scholarly journals Protection of flunarizine on ventralis posteromedialis nucleus in rat model of migraine induced by inflammatory soup

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ge ◽  
Lijun Zhao ◽  
Chao He ◽  
Qingkui Zhang ◽  
Yunxia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Inflammatory Soup ◽  
Pain Signal

Abstract Background: Migraine is a disease closely related to calcium ions and ion channels. Ventralis posteromedialis (VPM) nucleus is an important nucleus in the process of migraine pain signal transmission. Flunarizine has been widely demonstrated as a calcium channel antagonist in the preventive treatment of migraine, but the mechanism of its anti-migraine on VPM is still unclear. Methods: Part 1. Fifteen transfected male rats were randomly divided into three groups: Flunarizine intervention group, Nimodipine intervention group and Normal saline sham group. Viral expression of fluorescent tracers allows purely anterograde labeling. Following injection of AAV-hSyn-9-CaMPARI-GFP into the physiologically defined area in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus, labeling in the thalamus-cortex had a green appearance. Part 2. Twenty Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four groups: Single stimulus group, Double stimuli group, Flunarizine intervention group and Nimodipine intervention group. A calcium-selective carbon fiber electrode (CFMEs) is used for online monitoring of electrochemically inactive Ca2+ in the rat brain in vivo. Results: Part 1.GFP Images showed that the VPM nucleus of the thalamus was involved in the signal transmission process of headache. Fluorescence imaging of the VPM nucleus of the thalamus after intervention with flunarizine or nimodipine suggested that it was activated. Part 2. No specific response was observed in the migraine rat model after stimulation with normal saline, extracellular calcium ions increased first and then decreased linearly after each stimulation with inflammatory soup. After the intervention of nimodipine, the curve of calcium changes after IS stimulation was the same as before. While after the intervention of flunarizine, the performance was significantly inconsistent, which was first increased and then maintained a level of concentration or slightly increased. Conclusion: VPM might play an important role in pain signal transmission of migraine and Flunarizine can alleviate such Ca2+ concentration in VPM neurons to exert its anti-migraine effects.

scholarly journals Acute Histopathologic Findings Related to Needle Puncture Trauma during Subcutaneous Injection in the Sprague-Dawley Rat Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuval Ramot ◽  
Kamala Kannan ◽  
Sathish Reddy ◽  
H. Krishnappa ◽  
John E. Dillberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Needle Puncture ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Injection Site Reactions ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rat ◽  
Specific Time Point ◽  
Histopathologic Findings ◽  
Time Point

It is important to detect injection site reactions during the nonclinical phases of drug development. However, differentiating between normal changes following needle trauma and changes due to the toxicity of injected drugs can be challenging. Therefore, we used the Sprague-Dawley rat model to evaluate the pathological findings expected following a single subcutaneous injection of normal saline. Rats were subcutaneously administered with normal saline, and the injection sites were examined microscopically. Inflammation was evident in most of the injection sites, mostly in minimal severity. Parakeratosis/epithelial crust was also seen in several sites, and necrosis was observed in a minority of the cases. These findings indicate that needle puncture trauma can present with some degree of inflammation and necrosis. Although limited to a specific time point and strain, this study shows that inflammation following subcutaneous injection can be attributed in part to the needle trauma and not necessarily to the drug itself.

scholarly journals Assessment of Vitamin D Supplementation on Articular Cartilage Morphology in a Young Healthy Sedentary Rat Model

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Anna Szychlinska ◽  
Rosa Imbesi ◽  
Paola Castrogiovanni ◽  
Claudia Guglielmino ◽  
Silvia Ravalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Cartilage Thickness ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cartilage Development ◽  
Joint Lubrication

Deficiency in vitamin D (Vit D) has been widely associated with several musculoskeletal diseases. However, the effects of the exogenous Vit D supplementation are still unclear in the prevention of the latter, especially in the cartilage developmental period. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Vit D supplementation and restriction on the articular cartilage development in healthy young sedentary rats. To this aim, twelve nine-week-old healthy Sprague–Dawley male rats were subjected to Vit D-based experimental diets: R, with a content in Vit D of 1400 IU/kg; R-DS, with a Vit D supplementation (4000 IU/kg); R-DR, with a Vit D restriction (0 IU/kg) for 10 weeks. The morphology, thickness and expression of cartilage-associated molecules such as collagen type II/X, lubricin and Vit D receptor (VDR), were assessed. Histological, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical evaluations were made on rat tibial cartilage samples. In the present experimental model, restriction of Vit D intake induced: The lower thickness of cartilage compared both to R (p = < 0.0001) and R-DS (p = < 0.0001); reduction of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM) compared both to R (p = 0.0359) and R-DS (p = < 0.0001); decreased collagen II (Col II) with respect both to R (p = 0.0076) and R-DS (p = 0.0016); increased collagen X (Col X) immunoexpression when compared both to R (p = < 0.0001) and R-DS (p = < 0.0001), confirming data from the literature. Instead, supplementation of Vit D intake induced: Higher cartilage thickness with respect both to R (p = 0.0071) and R-DR (p = < 0.0001); increase of ECM proteoglycan deposition compared both to R (p = 0.0175) and R-DR (p = < 0.0001); higher immunoexpression of lubricin with respect both to R (p = 0.001) and R-DR (p = 0.0008). These results suggest that Vit D supplementation with diet, already after 10 weeks, has a favorable impact on the articular cartilage thickness development, joint lubrication and ECM fibers deposition in a young healthy rat model.

scholarly journals Thymoquinone enhances sperm DNA integrity in nicotineinduced infertile male rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225
Author(s):  
Farah Dayana Rosli ◽  
Noor Hashida Hashim ◽  
Yusmin Mohd Yusuf ◽  
Khairul Osman ◽  
Siti Fatimah Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
Potential Benefits

Purpose: To assess the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on the integrity of sperm DNA in nicotineinduced sperm impairment in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four equal groups: control group received normal saline orally for 60 days; nicotine group was subcutaneously injected with 5 mg/kg/day nicotine for 30 days and then given normal saline for the next 30 days; TQ group was given normal saline for 30 days followed by TQ at 5 mg/kg/day for 30 days; and nicotine-TQ group received 5 mg/kg of nicotine for 30 days and 5mg/kg of TQ for another 30 days. Sperm DNA breakages were evaluated using Comet assay. The expression levels of protamine 1 (PT1) and transition nuclear protein 2 (Tnp2) genes which are essential for the proper compaction of the sperm DNA were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Thymoquinone significantly decreased DNA fragmentation in the sperm of nicotine-treated rats. However, there was no change in PT1 gene expression. Tnp2 was downregulated in the nicotine group and slightly upregulated in nicotine-TQ group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrate the potential benefits of TQ in improving sperm DNA quality of nicotine-induced male infertility.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Honey and Spirulina platensis with Sulfasalazine and Mesalazine on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Rezaei ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari ◽  
Nader Tanideh ◽  
Maral Mokhtari ◽  
Zahra Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Nutrition Therapy ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Combination Regimen ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Antioxidant therapy has gained attention for the treatment of ulcerative coli­tis (UC). The excessive generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the gastrointestinal tract increases oxidative stress, thereby leading to antioxidant defense depletion, lipid perox­idation, inflammation, tissue damage, and ulceration. Spirulina platensis (SP) and honey are excellent sources of potent antioxidants such as polyphenols and other bioactive compounds. We aimed to investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of honey and SP in com­parison with sulfasalazine (SSZ) and mesalazine on acetic acid-induced colitis (AA-colitis) in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six Sprague Dawley male rats were allocated to sev­en groups, with each group comprising eight rats. UC was induced, except in normal con­trols (NC). All groups received oral treatments for seven days. The normal saline solution of 2 mL was intrarectally administered to the NC group. The AA-colitis and NC groups received 2 mL acetic acid intrarectally as a single dose and 2 mL normal saline for seven consecutive days orally. The mesalazine group received 100 mg/kg mesalazine, the SSZ group 360 mg/kg SSZ, the honey or H group 1 mL honey diluted with 1 mL distilled water, the SH group 1g/kg SP and 1 mL honey, and the SP group 1g/kg SP. After clinical activity score assessment, the rats were sacrificed. Colonic weight/length ratio, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Colonic histopathological changes were observed microscopically. Results: Treatment of UC with SP, honey, and combination regimen significantly reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA, MPO, NO, and PGE2, and increased TAC, GSH, GPx, and SOD in interventional groups compared to the AA-colitis group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Honey and SP might be beneficial food supple­ments for medical nutrition therapy in UC. [GMJ.2019;8:e1095]

scholarly journals The preventive role of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) in immune and oxidative insults in a stress-induced rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
Nilay Seyidoğlu ◽  
Eda Köşeli ◽  
Rovshan Gurbanlı ◽  
Cenk Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Serum Corticosterone ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Abstract Introduction There is a balance between oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and immune response. Their roles in physiological and behavioural mechanisms are important for the maintenance of the organism’s internal equilibrium. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of the exogenous alga Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) in a stress-induced rat model, and to describe its possible mechanism of action. Material and Methods Thirty-six adult male Sprague Dawley rats were separated into four groups: control (C), stress (S), S. platensis (Sp), and S. platensis + stress (SpS). The rats in groups Sp and SpS were fed with 1,500 mg/kg b.w./day Spirulina platensis for 28 days. All rats were exposed to prolonged light phase conditions (18 h light : 6 h dark) for 14 days. The SpS and S groups were exposed to stress by being kept isolated and in a crowded environment. Blood samples were obtained by puncturing the heart on the 28th day. The effect of stress on serum corticosterone, oxidative stress markers (TOS, TAC, PON1, OSI) and immunological parameters (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-ɣ) were tested. Also, the brain, heart, intestines (duodenum, ileum, and colon), kidney, liver, spleen, and stomach of the rats were weighed. Results Serum corticosterone levels were higher in the S group than in the C group, and significantly lower in the SpS group than in the S group. Mean total antioxidant capacity were lower in the S group than in the C group, and Spirulina reversed this change. Although not significantly different, IL-2 was lower in the S group than in the C group. However, in the SpS group, IL-2 increased due to Spirulina platensis mitigating effects of stress. Conclusion Male rats fed a diet with Spirulina platensis could experience significantly milder physiological changes during stress, although stress patterns may be different. Exogenous antioxidant supplements merit further investigation in animals and humans where the endogenous defence mechanism against stress may not be sufficient.

scholarly journals Darapladib inhibits atherosclerosis development in type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rat model

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titin Andri Wihastuti ◽  
Teuku Heriansyah ◽  
Hanifa Hanifa ◽  
Sri Andarini ◽  
Zuhrotus Sholichah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Foam Cells ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rat

AbstractObjective. Increase in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis is related to lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme that produces lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oxidized nonesterified fatty acids (oxNEFA). LysoPC regulates inflammation mediators, including intra-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Darapladib is known as a Lp-PLA2 specific inhibitor. The aim of this study was to reveal the effect of darapladib on the foam cell number, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ICAM-1 expression in aorta at early stages of the atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rat model.Methods. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 main groups: control, rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and T2DM rats treated with darapladib (T2DM-DP). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according the time of treatment: 8-week and 16-week treatment group. Fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and lipid profile were measured and analyzed to ensure T2DM model. The foam cells number were detected using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and the expression of iNOS and ICAM-1 was analyzed using double immunofluorescence staining.Results. Induction of T2DM in male Sprague-Dawley rats after high fat diet and streptozotocin injection was confirmed by elevated levels of total cholesterol and LDL and increased fasting glucose and insulin levels compared to controls after both times of treatment. Moreover, T2DM in rats induced a significant increase (p<0.05) in the foam cells number and iNOS and ICAM-1 expression in aorta compared to controls after both treatment times. Darapladib treatment significantly reduced (p<0.05) foam cells number as well as iNOS expression in aorta in rats with T2DM after both treatment times. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in ICAM-1 expression in aorta was observed after darapladib treatment in rats with T2DM only after 8 weeks of treatment.Conclusion. Our data indicate that darapladib can decrease the foam cells number, iNOS, and ICAM-1 expression in aorta at the early stages of atherosclerosis in T2DM rat model.

scholarly journals Dry Needling of a Healthy Rat Achilles Tendon Increases Its Gene Expressions: A Pilot Study

Pain Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Calderón-Díez ◽  
José Luis Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Javier Herrero-Turrión ◽  
Joshua Cleland ◽  
José L Arias-Buría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Dry Needling ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Molecular Expression ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Abstract Background Tendon dry needling is a potential treatment for tendinopathies. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain its underlying mechanisms. No studies (to the best of our knowledge) have investigated changes in gene expression. Objective To investigate histological and gene expression changes after the application of dry needling to the healthy Achilles tendons of rats. Methods Six Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into two groups: no intervention or dry needling. Dry needling consisted of three sessions (once per week) to the Achilles tendon. Molecular expression of several genes involved in tendon repair and remodeling (e.g., Cox2, Mmp2, Mmp9, Col1a1, Col3a1, Vefg, and Scx) was assessed 7 days after the last needling session (day 28) or 28 days after for the no-intervention group. Histological tissue changes were determined with hematoxylin-eosin analyses. Results The hematoxylin-eosin–stained images revealed no substantial differences in collagen structure or the presence of inflammatory cells between the dry needling and no-intervention groups. A significant increase in the molecular expression of Cox2, Mmp2, Col3a1, and Scx genes was observed in Achilles tendons treated with dry needling when compared with the no-intervention group. Conclusion This animal pilot study found that the application of dry needling to the healthy Achilles tendons of rats is able to increase the expression of genes associated with collagen regeneration and tissue remodeling of the extracellular matrix with no further histological damage to the tendon.

Tualang Honey and its Methanolic Fraction Improve LPS-induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Male Rats: Comparison with Memantine

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan M.H.W. Yaacob ◽  
Idris Long ◽  
Rahimah Zakaria ◽  
Zahiruddin Othman
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Methanol Fraction ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tualang Honey

Background: Tualang honey (TH) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on learning and memory function in various animal models. However, its learning and memory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rat model have not been elucidated. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the cognitive-enhancing effects of TH and its methanolic fraction in comparison to the clinically approved N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (memantine) using LPS rat model. Methods: A total of ninety male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: (i) control, (ii) untreated LPS (iii) LPS treated with 200 mg/kg TH, (iv) LPS treated with 150 mg/kg methanol fraction of TH (MTH) and (v) LPS treated with 10 mg/kg memantine. All treatments were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 14 days. Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests were performed to assess spatial and recognition memory function. Results: The present study confirmed that LPS significantly impairs spatial and recognition memory and alone treatment with TH or MTH improved spatial and recognition memory comparable to memantine. Conclusion: Both TH and its methanolic fraction improved spatial and recognition memory of LPS rat model comparable to memantine. Thus, TH and its methanolic fraction have potential preventivetherapeutic effects for neurodegenerative diseases involving neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Pengaruh pemberian nano daun kelor (moringa oleifera) terhadap kadar mineral serum dan tulang pada tikus sprague dawley jantan tumbuh

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Syahrial Syahrial ◽  
Rimbawan Rimbawan ◽  
Evy Damayanthi ◽  
Dewi Apri Astuti ◽  
Pipih Suptijah
Keyword(s):  
Group Intervention ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Magnesium Level ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Mineral Levels

Background: One of the important minerals for growth is calcium to build new bone. Moringa oleifera has been known as high nutritional content and bioactive compound tree that could act as antioxidant and improved several diseases like diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular. Phytochemical analyses have shown that Moringa oleifera contain of high macro minerals like calcium, potasium, magnesium, and phosphor. Several previous studies have shown that mineral nanoparticle have higher bioavailability than natural compounds.. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of moringa oleifera nanoparticle leaf on mineral serum and bone at growth stage of Sprague Dawley male rats. Methods: In this study, the pre and post controlled group design and complete random design was used. The subjects were 27 growing male Sprague dawley rats aged 2 month were devided into three group which received standard feed contain CaCO3 (control group), intervention feed contained 450nm and 750nm nano Moringa oleifera for 60 days. The data of the experiment was analyzed by paired T-test and Duncan test at 95% confidence level.Results: The result showed that there was no significance different for both of intervention group for mineral serum and fermur bone. While for the tibia bone, the result showed that the calcium, phosphor and magnesium were significantly increase (p<0.05). The intervention group received 450nm showed more effective improvement of magnesium level (p<0.05) than intervention group received 750nm.Conclusion: The intervention of moringa oleifera nanoparticle leaf had a positive effect in decreasing serum and bone mineral levels in male rats. There were significant increased at magnesium level measured in tibia bones after intervention, with higher increasing at group received 450nm nanoparticle.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effects of Bredemolic Acid on Markers Associated with Renal Dysfunction in a Diet-Induced Prediabetic Rat Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Akinjide Moses Akinnuga ◽  
Angezwa Siboto ◽  
Bongiwe Khumalo ◽  
Ntethelelo Hopewell Sibiya ◽  
Phikelelani Ngubane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Prediabetic State ◽  
Diet Modification

Recently, studies have shown that renal dysfunction is associated not only with overt diabetes but also with the preceding stage known as prediabetes. Diet and pharmacological interventions are the therapeutic approaches to managing prediabetes, but the compliance in combining the two interventions is low. Hence, the efficacy of pharmacological intervention is reduced without diet modification. In our previous study, we established that bredemolic acid (BA) ameliorated glucose homeostasis via increased GLUT 4 expression in the skeletal muscle of prediabetic rats in the absence of diet intervention. However, the effects of bredemolic acid on renal function in prediabetic condition are unknown. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effects of bredemolic acid on renal dysfunction in a diet-induced prediabetic rat model. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats (150–180 g) were divided into two groups: the nonprediabetic (n=6) and prediabetic (n=30) groups which were fed normal diet (ND) and high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet, respectively, for 20 weeks. After the 20th week, the prediabetic groups were subdivided into prediabetic control (PD) and 4 other prediabetic groups which were treated with either BA (80 mg/kg) or metformin (MET, 500 mg/kg) for further 12 weeks (21st to 32nd). Plasma, urine, and kidney samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The untreated prediabetic (PD) rats presented increased fluid intake and urine output; increased creatinine, urea, and uric acid plasma concentrations; albuminuria; proteinuria; sodium retention; potassium loss; increased aldosterone and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) concentration; and increased urinary podocin mRNA expression. However, BA administration attenuated the renal markers and oxidative stress and decreased the urinary podocin mRNA expression. In conclusion, BA administration, regardless of diet modification, attenuates renal dysfunction in an experimentally induced prediabetic state.

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