scholarly journals Effects of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Released From Synthesized Iron-based Thiourea Catalyst on the Growth, Cell Density, and Pigment Content of Chlorella Vulgaris

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Ebrahini Yazdanabdad ◽  
Ali Forghaniha ◽  
Mozhgan Emtyazjoo ◽  
Majid Ramezani
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Bioconcentration Factor ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Exposure Test ◽  
Primary Producer

Abstract This study investigated the effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles released from synthesized Thiourea catalyst to Chlorella vulgaris as an essential primary producer in aquatic systems. A range of Fe3O4 concentrations (0, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg L-1) was applied for the exposure test. Biological parameters of C. vulgaris, including cell density, cell viability, and pigment content were assessed. Bioconcentration factor and bioaccumulation were evaluated for contaminated microalgae. Non-carcinogenic risks were then assessed using target hazard quotient (THQ) for potential human consumptions. Findings showed that C. vulgaris cell numbers increased from 0 to 500 mg L-1 of Fe3O4. Chlorophyll a represented a time-dependent response, and greatest values were detected in 250 and 500 mg L-1 Fe3O4 at 4.2 and 4 mg/g, respectively. Chlorophyll b content showed a time-related manner in exposure to Fe3O4 with the highest values recorded at 250 mg L-1 after 96 h. Moreover, bioaccumulation displayed a dose-dependent response as bioaccumulated iron was in the largest amount at 15000 µg/g dw in 1000 mg L-1, whereas the lowest one was in the control group at 1700 µg/g dw. The bioconcentration factor showed a concentration-relevant decrease in all iron treatments and 10 mg L-1 of Fe3O4 represented the greatest BCF at 327.3611. Non-carcinogenic risks illustrated negligible hazard (THQ < 1) in a dose-response pattern and the largest EDI and THQ were calculated in 1000 mg L-1 at 7.4332E-07 (mg kg-1 day-1) and 1.06189E-09, respectively. In essence, iron is an essential trace element for biological aspects in aquatic systems, but in exceeding concentrations could impose toxicity effects in C. vulgaris populations.

scholarly journals The Safety Assessment of Toxic Metals in Commonly Used Herbs, Spices, Tea, and Coffee in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5779
Author(s):  
Grażyna Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Plant Materials

The presented study was aimed at the determination of the level of contamination with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in 240 samples of plant materials, i.e., herbal raw materials, spices, tea, and coffee. Moreover, a probabilistic risk assessment (noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks) was estimated by models including target hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk (CR). The samples were subjected to microwave mineralisation with the use of HNO3 (65%), while the determination of the content of the elements was performed with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) and a mercury analyser. The element which was characterised by the highest level of accumulation in the analysed samples was lead (from 0.010 to 5.680 mg/kg). Among the heavy metals under analysis, the lowest concentration was noted in the case of mercury (from 0.005 to 0.030 mg/kg). A notably higher level of contamination with heavy metals was noted in the analysed samples of herbs and spices (0.005–5.680 mg/kg), compared to samples of tea and coffee (0.005–0.791 mg/kg). According to the guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO) concerning the limits of contamination of samples of herbal raw materials with heavy metals, lead levels exceeding the limits were only noted in 24 samples of herbs (18%). In all of the analysed samples of spices, tea, and coffee, no instances of exceeded limits were noted for any of the analysed heavy metals. The values of TTHQmax (in relation to the consumption of the analysed products) were as follows: up to 4.23 × 10−2 for spices, up to 2.51 × 10−1 for herbs, up to 4.03 × 10−2 for China tea, and up to 1.25 × 10−1 for roasted coffee beans. As the value of THQ ≤1, there is no probability of the appearance of undesirable effects related to the consumption of the analysed group of raw materials and products of plant origin. The CR value for As (max. value) was 1.29 × 10−5, which is lower than the maximum acceptable level of 1 × 10−4 suggested by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

scholarly journals A new bioassay using Chlorella vulgaris cell density for detecting mycotoxins

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 5709-5712
Author(s):  
B Aboul Nasr M ◽  
A Zohri Abdel Naser ◽  
Mahmoud Amer Enas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
New Bioassay

scholarly journals Antimicrobial effect of 2% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine tested by different methods

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Estrela ◽  
Rosane Galhardo Ribeiro ◽  
Cyntia R.A. Estrela ◽  
Jesus Djalma Pécora ◽  
Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Exposure Test ◽  
Agar Diffusion ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Agar Diffusion Test

The objective of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) by agar diffusion test and by direct exposure test. Five microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and one mixture of these were used. These strains were inoculated in brain heart infusion (BHI) and incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. For the agar diffusion test (ADT), 18 Petri plates with 20 ml of BHI agar were inoculated with 0.1 ml of the microbial suspensions, using sterile swabs that were spread on the medium, obtaining growth in junction. Fifty-four paper disks (9 mm in diameter) were immersed in the experimental solutions for 1 min. Subsequently, three papers disks containing one of the substances were placed on the BHI agar surface in each agar plate. The plates were maintained for 1 h at room temperature, and then incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. The diameter of microbial inhibition was measured around the papers disks containing the substances. For the direct exposure test, 162 #50 sterile absorbent paper points were immersed in the experimental suspensions for 5 min, and were then placed on Petri plates and covered with one of the irrigant solutions, or with sterile distilled water (control group). After intervals of 5, 10 and 30 min, the paper points were removed from contact with the solutions and individually immersed in 7 ml of Letheen Broth, followed by incubation at 37ºC for 48 h. Microbial growth was evaluated by turbidity of the culture medium. A 0.1 ml inoculum obtained from the Letheen Broth was transferred to 7 ml of BHI, and incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. Bacterial growth was again evaluated by turbidity of the culture medium. Gram stain of BHI cultures was used for verification of contamination and growth was determined by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The best performance of antimicrobial effectiveness of NaOCl was observed in the direct exposure test, and of CHX was observed in the agar diffusion test. The magnitude of antimicrobial effect was influenced by the experimental methods, biological indicators and exposure time.

scholarly journals Effect of Chlorella Vulgaris and Japonochytrium sp. Microalgae Supplementation on Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1585-1593
Author(s):  
Klára Novotná ◽  
Milena Fantová ◽  
Lenka Nohejlová ◽  
Markéta Borková ◽  
Luděk Stádník ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Basic Composition ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two species of the microalgae on the milk yield, the basic composition and the fatty acid profile of goat milk, with focus on n‑3 fatty acids. Forty‑five White short‑haired goats were randomly allocated to three groups; the control group (C) with no supplementation microalgae to the diet. The first experimental group (Ch) was supplemented with Chlorella vulgaris and second experimental group (J) has been supplemented with Japonochytrium sp. The Japonochytrium supplementation negatively affected milk yield, but the amount of milk fat (+0.1 %; +0.45 %) and solids‑not‑fat (+0.27 %; +0.86 %) were higher than in group C and Ch. The amount of polyunsaturated (5.527 % ± 0.378) and saturated (71.560 % ± 0.861) fatty acids was also highest in group J. An increase of C20:4, C20:5 was detected in J and Ch, and the concentration of C22:6 was highest in group J (+0.019 %; P < 0.001).

scholarly journals Element contents and health risk assessment in wild edible mushrooms of Bosnia and Herzegovina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirsada Salihovic ◽  
Mirha Pazalja ◽  
Aida Šapčanin ◽  
Biljana P. Dojčinović ◽  
Selma Špirtović-Halilović
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Wild Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Potential Health

The content of macro- and microelements in dry samples of mushrooms of the species Macrolepiota procera, Boletus edulis and Cantharellus cibarius, collected at different areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was determined using the ICP-OES method (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). Of the macroelements, K is the most represented, followed by S, P, Mg, and the least represented Ca and Na. Zn is the most represented of the essential microelements, followed by Fe, Se, Cu, Mn and Co. Al is the most abundant of the other trace elements followed by Ni and Cr. Of the toxic metals, the most represented is Cd, followed by Pb and As. There are differences in the concentration of micro- and macroelements in the mushrooms analysed, depending on the area from which they were collected because natural geology and geochemistry influence the content of macro- and microelements in wild edible mushrooms. The results show that the analysed mushrooms can be considered a good source of essential elements. The study also assessed potential health risks of heavy metals and the target hazard quotient (THQ) for As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in the analysed mushrooms was lower than the safe level. The carcinogenic risk index revealed that Cd and Ni are the most prevalent pollutants in the mushrooms studied.  

scholarly journals Growth characteristics of shade-acclimated marine Chlorella vulgaris under high-cell-density conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5(SI)) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Katayama ◽  
◽  
N. Nagao ◽  
M. Goto ◽  
F. Md. Yusoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
High Cell Density ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
High Cell

scholarly journals Exploration of IAA Producing Bacteria And Amylolitic Bacteria From Several East Java Lakes, and Their Potency For Microbial Consortium To Accelerate Chlorella Vulgaris Growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imroatun Nafi'ah ◽  
Sitoresmi Prabaningtyas ◽  
Agung Witjoro ◽  
Yanis Kurnia Basitoh ◽  
Achmad Rodiansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacteria Culture

Abstract The consortium of various types of bacteria from lakes in East Java has the potency to stimulate microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth. Increased microalgae density from co-culture has an excellent potency for sources of biomass that can be developed for renewable energy. Several stages conducted of this research started from an exploration of IAA producing bacteria and amylolytic bacteria from several East Java Lakes; then, the highest bacterial isolates were identified with morphological and genotypical characteristics. The well-characterized bacterial isolates were used for the microbial consortium in co-culture with C. vulgaris. The treatment used in this study as follows: I) C. vulgaris without bacteria culture as a control, II) amylolytic bacteria + C. vulgaris, III) IAA-producing bacteria + C. vulgaris, IV) potential amylolytic bacteria and IAA-producing bacteria + C. vulgaris. The exploration result of potential bacteria from Ranu Pani, Ranu Regulo, Telaga Ngebel, and Ranu Grati lakes was found 53 amylolytic bacterial isolates, and 90 isolates IAA-producing bacteria. The highest amylolytic bacteria (isolate L) is related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, while the most elevated IAA-producing bacteria (isolate C) is related to Bacillus paramycoides. The highest cell density was produced in treatment III, reaching 2.7 x 106 cells/mL on day 50th. The treatments with supplement bacteria showed a significant effect for accelerating the growth of microalgae compared to control.

scholarly journals Potential health risk assessment of toxic metals contamination in clay eaten as pica (geophagia) among pregnant women of Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nii Korley Kortei ◽  
Alice Koryo-Dabrah ◽  
Papa Toah Akonor ◽  
Nana Yaw Barima Manaphraim ◽  
Matilda Ayim-Akonor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Volta Region

Abstract Introduction: Geophagia although pleasurable and somewhat a necessity among pregnant women, also comes along with its own attendant problems such as exposure to potentially hazardous substances like bacteria, fungi, helminthes and ova, radioactive materials, and toxic elemental minerals in the soil depending on the geographical location.Methodology: This study evaluated the potential health risk involved during the exposure of pregnant women to toxic elemental minerals via the consumption of clay as pica (geophagia). Elemental mineral analysis was carried out using Buck Scientific 210VGP Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Inc. East Norwalk, USA). Risk assessment methods were also used to ascertain the various risks factors and the overall risk level.Results: Concentrations of the macro elements investigated were 1.38 ± 1.5, 2.40± 1.5, 7.74± 1.5, 4.01± 1.0, 13.24± 2.2 and 13.76± 2.1 mg/Kg for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) respectively. While that for the micro elements were 1.63± 0.03 µg/Kg, 4.72±0.8, 0.53±0.02 and 1.85±0.3 mg/kg respectively for arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni). Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) values ranged 0.611- 5.44 (mg/kg Bw/day), 6.26x10-4 – 106.5, 0.067-10.34 and 15 respectively.Conclusion: There is the likelihood of posing adverse health problems when clay samples obtained from Anfoega which is sited in the Volta region of Ghana is consumed due to the fact that the HQ’s of these elemental minerals were >1 which points to high content of Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni). It is also likely to cause adverse health problems in an individual’s life time since THQ for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel were above 1. Ultimately, the cumulative effect of these toxicants were exceedingly great (≤ 15) which implied a high level of unsafety associated with this clay. Per the results from this study, it is not safe for pregnant women to consume clay as pica since these toxic elements may cause detrimental effects on the foetus of the unborn child.

scholarly journals Morphological features of the corneal endothelium in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inessa S. Beletskaya ◽  
Sergey Yu. Astakhov ◽  
Natalya V. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Corneal Endothelium ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Endothelial Cell Density ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma

Purpose. To study the main morphological features of the corneal endothelium in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG). Methods. We included 193 subjects aged from 55 to 75 years. The main study group (PEG) included 96 patients (192 eyes), the primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) group included 36 patients (72 eyes) with POAG, the PEX group included 31 patients (62 eyes) with pseudoexfoliation syndrome without glaucoma. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects (60 eyes). Main corneal endothelium parameters were evaluated using a non-contact endothelial microscope EM-935 (Haag Streit, Switzerland). Data were analyzed by STATISTICA 9 software for Windows. Results. The patients with PEG had lower endothelial cell density (ECD) in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01), and PEX group (p < 0.05). The polymegatism level in patients with PEG and POAG was higher than in the control group (p < 0.001, and p < 0.01, correspondingly). In patients with moderate and advanced PEG, the ECD was significantly lower (p < 0.01), and the polymegatism level was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the same parameters in patients with early PEG. The lowest ECD and the highest polymegatism percentage were observed in PEG patients with more pronounced PEX manifestations, p < 0.05. No effect of IOP-lowering eye drops on the corneal endothelium parameters was revealed, p < 0.05. Conclusions. Significant morphological changes of the corneal endothelium (decreased endothelial cell density, increased polymegatism percentage) were revealed in patients with PEG. It was established that the severity of these changes is associated with the PEG and PEX severity. No effect of IOP-lowering eye drops on the corneal endothelium parameters was detected.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury on Human Health in Relation to the Consumption of Farmed Sea Bass in Italy: A Meta-Analytical Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calogero Di Bella ◽  
Antonino Calagna ◽  
Gaetano Cammilleri ◽  
Pietro Schembri ◽  
Daniela Lo Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Weekly Intake ◽  
Tolerable Weekly Intake ◽  
Significant Difference

A risk assessment, related to the consumption of farmed sea bass, was carried out by meta-analysis, taking into account the concentration of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) reported in the literature, the estimated weekly intake (EWI), the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), and the target hazard quotient (THQ). The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg in farmed sea bass marketed in Sicily (Southern Italy) were also assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to have screening data for the comparison with literature results. In any case, the results obtained by meta-analysis and by screening were lower than the pre-established legal limits for each metal. The meta-analysis results showed very low levels of Cd (0.031 μg g–1 w.w.), Pb (0.110 μg g–1 w.w.), and Hg (0.023 μg g–1 w.w.). The EWI estimation confirmed safety limits for human health (0.004, 0.015, and 0.003 μg kg–1 for Cd, Pb, and Hg, respectively). Even the THQ demonstrated that farmed sea bass represent a secure food for humans (0.0006, 0.0005, and 0.0048 for Cd, Pb, and Hg, respectively). The comparison with our screening data showed a significant difference only for the Pb levels (p &lt; 0.05). The results obtained were compared with the same indexes relative to other food types (meat, cereals, vegetables, etc.). The EWI and THQ calculated were always lower than same indexes relative to other food types considered.

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