scholarly journals Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas Azzeh ◽  
Bassem Amr Refaat
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

Abstract Background: Despite the serious maternal and foetal complications associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy, surveys related to pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, measured urine iodine concentrations (UIC) alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in reproductive age and pregnant Saudi women from the Western province of KSA. Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 1222 pregnant and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating reproductive age women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency in non-pregnant (100–199 μg/L) and pregnant (150–249 μg/L) women were applied. Results: The median UIC in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 69.83 – 143.55) was at the lowermost WHO recommended cut-off, whereas the pregnant group were iodine deficient (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 81.01 – 185.57). Moreover, the median UIC was below adequacy across the different trimesters. Multiparity (OR = 3.091; 95%CI: 1.707–5.598) and earning below the minimum wage (2.520; 95%CI: 1.038–6.119) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency only in the non-pregnant women. Passive smoking, however, was an independent risk factor for iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 1.818; 95%CI: 1.097–3.014) and pregnant (OR = 1.653; 95%CI: 1.043–2.618) groups. The use of non-iodised salt also significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 2.052; 95%CI: 1.118–3.766) and pregnant women (OR = 3.813; 95%CI: 1.992–7.297), whereas iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk in both groups (OR = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.172–0.771 and OR = 0.002; 95%CI: 0.001–0.005, respectively). Moreover, BMI correlated independently and significantly with median UIC in the non-pregnant in both study populations. Conclusions: This study is the first to show borderline iodine sufficiency in reproductive age Saudi women from the Western province, whereas mild iodine deficiency was observed in the pregnant population and could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Iodine adequacy in reproductive age women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas Azzeh ◽  
Bassem Amr Refaat
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Background Despite the significance of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age due its associated serious maternal and foetal complications, surveys related to this vulnerable population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to measure the frequency alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in Saudi women of childbearing age from the Western province of KSA.Methods Urinary iodine concentrations IUIC) were measured in random spot samples collected from 1222 pregnant women and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The classification of iodine sufficiency was based on the WHO criteria for UIC in pregnant (150–249 μg/L) and non-pregnant women (100–199 μg/L).Results The UIC median in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 73.72) was at the lowest WHO recommended cut-off. The pregnant women, on the other hand, had a median UIC (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 104.56) markedly below the minimal WHO limit for pregnancy. Coherently, the median IUC was below adequacy across the trimesters and was lowest during the first trimester. Additionally, 49.7% (n = 199) of the non-pregnant and 62.5% (n = 764) of pregnant women were iodine deficient as per the WHO criteria. While pregnancy (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 3.08–5.96) and using non-iodised salt (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.35–2.83) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency, the intake of iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk (OR = 0.010; 95%CI: 0.006–0.017). On the other hand, the intake of iodine above requirement was observed in 8.5% and 4.2% of the non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Moreover, BMI was the sole independent factor increasing the odds (OR = 1.061; 95%CI: 1.010–1.114) of taking iodine above requirements.Conclusions This study is the first to show high prevalence of mild iodine deficiency among reproductive age Saudi women, which could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals High Iodine Deficiency among Pregnant Women in Periurban Ghana: A Hospital-Based Longitudinal Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
David Larbi Simpong ◽  
Yaw Asante Awuku ◽  
Kenneth Kwame Kye-Amoah ◽  
Martin Tangnaa Morna ◽  
Prince Adoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

Background. Iodine deficiency causes maternal hypothyroidism which can lead to growth, cognitive, and psychomotor deficit in neonates, infants, and children. This study examined the iodine status of pregnant women in a periurban setting in Ghana. Methods. This longitudinal study recruited 125 pregnant women by purposeful convenience sampling from the antenatal clinic of the Sefwi Wiawso municipal hospital in Ghana. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was estimated by the ammonium persulfate method at an estimated gestational age (EGA) of 11, 20, and 32 weeks. Demographic information, iodized salt usage, and other clinical information were collected using a questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of iodine deficiency among the pregnant women was 47.2% at EGA 11 and 60.8% at both EGA of 20 and 32, whereas only 0.8% of participants not using iodized salt had iodine sufficiency at EGA 32. 18.4%, 20%, and 24% of participants using iodized salt had iodine sufficiency at EGA 11, 20, and 32, respectively. Conclusion. A high prevalence of iodine deficiency was observed among our study cohort.

scholarly journals Burden of anemia in hospital attendees in Tayma general hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Prabakaran Jayaraman ◽  
Mohammad Alshay ◽  
Saad Eid Alanazi ◽  
Abdul Malik Hasan Al Maswari ◽  
Zakaria Hammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Lower Margin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mild Anemia ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background: Anemia, a low hemoglobin (Hb) status in the body is a serious nutritional public health problem in the world. It causes divergent morbidity and mortality in the affected population. Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (women ages 15-49 years) in Saudi Arabia was 40.30% in 2011. In this study, we attempted to explore the burden of anemia in Hospital attendees in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with the laboratory hematological values of walk-in clients from January 2016 and February 2016. Client's sex, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC values were collected. Hb values categorized as mild anemia: Male: 11-12.9 gm/dl; Female: 11-11.9 g/dl., moderate anemia 8-11 gm/dl and severe anemia <8 g/dl. Data entry done was using Microsoft Excel and data analysis by STATA 15. Results: Out of total 2805 client's data, 49% (n=1377) were male and 51% (n=1428) were females. The mean Hb% was 12.31 g/dl (SD–2.54), 11.50 g/dl in females and 13.13 g/dl in males. The overall prevalence of anemia was 48.73% (CI: 46.87%-50.6%) as per WHO criteria and it was higher in females (45.53%, CI: 42.88-48.21) in men and 51.82% (CI: 49.19-54.44) in women). Severe anemia was also higher in women (Male: 2.76% vs. Females: 7.49%) while mild anemia was high in men (Male: 28.61% vs. Female: 17.79%). Prevalence of anemia was 25.6% and 40.7% if lower margin of Hb kept at 11 g/dl and 12 g/dl respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia in Tayma region was high which needs integrated intervention at different levels to improve Hb status in the community. 

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of iodine deficiency and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robel Hussen kabthymer ◽  
Mohammed Feyisso Shaka ◽  
Getnet Melaku Ayele ◽  
Bereket Geze malako
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background Iodine deficiency (ID) is a global public health problem and its impact is more pronounced in low-income countries. During pregnancy, iodine requirement is known to elevate sharply, making pregnant women, especially those living in low-income countries highly vulnerable to iodine deficiency. This study aims to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic literature search was performed by using PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, global health, and Google scholar electronic databases. Two authors independently extracted all the necessary data using a structured data extraction format. Data analysis was done using STATA Version 14. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed by using I2 test. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and pooled odds ratio. The presence of publication bias was checked using Funnel plot and Egger’s test. Results One thousand one hundred and sixteen studies were reviewed and seven studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of seven studies that included 2190 pregnant women showed a pooled prevalence of iodine deficiency during pregnancy to be 68.76% (95% CI: 55.21–82.31). In a subgroup analysis, the prevalence in Oromia region is 71.93% (95% CI: 54.87–88.99) and in Amhara region is 60.93% (95% CI: 57.39–64.48). Iodized salt use (AOR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.08–0.44) and 1st trimester pregnancy (AOR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.47–0.99) were found to have a significant association with iodine deficiency. Conclusions The prevalence of iodine deficiency during pregnancy using urine iodine is considerably high in Ethiopia. Using iodized salt is found to reduce the burden. Hence, there is a need to strengthen iodization programs to tackle the problem.

Known facts: iron deficiency in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Child Cognitive Development ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

More than half cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency. Anemia is a major and global public health problem that affects maternal and child mortality, child cognitive development and eventually productivity. Infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy are particularly at risk. Indonesia is a low middle country with the prevalence of anemia as high as 48.9% in pregnant women and 38.5% in children under 5 years old. It is even higher among adolescents aged 12-18 years, especially in rural areas. Low income and level of education seem to also contribute to iron deficiency. Indonesia government aims to prevent anemia in young and pregnant women by providing iron pills. Still, the etiology of anemia in Indonesia is various and many elements are preventing Indonesia women to consume pills and/or iron-rich foods. We aim to review the prevalence, risk factors associated with iron deficiency especially among women of reproductive age in Indonesia, including the socio-determinant influence on iron deficiency. We will also discuss the management of iron deficiency in Indonesia in comparison with international guideline to identify the potential gaps.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Contraceptives among Saudi Women in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Mubashar ◽  
M Almushait ◽  
B Sukit ◽  
A Shaamash ◽  
S Handady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
The Media ◽  
One Year ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Limit Family Size

Objective: The study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude towards, and practice of contraception and the factors that could affect its use among Saudi women in Aseer region of Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional and hospital-based study was conducted in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, during one year (January, 2014 – December, 2014). Five-hundred women of reproductive age (18–45 year) were interviewed regarding their knowledge, attitude and practices of contraception. The inquiries were recorded by a predesigned questionnaire. Questions on methods of contraception known and source of knowledge and their practices were recorded.Results: The mean ± SD of age was 32.7 + 7.2 years. (99.2%) of women heard and had knowledge of contraception, while (0.8%) said they did not know anything about contraception. (377 subjects, 75.4%) used contraception, while 123 subjects (24.6%) did not. Oral pill method of contraception was the most popular method known and practiced (87.0%, 32.2% respectively). The media seemed to be the major source of information (40.8%). In response to the reason for non-use, the majority said they wanted more children (10.2%). The major reason for the use of contraception was to limit family size (32.0%). The majority (79.6%) of women had good attitude towards contraception.Conclusion: The present study concludes that a significant proportion of respondents have good knowledge about contraception. But practice of contraception and compliance is low. Desire of more children is one of the major factors among reasons of the non-use of contraception.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.430-434

scholarly journals Evaluation of Urinary Iodine Concentration for Predicting Iodine Deficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa: First Population Based Study From the Demographic and Health Surveys Data (P10-089-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djibril Ba ◽  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Guodong Liu ◽  
Ping Du ◽  
Xiang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Objectives Approximately 2 billion individuals suffer from an insufficient iodine intake, and sub-Saharan Africa is particularly the most affected. We thus conducted a cross-sectional study to assess iodine deficiency status, among women of reproductive age 20–49 years in Tanzania and examine the factors associated with iodine deficiency. Methods The current analysis was based on 3057 women aged 20–49 y who participated the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys 2015–2016. Iodine status was assessed using urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Iodine deficiency was defined if UIC was less than 100ug/L. A stepwise multivariable logistic regression to identify the factors associated with iodine deficiency. Potential predicators included age, education level, married status, wealth index, having a prenatal doctor and prenatal nurse, currently pregnant, currently breastfeeding, place of residence, employment status, and history of terminated pregnancy. Results The median UIC among pregnant women (median: 129 μg/L; 25th and 75th percentile: 57.8–240), uneducated women (99.0 μg/L; 48.2–201 μg/L), and poor women (92 μg/L; 43.1 -191 μg/L) were below the recommended ranges (≥150 μg/L for pregnant women and ≥100 μg/L for non-pregnant women) by the World Health Organization. Multivariable logistic stepwise regression showed that women were more likely to be iodine deficient if they were pregnant (aOR 1.55 [95% CI 1.11, 2.15], currently breastfeeding (aOR 1.56 [95% CI 1.28, 1.92], poor (aOR 1.75 [95% CI 1.35, 2.26], uneducated (aOR 1.77 [95% CI 1.26, 2.48], and living in the rural area (aOR 1.79 [95% CI 1.37, 2.34]. Unexpectedly, currently employed women also had significantly higher odds of iodine deficient (aOR 1.41 [95% CI 1.10, 1.80], relative to those without employment. Conclusions There is disparity in UIC among of women of reproductive age 20–49 in Tanzania. Poverty and lack of education appeared to be the driving factors for iodine deficiency. High risk of iodine deficient among pregnant and breastfeeding women appeal for action to implement and enforce universal salt iodization among this vulnerable population in Tanzania. Funding Sources There was no external or internal funding to support this study.

scholarly journals THE SITUATION OF URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION (UIC) AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDONESIA: THE ANALYSIS OF RISKESDAS 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Djoko Kartono ◽  
Atmarita Atmarita ◽  
Abas B Jahari ◽  
Soekirman Soekirman ◽  
Doddy Izwardy
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Level

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are the leading cause of goiter, cretinism, developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability. While elimination of iodine deficiency is imperative, it should be noted that excessive intake of iodine can also lead to adverse health effects. This paper analyzed the iodine status using median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school age children (SAC), women of reproductive age (WRA), and pregnant women (PW) who live in the same household from Riskesdas 2013. The total number of households included in the analysis was 13,811 households, from which 6,149 SAC (aged 6 – 12 years), 13,218 WRA (aged 15-49 years), and 578 PW (aged 15-49 years) were enumerated. The national MUIC of SAC, WRA and PWwas  in the normal range indicated that  the iodine status was adequate using WHO epidemiological criteria. Iodine status in some sub-populations indicated deficiency, however, in terms of geographic characteristics people who live in the urban has better iodine status compared to rural areas. Similarly, populations in richer economic quintiles had better iodine status. Only pregnant women in the 1st and 2nd quintile were deficient. Almost all regions in Indonesia showed the MUIC was in the normal adequate range, except NTT-NTB, Maluku-Papua, and East Java for pregnant women who tend to have lower MUIC (<150 µg/L). The status of iodized salt at the household was detected using both Rapid Test Kit/RTK as well as Titration. The result demonstrated a strong association between salt iodine level and iodine status. The MUIC for all three groups were lower when the iodine level in salt was lower, then increased when the levels of iodine content in salt increased. The iodine status of pregnant women consuming non-iodized salt was inadequate. The detrimental effect of iodine deficiency on the mental and physical development of children as well as on the women of reproductive age has been recognized. Indonesia still needs the salt iodization program to keep the iodine status in the normal range. In particular coverage with adequately iodized salt needs to be improved in order to improve the iodine status of pregnant women. For the prevention of Iodine disorders (insufficient), monitoring should be undertaken in regular basis to assess the MUIC, especially for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Burden of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women of Vindhya region: prospective observational study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 3697
Author(s):  
Suman Yadav ◽  
Kalpana Yadav ◽  
Padma Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Antenatal Visits ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background: Anemia is major public health problem. It is especially prevalent in women of reproductive age, particularly during pregnancy. It affects both developed and developing countries. According to the National Family Health Survey, anemia is prevalent in approximately 53.1% of non-pregnant and 50.1% of pregnant women. Objective of this study was to study the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women of Vindhya region and also various degree of anemia and factors associated.Methods: All pregnant women attending the outdoor and indoor of the obstetrics and gynecology department of, GMH. Rewa, taken for calculation of prevalence of anaemia and among them 510 pregnant women were selected who were satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria for studying association factors. Study period was 1 year. Haemoglobin estimation done by sahlis haemoglobinometer.Results: Prevalence of anaemia figures 81%, Out of them, 38.05% mild, 33.26% moderate and 7.80% of women were severely anemic. Maximum number of women were housewives 71.1%. Anaemia was found more commonly among those who are either taking iron prophylaxis irregularly or not taking. High prevalence was noted among those pregnant women who had <4 antenatal visits i.e., 54.51%.Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of anaemia in Vindhya region, extensive efforts should be made not only to correct anaemia, but to prevent anaemia. Various programmes for anaemia control should be executed more resourcefully to overcome it. Strong reinforcement of government scheme should be done at Anganwadi, CH, PHC to ensure prevention as well as early detection of anaemia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document