scholarly journals Age at Smoking Onset and Risk of Heavy Cigarette Smoking Among Iranian Adult Male: An Application of Generalized Additive Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Manoochehri ◽  
Javad Faradmal ◽  
Abbas Moghimbeigi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Generalized Additive Model ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Abstract Background: Because the age at which a person first starts smoking has such a strong correlation with future smoking behaviours, it's crucial to examine its relationship with smoking intensity. However, it is still challenging to accurately identify this relationship due to limitations in the methodology of the performed studies .Therefore the main purpose of this study is to evaluate this relationship and also to identify the other risk factors affecting smoking intensity using an appropriate model.Methods: Data from 913 Iranian male current smokers over the age of 18 was evaluated from a national cross-sectional survey of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in 2016. Individuals were classified into: light, moderate, and heavy smokers. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to assess the relationship.Results: 246 (26.9%) subjects were light smokers, 190 (20.8%) subjects were moderate smokers and 477 (52.2%) subjects were heavy smokers. According to the GAM results, the relationship was nonlinear and smokers who started smoking at a younger age were more likely to become heavy smokers. The factors of unemployment (OR = 1.364), retirement (OR = 1.217), and exposure to secondhand smoke at home (OR = 1.364) increased the risk of heavy smoking. but, smokers with high-income (OR = 0.742) had a low tendency to heavy smoking. Conclusions: GAM identified the nonlinear relationship between the age of onset of smoking and smoking intensity. Tobacco control programs should be focused on young and adolescent groups and poorer socio-economic communities.

Relationship between catch, effort, CPUE and local abundance for non-target species, such as billfishes, caught by Indian Ocean longline fisheries

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Fonteneau ◽  
Nicolas Richard
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Generalized Additive Model ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Longline Fisheries ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyses the local relationship between effort, catches, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and abundance of target species (such as tunas) and of non-target species (such as billfishes). The Indian Ocean longline fisheries are taken as an example. This paper evaluates the potential bias in the relationship between local CPUE and abundance when fisheries are increasing their fishing effort. A presentation of the Indian Ocean longline fisheries is carried out. A statistical analysis of CPUE is conducted using a generalized additive model which tends to indicate that the local effort is an important component in the statistical behaviour of the local CPUE. A migratory model in which both resources and fisheries are mobile was built. This model simulates the combined exploitation of two species, a target and a bycatch species, both fished at increasing intensity. This model confirms the potential bias as a result of the concentration of fishing effort in areas of high density of the target species. It also suggests that the CPUE of bycatch species may be more heavily biased because of their status. It is recommended that local fishing efforts should preferably be taken into account in order to calculate the CPUE of both target and non-target species.

scholarly journals The Effect of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Daily Cases and Deaths Based on Global Vaccine Data

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1328
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Li ◽  
Xiangtong Liu ◽  
Mengyang Liu ◽  
Zhiyuan Wu ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Generalized Additive Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Fair Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic, has caused over 216 million cases and 4.50 million deaths as of 30 August 2021. Vaccines can be regarded as one of the most powerful weapons to eliminate the pandemic, but the impact of vaccines on daily COVID-19 cases and deaths by country is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between vaccines and daily newly confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 in each country worldwide. Methods: Daily data on firstly vaccinated people, fully vaccinated people, new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 were collected from 187 countries. First, we used a generalized additive model (GAM) to analyze the association between daily vaccinated people and daily new cases and deaths of COVID-19. Second, a random effects meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the global pooled results. Results: In total, 187 countries and regions were included in the study. During the study period, 1,011,918,763 doses of vaccine were administered, 540,623,907 people received at least one dose of vaccine, and 230,501,824 people received two doses. For the relationship between vaccination and daily increasing cases of COVID-19, the results showed that daily increasing cases of COVID-19 would be reduced by 24.43% [95% CI: 18.89, 29.59] and 7.50% [95% CI: 6.18, 8.80] with 10,000 fully vaccinated people per day and at least one dose of vaccine, respectively. Daily increasing deaths of COVID-19 would be reduced by 13.32% [95% CI: 3.81, 21.89] and 2.02% [95% CI: 0.18, 4.16] with 10,000 fully vaccinated people per day and at least one dose of vaccine, respectively. Conclusions: These findings showed that vaccination can effectively reduce the new cases and deaths of COVID-19, but vaccines are not distributed fairly worldwide. There is an urgent need to accelerate the speed of vaccination and promote its fair distribution across countries.

scholarly journals Urbanization Levels and Its Association with Prevalence of Risk Factors and Colorectal Cancer Incidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Enayatrad ◽  
Parvin Yavari ◽  
Hamid Vahedi ◽  
Sepideh Mahdavi ◽  
Koorosh Etemad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Incidence ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. This study aimed to determine the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of colorectal cancer in Urbanization levels in Iran. Methods: This was a population-based study. Urbanization levels were determined using the census data of the Statistical Center in 2012. Data on risk factors for colorectal cancer were obtained from the information provided by the Iranian Non-Communicable Disease Control Center and the incidence of colorectal cancer from the data from the National Cancer Registry System. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between colorectal cancer risk factors and urbanization levels with colorectal cancer incidence. For statistical analysis, SPSS and Stata software were used. A significant level of P≤0.05 was considered. Results: The relationship between urbanization levels and risk factors with the incidence of colorectal cancer, nutrition Status, tobacco use, and body mass index were not significant. There was a significant relationship between physical activity and incidence at different levels and between levels of urbanization and incidence rate, indicating a lower incidence rate of colorectal cancer at lower levels of urbanization. Conclusion: Colorectal cancer incidence is higher at higher levels of urbanization than lower levels. The difference between regions in terms of urbanization can have in flounce on access to facilities, health service, and counseling opportunities to modify the risk factors and access to proper screening and follow-up care.

scholarly journals Adolescent Light Cigarette Smoking Patterns and Adult Cigarette Smoking

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Constance Wiener ◽  
Alcinda K. Trickett Shockey ◽  
Susan K. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
Light Smoking ◽  
Smoking Patterns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Purpose. Light cigarette smoking has had limited research. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between light smoking in adolescence with smoking in adulthood. Methods. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data, Waves I and IV, were analyzed. Previous month adolescent smoking of 1–5 cigarettes/day (cpd) (light smoking); 6–16 cpd (average smoking); 17 or more cpd (heavy smoking); and nonsmoking were compared with the outcome of adult smoking. Results. At baseline, 15.9% of adolescents were light smokers, 6.8% were average smokers, and 3.6% were heavy smokers. The smoking patterns were significantly related to adult smoking. In logistic regression analyses, adolescent light smokers had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.45 (95% CI: 2.00, 3.00) of adult smoking; adolescent average or heavy smokers had AOR of 5.57 (95% CI: 4.17, 7.43) and 5.23 (95% CI: 3.29, 8.31), respectively. Conclusion. Individuals who initiate light cigarette smoking during adolescence are more likely to smoke as young adults. Practical Implications. When screening for tobacco use by adolescents, there is a need to verify that the adolescents understand that light smoking constitutes smoking. There is a need for healthcare providers to initiate interventions for adolescent light smoking.

scholarly journals Prevalence and knowledge of risk factors for diabetes mellitus among secondary school teachers in Abakaliki Educational Zone, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
BN Azuogu ◽  
UC Madubueze ◽  
AF Una ◽  
IN Okedo-Alex ◽  
VC Azuogu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes

Background: Teachers play an important role in delivering health education to empower students with skills for healthy living pertinent to prevent the development of non-communicable diseases. The development of non-communicable disease like hypertension, diabetes, obesity and cancers is highly associated with modifiable lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of self-reported Diabetes Mellitus, knowledge of its risk factors as well as risk factors among secondary school teachers in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 282 secondary school teachers selected through multistage sampling technique using a self-administered pre-tested questionnaire for data collection. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 to determine associations between socio-demographic variables and knowledge of the risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Results: The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus among the teachers was 3.5%. The knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus was generally poor as about 60% of respondents were categorized as having poor knowledge and 4.9% of them had glycosuria while majority 172 (61.0%) reported family history of Diabetes Mellitus. More than half (58.5%) reported not engaging in any form of physical exercise and more than half were considered overweight/obese. There was statistically significant relationship between family history and general knowledge of diabetes mellitus risk factors, (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge of risk factors of diabetes mellitus was poor among the teachers, and there is urgent need for orientation towards routine screening for diabetes mellitus for this group of professionals who are strategic for education of teenagers.

scholarly journals PERCEPTION OF RISK AND DRIVING UNDER THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN A MULTICENTER STUDY: COLOMBIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (spe) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan David Moncaleano ◽  
Bruna Brands
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Perception Of Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of risk and the behavior of driving under the influence of alcohol or marijuana or getting into a vehicle driven by someone under the effects of these substances in order to identify risk factors and protective factors. Method: multicenter study cross sectional survey with students from a University in Colombia (n = 493) completed a survey prepared during the International Program of Training in Research for Health Professionals and Related Areas to Study the Drug Phenomenon in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results: an inverse relationship was observed between each of the three levels of risk perception: detection (p<.001), punishment (p<.05) and harm (p<.001), and driving behaviors with alcohol. This same type of relationship is observed with marijuana in terms of perceived risk of being involved in an accident (p<.05). However, regarding to marijuana, there is not enough evidence of an association with the perceived risk of being arrested or punished. The results show that there is an inverse relationship between what the students' relatives and friends think and do and the perception of risk of being arrested (p<.001), punished (p<.001) or of being involved in an accident (p<.001) for driving under the influence of alcohol and marijuana at the same time. Conclusion: the results suggest that there are risk factors and protective factors that can be intervened to prevent injuries or fatal events associated with driving under the influence of alcohol or marijuana.

scholarly journals The relationship between adolescent depressive symptomology and substance abuse

Curationis ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Blore ◽  
S. Schulze ◽  
A.C. Lessing
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
South African ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Depressive Symptomology ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
African Context ◽  
The Relationship

The research aimed to investigate the phenomena of adolescent depressive symptomology, substance abuse and the relationship between the two phenomena in a South African context. The influence of moderator variables was also examined. Another objective was to determine risk factors for the before mentioned. This was done by using a questionnaire with a sample of 1298 conveniently selected adolescents in a South African high school. It was determined that adolescents become progressively unhappier from 13 to 17 years of age. Girls are more depressed than boys. This research also revealed that adolescent depressive symptomology is significantly and positively correlated with earlier age of onset of substance abuse as well as frequency of usage. There appear to be no gender differences in substance abuse but teenagers from different ethnic and language groups differ in their use of substances. Risk factors for depression and substance abuse included a conflict relationship with parents, the experience of major stressful events, dissatisfaction with school grades and friends’ use of substances.

GAMLSS for high-variability data: an application to liver fibrosis case

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Marletta ◽  
Mariangela Sciandra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Generalized Additive Model ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Finite Mixture Model ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Finite Mixture ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Variability Data

AbstractThis article aims to provide rigorous and convenient statistical models for dealing with high-variability phenomena. The presence of discrepance in variance represents a substantial issue when it is not possible to reduce variability before analysing the data, leading to the possibility to estimate an inadequate model. In this paper, the application of Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) and the use of finite mixture model for GAMLSS will be proposed as a solution to the problem of overdispersion. An application to Liver fibrosis data is illustrated in order to identify potential risk factors for patients, which could determine the presence of the disease but also its levels of severity.

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