scholarly journals The origin of Epichloë endophyte - perennial ryegrass symbionts modify plant reactions to elevated concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions in soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Barbara Wiewióra ◽  
Krystyna Rybka ◽  
Kamil Prokopiuk
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

Abstract Background: The phenomenon of plant mutualistic symbiosis with microbes may have a positive effect on improvement of plant tolerance to environmental stresses. The influence of fungal endophyte of the Epichloë sp. (Clavicipitaceae) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants grown in presence of elevated concentration of heavy metal (HM) ions: Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+, in soil was studied. Results: The presence of Epichloë in the host grass tissues resulted in increased accumulation of HM ions in aerial parts of plants and was dependent on host genotypes related to host plant origin. In plants with (E+) and without (E-) endophytes the hormesis effect was induced by elevated concentration of Cu2+ ions, resulting in better growth and photosynthesis, as examined by measurements of Chl a fluorescence. The obtained results indicate that based on the laboratory evaluation of the efficiency of the symbiosis, we were able to choose the best associations of perennial ryegrass with endophytes for HM phytoremediation. Conclusions: The presence of Epichloë endophytes positively affected ryegrass ability to accumulate HM ions and this accumulation was associated with the origin of Epichloë-ryegrass symbionts.

scholarly journals The origin of Epichloë endophyte - perennial ryegrass symbionts modify plant reactions to elevated concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions in soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Barbara Wiewióra ◽  
Krystyna Rybka ◽  
Kamil Prokopiuk
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Hormesis Effect ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

Abstract Background: The phenomenon of plant mutualistic symbiosis with microbes may have a positive effect on the improvement of plant tolerance to environmental stresses. The influence of fungal endophyte of the Epichloë sp. (Clavicipitaceae) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants grown in presence of elevated concentration of heavy metal (HM) ions (Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+) in soil was studied.Results: The presence of Epichloë in the host grass tissues resulted in increased accumulation of HM ions in aerial parts of plants and was dependent on host genotypes related to host plant origin. In plants with (E+) and without (E-) endophytes the hormesis effect was induced by the elevated concentration of Cu2+ ions, resulting in better growth and photosynthesis, as examined by measurements of Chl a fluorescence. The obtained results indicate that based on the laboratory evaluation of the efficiency of the symbiosis, we were able to choose the best associations of perennial ryegrass with endophytes for HM phytoremediation.Conclusions: The presence of Epichloë endophytes positively affected ryegrass ability to accumulate HM ions and this accumulation was associated with the origin of Epichloë-ryegrass symbionts.

scholarly journals The origin of Epichloë endophyte - perennial ryegrass symbionts modify plant reactions to elevated concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions in soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Barbara Wiewióra ◽  
Krystyna Rybka ◽  
Kamil Prokopiuk
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Cu Ions ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

Abstract Background: The phenomenon of plant mutualistic symbiosis with microbes may have apositive effect on improvement of plant tolerance to environmental stresses. The influence of fungal endophyte of the Epichloë sp. ( Clavicipitaceae ) on perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) plants grown in presence of heavy metal (HM) ions, Cd, Pb and Cu, in soil was studied. Results : The presence of Epichloë in the host grass tissues resulted in increase of the chlorophyll content, efficiency of photosystem II and accumulation of HM ions in aerial parts of plants and was dependent on host genotypes related to host plant origin. In both, E+ and E- plants the hormesis effect was induced by elevated concentration of Cu ions, resulting in better growth and photosynthesis, as examined by measurements of Chl a fluorescence. In case of an application of Epichloë -colonized grasses for HM phytoremediation, the choice of most effective host-endophyte interactions should be based on laboratory evaluation of the efficiency of the symbiosis. Conclusions: The presence of Epichloë endophytes positively affected ryegrass ability to accumulate HM ions and this accumulation was related to origin of Epichloë -ryegrass symbionts.

scholarly journals Different Response of Perennial Ryegrass – Epichloë Endophyte Symbiota to the Elevated Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Barbara Wiewióra ◽  
Krystyna Rybka ◽  
Kamil Prokopiuk
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Hormesis Effect ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

Abstract The phenomenon of plant mutualistic symbiosis with microbes may have a positive effect on the improvement of plant tolerance to environmental stresses as well as on the ability of plants to accumulate heavy metal (HM) ions from soil. The influence of Epichloë fungal endophyte (Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants grown in the presence of elevated concentrations of HM ions (Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+) in soil was studied. The presence of Epichloë in the host grass tissues resulted in different accumulation of HM ions in the aboveground parts of the plants. In some cases endophyte infection positively affected ryegrass ability to accumulate HM ions from soil. In plants with (E+) and without (E-) endophytes the hormesis effect was induced by the elevated concentration of Cu2+ ions, resulting in better growth and photosynthesis, as examined by measurements of Chl a fluorescence. The obtained results indicate that based on the laboratory evaluation of the efficiency of HM accumulation, we were able to choose the best associations of perennial ryegrass with endophytes for HM phytoremediation.

scholarly journals Different response of perennial ryegrass—Epichloë endophyte symbiota to the elevated concentration of heavy metals in soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Barbara Wiewióra ◽  
Krystyna Rybka ◽  
Kamil Prokopiuk
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Hormesis Effect ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

Abstract The phenomenon of plant mutualistic symbiosis with microbes may have a positive effect on the improvement of plant tolerance to environmental stresses as well as on the ability of plants to accumulate heavy metal (HM) ions from soil. The influence of Epichloë fungal endophyte (Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants grown in the presence of elevated concentrations of HM ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+) in soil was studied. The presence of Epichloë in the host grass tissues resulted in different accumulation of HM ions in the aboveground parts of the plants. In some cases, endophyte infection positively affected ryegrass ability to accumulate HM ions from soil. In plants with (E +) and without (E −) endophytes, the hormesis effect was induced by the elevated concentration of Cu2+ ions, resulting in better growth and photosynthesis, as examined by measurements of Chl a fluorescence. The obtained results indicate that based on the laboratory evaluation of the efficiency of HM accumulation, we were able to choose the best associations of perennial ryegrass with endophytes for HM phytoremediation.

scholarly journals Nutrient Loading, Temperature and Heat Wave Effects on Nutrients, Oxygen and Metabolism in Shallow Lake Mesocosms Pre-Adapted for 11 Years

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Erik Jeppesen ◽  
Joachim Audet ◽  
Thomas A. Davidson ◽  
Érika M. Neif ◽  
Yu Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Shallow Lake ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Nutrient Loadings ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Global changes (e.g., warming and population growth) affect nutrient loadings and temperatures, but global warming also results in more frequent extreme events, such as heat waves. Using data from the world’s longest-running shallow lake experimental mesocosm facility, we studied the effects of different levels of nutrient loadings combined with varying temperatures, which also included a simulated 1-month summer heat wave (HW), on nutrient and oxygen concentrations, gross ecosystem primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), net ecosystem production (NEP) and bacterioplankton production (BACPR). The mesocosms had two nutrient levels (high (HN) and low (LN)) combined with three different temperatures according to the IPCC 2007 warming scenarios (unheated, A2 and A2 + 50%) that were applied for 11 years prior to the present experiment. The simulated HW consisted of 5 °C extra temperature increases only in the A2 and A2 + 50% treatments applied from 1 July to 1 August 2014. Linear mixed effect modeling revealed a strong effect of nutrient treatment on the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), on various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen as well as on oxygen concentration and oxygen percentage (24 h means). Applying the full dataset, we also found a significant positive effect of nutrient loading on GPP, ER, NEP and BACPR, and of temperature on ER and BACPR. The HW had a significant positive effect on GPP and ER. When dividing the data into LN and HN, temperature also had a significant positive effect on Chl-a in LN and on orthophosphate in HN. Linear mixed models revealed differential effects of nutrients, Chl-a and macrophyte abundance (PVI) on the metabolism variables, with PVI being particularly important in the LN mesocosms. All metabolism variables also responded strongly to a cooling-low irradiance event in the middle of the HW, resulting in a severe drop in oxygen concentrations, not least in the HN heated mesocosms. Our results demonstrate strong effects of nutrients as well as an overall rapid response in oxygen metabolism and BACPR to changes in temperature, including HWs, making them sensitive ecosystem indicators of climate warming.

scholarly journals Selenium supply affects chlorophyll concentration and biomass production of maize (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-255
Author(s):  
Aliu Sali ◽  
Dukagjin Zeka ◽  
Shukri Fetahu ◽  
Imer Rusinovci ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Maize Population ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

Summary The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of selenium (Se) on the biomass production and the contents of photosynthetically active pigments. The pot experiment included two maize genotypes: hybrid 408BC originating from Croatia and a local maize population from Kosovo. The doses of Se applied were 0, 1.30, 6.57, 13, and 26 mg kg−1. The lowest Se dose (1.30 mg Se kg−1) had a positive effect on shoot and root biomass production as well as on the contents of chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophyll, and carotenoids (just for the hybrid). Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) was reduced with increasing Se doses, whereas chlorophyll b (Chl-b) and total chlorophyll further increased with medium Se doses. The highest Se dose strongly reduced biomass and the contents of photosynthetically active pigments. Chl-a and carotenoids positively correlated with shoot (for both genotypes) and root (for the hybrid) biomass, whereas no correlation was observed between Chl-b and biomass. Low amounts of Se application are favorable for biomass production and chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, whereas high amounts of Se application negatively affect both.

scholarly journals Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase–Producing Bacteria on Perennial Ryegrass Growth and Physiological Responses to Salinity Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Cheng ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Bingru Huang
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Acc Deaminase ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Water Control

The accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), which is a precursor for ethylene production, in plant roots exposed to salinity stress can be detrimental to plant growth. The objectives of this study were to determine whether inoculating roots with bacteria containing deaminase enzymes that break down ACC (ACC-deaminase) could improve plant tolerance to salinity in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and to examine growth and physiological factors, as well as nutrition status of plants affected by the ACC-deaminase bacteria inoculation under salinity stress. Plants of perennial ryegrass (cv. Pangea) were inoculated with either Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN or Burkholderia gladioli RU1 and irrigated with either fresh water (control) or a 250 mm NaCl solution to induce salinity stress. The bacterium-inoculated plants had less ACC content in shoots and roots under both nonstressed and salinity conditions. Salinity stress inhibited root and shoot growth, but the bacterium-inoculated plants exhibited higher visual turf quality (TQ), tiller number, root biomass, shoot biomass, leaf water content, and photochemical efficiency, as well as lower cellular electrolyte leakage (EL) under salinity stress. Plants inoculated with bacteria had lower sodium content and higher potassium to sodium ratios in shoots under salinity stress. Shoot and root nitrogen content and shoot potassium content increased, whereas shoot and root calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum content all decreased due to bacterial inoculation under salinity treatment. ACC-deaminase bacteria inoculation of roots was effective in improving salinity tolerance of perennial ryegrass and could be incorporated into turfgrass maintenance programs in salt-affected soils.

scholarly journals Fungal Endophyte Colonization Patterns Alter Over Time in the Novel Association Between Lolium perenne and Epichloë Endophyte AR37

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Pilar Forte ◽  
Jan Schmid ◽  
Paul P. Dijkwel ◽  
Istvan Nagy ◽  
David E. Hume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Association ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

scholarly journals Did the COVID-19 Lockdown-Induced Hydrological Residence Time Intensify the Primary Productivity in Lakes? Observational Results Based on Satellite Remote Sensing

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Avtar ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Hitesh Supe ◽  
Dou Jie ◽  
Netranada Sahu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Chl A ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has brought countries around the world to a standstill in the early part of 2020. Several nations and territories around the world insisted their population stay indoors for practicing social distance in order to avoid infecting the disease. Consequently, industrial activities, businesses, and all modes of traveling have halted. On the other hand, the pollution level decreased ‘temporarily’ in our living environment. As fewer pollutants are supplied in to the hydrosphere, and human recreational activities are stopped completely during the lockdown period, we hypothesize that the hydrological residence time (HRT) has increased in the semi-enclosed or closed lake bodies, which can in turn increase the primary productivity. To validate our hypothesis, and to understand the effect of lockdown on primary productivity in aquatic systems, we quantitatively estimated the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in different lake bodies using established Chl-a retrieval algorithm. The Chl-a monitored using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 sensor in the lake bodies of Wuhan, China, showed an elevated concentration of Chl-a. In contrast, no significant changes in Chl-a are observed for Vembanad Lake in India. Further analysis of different geo-environments is necessary to validate the hypothesis.

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