scholarly journals In vitro examination of the thrombolytic efficacy of tenecteplase and therapeutic ultrasound compared to rt-PA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Frühwald ◽  
Ulrich Gärtner ◽  
Nils Stöckmann ◽  
Jan-Henning Marxsen ◽  
Carolin Gramsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fibrin Fiber ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background: Optimizing thrombolytic therapy is vital for improving stroke outcomes. We aimed to develop standardized thrombolysis conditions to evaluate the efficacy of tenecteplase (TNK) compared to the current gold standard rt-PA (alteplase), with and without additional ultrasound treatment. Also we wanted to introduce a new analytical approach to quantify fibrin fiber density in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods: In vitro clots that are similar to ex vivo clots concerning their histological condition and their durability were generated from whole blood. For five treatment groups we compared relative clot weight loss (each n=60) and fibrin fiber density in TEM (each n=5). The control group (A) was treated only with plasma. Two groups were designated for each rt-PA (B+C) and TNK (D+E). Groups C and E were additionally treated with ultrasound. Dosages were 50µg/ml for rt-PA and 30µg/ml for TNK. Results were evaluated by using analyses of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc t-tests. Results: Weight loss was increased significantly for all groups compared to the control group. Both TNK groups showed significantly increased weight loss compared to their counterpart rt-PA group (p≤0.001). For TEM only group D showed significantly decreased fibrin fiber density (p<0.05) compared to both rt-PA groups. Ultrasound did not significantly increase dissolution of clots with either method (best p=0.16). Conclusions: Tenecteplase dissolved clots more effectively than rt-PA with and without ultrasound. A higher sample size could provide more convincing results for TEM.

scholarly journals In vitro examination of the thrombolytic efficacy of tenecteplase and therapeutic ultrasound compared to rt-PA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Frühwald ◽  
Ulrich Gärtner ◽  
Nils Stöckmann ◽  
Jan-Henning Marxsen ◽  
Carolin Gramsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fibrin Fiber ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background: Optimizing thrombolytic therapy is vital for improving stroke outcomes. We aimed to develop standardized thrombolysis conditions to evaluate the efficacy of tenecteplase (TNK) compared to the current gold standard rt-PA (alteplase), with and without additional ultrasound treatment. We also wanted to introduce a new analytical approach to quantify fibrin fiber density in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods: In vitro clots that are similar to ex vivo clots concerning their histological condition and their durability were generated from whole blood. For five treatment groups we compared relative clot weight loss (each n=60) and fibrin fiber density in TEM (each n=5). The control group (A) was treated only with plasma. Two groups were designated for each rt-PA (B+C) and TNK (D+E). Groups C and E were additionally treated with ultrasound. Dosages were 50µg/ml for rt-PA and 30µg/ml for TNK. Results were evaluated by using analyses of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc t-tests. Results: Weight loss was increased significantly for all groups compared to the control group. Both TNK groups showed significantly increased weight loss compared to their counterpart rt-PA group (p≤0.001). For TEM only group D showed significantly decreased fibrin fiber density (p<0.05) compared to both rt-PA groups. Ultrasound did not significantly increase dissolution of clots with either method (best p=0.16). Conclusions: Tenecteplase dissolved clots more effectively than rt-PA with and without ultrasound. A higher sample size could provide more convincing results for TEM.

scholarly journals In vitro examination of the thrombolytic efficacy of tenecteplase and therapeutic ultrasound compared to rt-PA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Frühwald ◽  
Ulrich Gärtner ◽  
Nils Stöckmann ◽  
Jan-Henning Marxsen ◽  
Carolin Gramsch4 ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fibrin Fiber ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background: Optimizing thrombolytic therapy is vital for improving stroke outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tenecteplase (TNK) compared to the current gold standard rt-PA (alteplase), with and without additional ultrasound treatment. Methods: In vitro clots that are similar to ex vivo clots concerning their histological condition and their durability were generated from whole blood. For five treatment groups we compared relative clot weight loss (each n=60) and fibrin fiber density in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (each n=5). The control group (A) was treated only with plasma. Two groups were designated for each rt-PA (B+C) and TNK (D+E). Groups C and E were additionally treated with ultrasound. Dosages were 50µg/ml for rt-PA and 30µg/ml for TNK. Results were evaluated by using analyses of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc t-tests. Results: Weight loss was increased significantly for all groups compared to the control group. Both TNK groups showed significantly increased weight loss compared to their counterpart rt-PA group (p≤0.001). For TEM only group D showed significantly decreased fibrin fiber density (p<0.05) compared to both rt-PA groups. Ultrasound did not significantly increase dissolution of clots with either method (best p=0.16). Conclusions: Tenecteplase dissolved clots more effectively than rt-PA with and without ultrasound. A higher sample size could provide more convincing results for TEM. Keywords: Stroke, thrombolysis, tenecteplase, ultrasound, transmission electron microscopy.

Growth patterns in sheep: the effects of weight losses on compensatory growth and feed intake in Corriedale sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Butler-Hogg ◽  
N. M. Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYThe growth and feed intakes of Corriedale wether sheep when grown from 30 to 50 kg body weight by five different growth paths are described.Group A (control) grew continuously (fed ad libitum). After reaching ca; 40 kg body weight, group B and C animals lost 21% of their initial body weight over 9 and 18 weeks and at 122 and 63 g/day, respectively, and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight. Group D and E animals were ca. 50 kg body weight when weight loss was imposed and they lost body weight at similar rates (125 and 157 g/day) respectively. Animals in group D lost 34% of their initial body weight over 18 weeks and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight (the same as groups B and C). Group E animals lost 23% of their initial body weight over 9 weeks to begin realimentation at 35 kg body weight. Except during periods of weight loss, animals were fed ad libitum. Compensatory growth was observed in all groups which had lost weight, with early recovery growth rates 1·6–1·8 times higher than control sheep of the same weight.Rate of body-weight loss did not induce any significant differences in response to realimentation but results (groups B and C) suggest that the more rapid the loss, the more rapid will recovery be during realimentation. When sheep at different body weights lost the same proportion of their initial body weights, the heavier sheep (group E) attained final slaughter weight quicker than the lighter sheep (group B). When the proportion of body weight lost to reach a particular lower body weight was varied (groups B and D), the greater weight loss was associated with higher and more persistent growth rates during realimentation.After weight loss, ad libitum dry-matter intake was significantly lower during the first 10 kg of gain during realimentation in all treatment groups (B, C, D, E) than in control group A. There were no differences between treatment groups in recovery of dry-matter intake.Gross efficiency in all treatment groups was higher than in the control group A during the first 10 kg of recovery of body weight, but it then declined rapidly. This increase in gross efficiency was considered to be due to a combination of increased growth rates, reduced feed intakes and lower maintenance requirements. When the complete growth paths from 30 to 50 kg were considered, there were no significant differences in total feed consumed by the sheep following the five different growth paths.

scholarly journals Effects of In-Office and Home Bleaching Gels on the Surface Mercury Levels of Dental Amalgam

2010 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 023-027
Author(s):  
Parnian Alizadeh Oskoee ◽  
Mahdi Abed Kahnamoui ◽  
Siavash Savadi Oskoee ◽  
Firooz Zadfattah ◽  
Fatemeh Pournaghi-Azar
Keyword(s):  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Bleaching Gels ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Electron Microscope Data

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different in-office and home bleaching gels on the surface mercury levels of dental amalgam.Methods: Sixty disk-shaped amalgam specimens (GS-80, SDI- Australia) were prepared and randomly divided into the following treatment groups: 1. Distilled water (control); 2. 15% home-bleach carbamide peroxide (Opalescence PF, Ultra dent, USA) applied for 6 h/day for 3 weeks; and 3. 35% in-office bleach carbamide peroxide (Opalescence Quick, Ultradent) applied for 30 min/week for 3 weeks. Levels of mercury were measured as weight percentages using an energy dispersive x-ray micro-analyzer detector connected to an electron microscope. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey tests (P<.05).Results: There were no significant differences between the surface mercury levels measured following treatment with the tested home-bleach and in-office bleach products (P=0.71). However, both materials yielded significantly more mercury levels than that of the control group (P<.001).Conclusions: The tested bleaching products significantly elevated the surface mercury levels of amalgam in vitro. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:23-27)

scholarly journals Role of Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) in Hypertensive Rats After Administration of Mango Mistletoe Methanolic Extract

JSMARTech ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 061-064
Author(s):  
Mariyam Suroyya ◽  
◽  
Nour Athiroh Sjakoer ◽  
Nurul Mubarakati ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
White Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group A ◽  
The One ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant ◽  
Post Hoc

Hypertension is a condition where there is an abnormal rise in blood pressure that may be the primary cause of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension induces the production of free radicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to further examine the function of Dendropthoe pentandra as an endogenous antioxidant modulator in this case superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hypertensive rats.The testing approach used is experimental. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test and the Post Hoc test to see variations in SOD levels in different treatments. This research used a hypertensive rat model induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and salt. The number of animals tested was 25 white male rats divided into 5 groups, each containing 5 rats.The group consisted of a control group, a group of non- Extract methanolic of mango mistletoe hypertensive rats, and three groups of hypertensive rats receiving mango mistletoe methanolic extract (EMBM) at dosages of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the levels of increased lung SOD with extract methanolic of mango mistletoe dosage variations in all treatment groups were not different. The administration of mango parasite methanolic extract at a dose of 50 mg / kgBW was optimum in increasing lung SOD levels in hypertensive rats.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Daya Hambat Madu Alami dengan Madu Kemasan secara In Vitro terhadap Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A sebagai Penyebab Faringitis

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsi Wineri ◽  
Roslaili Rasyid ◽  
Yustini Alioes
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Natural Substance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Natural Honey

AbstrakMadu merupakan substansi alam yang dihasilkan oleh lebah yang diketahui memiliki manfaat, salah satunya untuk mengobati faringitis yang disebabkan Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. Efek antibakteri dari madu dapat menghambat pertumbuhan  Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. Berdasarkan cara pembuatannya madu terdiri dari madu alami dan madu kemasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan daya hambat madu alami dengan madu kemasan secara in vitro terhadap Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. sebagai penyebab faringitis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan rancangan posttest only control group design yang dilaksanakan dari September sampai Desember 2013 di laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan madu alami dan madu kemasan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A dengan diameter daya hambat terbesar pada madu alami adalah 14 mm dan madu kemasan 11 mm. Berdasarkan uji analisis Kruskal-Wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan post-hoc Mann-Whitney terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara daya hambat  madu alami dengan madu kemasan dengan nilaip=0,004 (p<0,05). Kesimpulan hasil penelitian adalah madu alami dan madu kemasan memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. Madu alami memiliki daya hambat yang lebih kuat dibandingkan madu kemasan.Kata kunci: madu alami, madu kemasan, Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A, antibakteri, faringitis AbstractHoney is a natural substance that produced by bees which is known have many benefits, one of them is to treat pharyngitis that caused by Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. The antibacterial effect of honey can inhibit bacterial growth. By way of making, honey is divided to natural honey dan packing honey. The purpose of this study was to see comparison of the antibacterial effect of natural honey and packing honey againt Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A by in vitro. This research was experimental with posttest only with control group design This study was conducted in September to December 2013 in the laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University. The result showed that natural honey and packing honey have antibacterial effect againt Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. The biggest inhibition area of the natural honey was 14 mm and the biggest inhibition area of the packing honey was 11 mm. Both of honey had differences antibacterial effect with p= 0,004 (p<0,05) with analysis of Kruskal-Wallis test and followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney. From this study we can conclude that natural honey and packing honey have antibacterial effect againt Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A. Antibacterial of natural honey is stronger than packing honey to inhibit bacterial growth.Keywords: natural honey, packing honey, Streptococcus beta hemoliticus Group A, antibacterial, pharyngitis.

scholarly journals Effect of Remineralizing Agents on Tooth Color After Home Bleaching

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Malekipour ◽  
Zahra Norouzi ◽  
Sahar Shahlaei
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tooth Color ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tooth Discoloration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc

Objectives: The purpose was to investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash on teeth discoloration after home bleaching. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study, 48 intact and unstained human incisors were divided into four groups (n=12): control (Group 1), CPP-ACPF paste (Group 2), Remin Pro paste (Group 3), and 0.05% NaF mouthwash (Group 4). The specimens were bleached using 20% carbamide peroxide gel for 21 days and were subjected to pH cycling and surface treatment with remineralizing agents for one month. The color of the specimens was determined according to the CIELAB color space at baseline, after bleaching, and after surface treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) test, and one-sample t-test (P=0.05). Results: ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean ΔE of the four groups after surface treatment (P<0.05). Post-hoc LSD test showed a significant difference between the mean ΔE of the control group and those of the treatment groups (P<0.05) with no significant difference between the treatment groups, except for Remin Pro. The mean ΔE and ΔL of the Remin Pro group showed less change than those of the CPP-ACPF and NaF groups, indicating that Remin Pro has the lowest potential for post-bleaching tooth discoloration. Conclusion: CPP-ACPF paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0.05% NaF mouthwash cause noticeable teeth discoloration immediately after bleaching. Remin Pro has less effect on tooth color than the other two products.

scholarly journals Potential of different fluoride gels to prevent erosive tooth wear caused by gastroesophageal reflux

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Körner ◽  
Luca Georgis ◽  
Daniel B. Wiedemeier ◽  
Thomas Attin ◽  
Florian J. Wegehaupt
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Erosive Tooth Wear ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Bovine Enamel

Abstract Background This in-vitro-study aimed to evaluate the potential of different fluoride gels to prevent gastroesophageal reflux induced erosive tooth wear. Methods Surface baseline profiles of a total of 50 bovine enamel specimens [randomly assigned to five groups (G1–5)] were recorded. All specimens were positioned in a custom made artificial oral cavity and perfused with artificial saliva (0.5 ml/min). Reflux was simulated 11 times a day during 12 h by adding HCl (pH 3.0) for 30 s (flow rate 2 ml/min). During the remaining 12 h (overnight), specimens were stored in artificial saliva and brushed twice a day (morning and evening) with a toothbrush and toothpaste slurry (15 brushing strokes). While specimens in the control group (G1) did not receive any further treatment, specimens in G2–5 were coated with different fluoride gels [Elmex Gelée (G2); Paro Amin Fluor Gelée (G3); Paro Fluor Gelée Natriumfluorid (G4); Sensodyne ProSchmelz Fluorid Gelée (G5)] in the evening for 30 s. After 20 days, surface profiles were recorded again and enamel loss was determined by comparing them with the baseline profiles. The results were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey`s HSD post-hoc test. Results The overall highest mean wear of enamel (9.88 ± 1.73 µm) was observed in the control group (G1), where no fluoride gel was applied. It was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to all other groups. G2 (5.03 ± 1.43 µm), G3 (5.47 ± 0.63 µm, p = 0.918) and G4 (5.14 ± 0.82 µm, p > 0.999) showed the overall best protection from hydrochloric acid induced erosion. Enamel wear in G5 (6.64 ± 0.86 µm) was significantly higher compared to G2 (p = 0.028) and G4 (p = 0.047). Conclusions After 20 days of daily application, all investigated fluoride gels are able to significantly reduce gastroesophageal reflux induced loss of enamel.

Abstract 5369: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing CXCR4 (CXCR4 + -MSCs) Attenuate Remodeling of Post-Myocardial Infarction by Releasing Anti-Fibrotic Enzymes

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Yigang Wang ◽  
Dongsheng Zhang ◽  
Tiemin Zhao ◽  
Atif Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Adenoviral Transduction

We hypothesize that CXCR4 + -MSCs penetrate and proliferate in infracted heart by releasing collagen degrading enzymes. We genetically engineered male mouse MSCs using ex vivo adenoviral transduction for over-expression of CXCR4/GFP or GFP alone. MSCs (G-I) or CXCR4 + -MSCs (G-II) or CXCR4 + -MSCs treated with epigallocarechin gallate (EGCG, 50μg/ml), a MT1-matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitor (G-III) or CXCR4 + -MSCs with AMD3100 (5 μg/mL), a CXCR4-selective antagonist (G-IV). A Trans-Matrigel Chemoinvasion Assay was used to evaluate the ability of MSCs to cross the basement membrane. MMPs were analyzed by Western blot and MMP antibody staining. Sex mismatched MSCs were infused into female mice via a tail vein injection 3 days after MI. Mice in G-III were treated with EGCG (100 mg/kg, oral gavage, daily for 2 weeks) to inhibit MMPs and G-IV was treated with AMD3100 (1 mg/kg, i.p. given continually for 6 days after MI). LV fibrosis was detected by Picrosirius red staining. Echocardiography was performed at 4 weeks after MI and hearts were harvested for histological analysis. In vitro, cell migration was significantly higher in G-II in the presence of SDF-1α as compared with other groups, ( p <0.01). EGCG or AMD3100 markedly prevented this response. MMP-9 and MT1-MMP were upregulated significantly only in G-II (p<0.01) exposed to hypoxia. Infiltration of GFP and Y chromosome positive cells in the peri- or infarct area was increased significantly in G-II. CXCR4 + -MSCs penetrated more effectively into the infarcted region and survived in the ischemic environment as compared to control group. These effects were reduced with EGCG or AMD3100. The ventricular remodeling and interstitial fibrosis were also reduced in G-II but not in other groups. G-II also had less LV dilation (diastolic dimension 4.9±0.2 vs. 6.2±0.3 mm, p<0.05), EF (62±3 vs. 44±4%, p<0.05). Infarct size (31±3.8 vs 43±4.7% of LV, p<0.05) and collagen area fraction (16±2 vs. 28±4 %, p<0.05) were significantly reduced in G-2 compared to G-I. Under hypoxic conditions MMPs were upregulated in CXCR4 + -MSCs which crossed the basement membrane by releasing enzymes leading to breakdown or reduction of scar formation thus facilitating cell homing and proliferation.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Basis of CD101 Efficacy: Exposure Shape Matters

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Lakota ◽  
Justin C. Bader ◽  
Voon Ong ◽  
Ken Bartizal ◽  
Lynn Miesel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Pharmacological Basis

ABSTRACT CD101 is a novel echinocandin with concentration-dependent fungicidal activity in vitro and a long half-life (∼133 h in humans, ∼70 to 80 h in mice). Given these characteristics, it is likely that the shape of the CD101 exposure (i.e., the time course of CD101 concentrations) influences efficacy. To test this hypothesis, doses which produce the same total area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were administered to groups of neutropenic ICR mice infected with Candida albicans R303 using three different schedules. A total CD101 dose of 2 mg/kg was administered as a single intravenous (i.v.) dose or in equal divided doses of either 1 mg/kg twice weekly or 0.29 mg/kg/day over 7 days. The studies were performed using a murine disseminated candidiasis model. Animals were euthanized at 168 h following the start of treatment. Fungi grew well in the no-treatment control group and showed variable changes in fungal density in the treatment groups. When the CD101 AUC from 0 to 168 h (AUC0–168) was administered as a single dose, a >2 log10 CFU reduction from the baseline at 168 h was observed. When twice-weekly and daily regimens with similar AUC values were administered, net fungal stasis and a >1 log10 CFU increase from the baseline were observed, respectively. These data support the hypothesis that the shape of the CD101 AUC influences efficacy. Thus, CD101 administered once per week demonstrated a greater degree of fungal killing than the same dose divided into twice-weekly or daily regimens.

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