yolk Zn content, fertility, and hatchability of Chinese yellow-feathered broiler breeders aged 58 to 65 weeks were 71.09, 92.34, 94.44 and 98.65 mg/kg diet, respectively.

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