scholarly journals Latent disconnectome prediction of long-term cognitive symptoms in stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Talozzi ◽  
Stephanie Forkel ◽  
Valentina Pacella ◽  
Victor Nozais ◽  
Maurizio Corbetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Out Of Sample Prediction

Abstract Stroke significantly impacts quality of life. However, the long-term cognitive evolution in stroke is poorly predictable at the individual level. There is an urgent need for a better prediction of long-term symptoms based on acute clinical neuroimaging data. Previous works have demonstrated a strong relationship between the location of white matter disconnections and clinical symptoms. However, rendering the entire space of possible disconnections-deficit associations optimally surveyable will allow for a systematic association between brain disconnections and cognitive-behavioural measures at the individual level. Here we present the most comprehensive framework, a composite morphospace to predict neuropsychological scores one year after stroke. Linking the latent disconnectome morphospace to neuropsychological outcomes yields biological insights available as the first comprehensive atlas of disconnectome-deficit relations across 86 neuropsychological scores. Out-of-sample prediction derived from this atlas achieved average accuracy over 80%, which is higher than any other framework. Our novel predictive framework is available as an interactive web application, the disconnectome symptoms discoverer (http://disconnectomestudio.bcblab.com), to provide the foundations for a new and practical approach to modelling cognition in stroke. Our atlas and web application will reduce the burden of cognitive deficits on patients, their families, and wider society while also helping to tailor personalized treatment programs and discover new targets for treatments. We expect the range of assessments and the predictive power of our framework to increase even further through future crowdsourcing.

scholarly journals Does workplace social capital protect against long-term sickness absence? Linking workplace aggregated social capital to sickness absence registry data

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie K. Hansen ◽  
Ida E. H. Madsen ◽  
Sannie Vester Thorsen ◽  
Ole Melkevik ◽  
Jakob Bue Bjørner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
Workplace Social Capital

Aims: Most previous prospective studies have examined workplace social capital as a resource of the individual. However, literature suggests that social capital is a collective good. In the present study we examined whether a high level of workplace aggregated social capital (WASC) predicts a decreased risk of individual-level long-term sickness absence (LTSA) in Danish private sector employees. Methods: A sample of 2043 employees (aged 18–64 years, 38.5% women) from 260 Danish private-sector companies filled in a questionnaire on workplace social capital and covariates. WASC was calculated by assigning the company-averaged social capital score to all employees of each company. We derived LTSA, defined as sickness absence of more than three weeks, from a national register. We examined if WASC predicted employee LTSA using multilevel survival analyses, while excluding participants with LTSA in the three months preceding baseline. Results: We found no statistically significant association in any of the analyses. The hazard ratio for LTSA in the fully adjusted model was 0.93 (95% CI 0.77–1.13) per one standard deviation increase in WASC. When using WASC as a categorical exposure we found a statistically non-significant tendency towards a decreased risk of LTSA in employees with medium WASC (fully adjusted model: HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.48–1.27)). Post hoc analyses with workplace social capital as a resource of the individual showed similar results. Conclusions: WASC did not predict LTSA in this sample of Danish private-sector employees.

scholarly journals A Cold Shower for the Hot Hand Fallacy: Robust Evidence that Belief in the Hot Hand is Justified

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Benjamin Miller ◽  
Adam Sanjurjo
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fundamental Limitations ◽  
Hot Hand ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Original Domain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Illusion ◽  
Basketball Shooting

The hot hand fallacy has long been considered a massive and widespread cognitive illusion with important implications in economics and finance. We develop a novel empirical strategy to correct for several fundamental limitations in the canonical study and replications, conduct an improved field experiment to test for the hot hand in its original domain (basketball shooting), and gather all extant controlled shooting data. We find strong evidence of hot hand shooting in every dataset, including on the individual level. Also, in a novel study of beliefs, we find that expert observers can predict (out-of-sample) which shooters are hotter.

scholarly journals Proactive machine-learning-based approaches to vaccine hesitancy for a potential SARS-Cov-2 vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Oreskovic ◽  
M Kujundzic TIljak
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Tailored Communication ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Polls in the US and France found a concerning share of respondents (50% and 26%, respectively) stating that they are not committed to receiving or simply saying they would not accept vaccination against SARS-CoV-2[1][2]. In this context, it is worth revisiting machine-learning approaches to predicting vaccine hesitancy - such as the one developed for MMR vaccination at the individual level by Bell et al.[4] amid Europe's recent measles epidemic - as a first step of a proactive policy. Proposed Methods and Expectations In the MMR case, using 44K child-healthcare records including vaccination data, a LASSO logistic regression based on a low number of attributes of the child and his or her family and community produced risk scores, making them readily interpretable by healthcare professionals. Since children are regularly the target population for immunization efforts, recent pediatric and school-age records, in concert with other social and medical features, could provide suitable input for algorithms estimating the probability of refusal of a SARS-Cov-2 vaccine for other members of a household. This is contingent upon data on acceptance and refusal being collected and paired with these inputs in areas where the vaccine will first be deployed (if developed), which gives another argument for such timely and organized data collection. Speculating about the future performance of a new model trained on truly “out of sample” data specific to a novel problem should be avoided. Benchmarks for success in terms of measures such as precision and recall, however, have to be set in light of the gravity of the issue and other available methods. Finally, any model trained with the aim of predicting vaccine hesitancy for a SARS-Cov-2 vaccine should be coupled with tailored communication policies tested as part of the first vaccination efforts. Cornwall, Science Mag, Jun 30, 2020Peretti-Watel et al., The Lancet, May 20, 2020Bell et al., IEEE ICHI, 2019 Key messages Data on acceptance and refusal for the first (potential) SARS-Cov-2 vaccination campaigns should be collected and matched with health records to enable models predicting vaccine hesitancy. The output of machine learning models predicting vaccine hesitancy should be paired with tested policies respectfully communicating reliable information on vaccination.

Suitability of a young deciduous-dominated forest for American marten and the effects of forest removal

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim G Poole ◽  
Aswea D Porter ◽  
Andrew de Vries ◽  
Chris Maundrell ◽  
Scott D Grindal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
American Marten ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

American marten (Martes americana (Turton, 1806)) are generally considered to be reliant upon and most successful in continuous late-successional coniferous forests. By contrast, young seral forests and deciduous-dominated forests are assumed to provide low-quality marten habitat, primarily as a result of insufficient structure, overhead cover, and prey. This study examined a moderate-density population of marten in northeastern British Columbia in what appeared to be comparatively low-quality, deciduous-dominated habitat, overgrown agricultural land primarily consisting of 30- to 40-year-old stands of regenerating trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Over 4 years, we monitored 52 radio-collared marten. The population appeared to be stable, as indicated by large numbers of adults, relatively constant densities, long-term residency of many individuals, low mortality rates, and older age structure. Relatively small home ranges (males, 3.3 km2; females, 2.0 km2) implied good habitat quality and prey availability. Shearing (removal of immature forest cover) of 17% of the study area resulted in home range shifts at the individual level but no detectable impact at the population level. Categorically, marten avoided nonforested cover types and preferred mature coniferous (>25% conifer) stands (7% of the study area) but otherwise appeared to use all forested stands relative to their availability, including extensive use of deciduous-dominated stands and deciduous stands <40 years of age. Thus, these young deciduous forests appeared to have sufficient structure, overhead cover, and prey to maintain moderate densities of resident marten on a long-term basis.

scholarly journals Addressing the Pension Decumulation Phase of Employee Retirement Planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Miguel Ventura Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Data ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Bequest Motives ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Life Annuity ◽  
Financial Options ◽  
Income Stream ◽  
The Individual

Longevity increases and population ageing create challenges for all societal institutions, particularly those providing retirement income, healthcare, and long-term care services. At the individual level, an obvious question is how to ensure all retirees have an adequate, secure, stable, and predictable lifelong income stream that will allow them to maintain a target standard of living for, however, long the individual lives. In this chapter, we review and discuss the main pension decumulation options by explicitly modelling consumers’ behaviour and objectives though an objective function based on utility theory accounting for consumption and bequest motives and different risk preferences. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation approach calibrated to US financial market and mortality data, our results suggest that purchasing a capped participating longevity-linked life annuity at retirement including embedded longevity and financial options that allow the annuity provider to periodically revise annuity payments if observed survivorship and portfolio outcomes deviate from expected (or guaranteed) values at contract initiation deliver superior welfare results when compared with classical annuitization and non-annuitization decumulation strategies.

scholarly journals In Search of Network Sustainability: A Multi-Level Perspective on the Paradox of Cooperation and Competition in Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Austen
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Local Partnerships ◽  
Research Show

Although all types of public collaborative networks are aimed towards taking joint actions, relations between partner organizations are not always so explicit. Referring to the dialectic approach, it may be concluded that a number of tensions are identifiable in networks, among them tension between cooperation and competition. Understanding the tensions that exist in inter-organizational networks is vital for a proper comprehension of networks, as continuous efforts to meet multiple, divergent demands should bring about long–term sustainability. To examine the phenomena of cooperation and competition in interorganizational networks, a quantitative study on local partnerships among Social Welfare Centers and other public institutions and non-profit institutions was conducted. Using a multi-level perspective, the research introduces orientation towards both cooperation and competition at different levels of analysis and examines the tensions between them. The results of this research show that there is a mutual influence of orientation towards competition/cooperation, both at the individual level and the network level, and that there is a mutual influence of the reconciliation of the contradictions between orientation towards cooperation and orientation towards competition both at the individual level and the network level.

scholarly journals Marital strain trajectories over a quarter century and spouses’ loneliness: Couple-level and individual pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandauda A. S. Wickrama ◽  
Tae Kyoung Lee ◽  
Catherine Walker O’Neal
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Marital Strain ◽  
Over 40 Years

Although research suggests that stressful marital experiences may lead to feelings of loneliness in later life, little is known about the influence of marital strain over an extended period of time on loneliness in later years. Thus, in the present study, drawing from family systems and cognitive theories along with common fate and actor–partner interdependence modeling approaches, we hypothesized a hybrid model comprised of two multilevel pathways explaining the persistent influence of marital strain on loneliness, including: (a) a couple-level pathway and (b) an individual pathway involving within-spouse and between-spouse effects. Specifically, we investigated the influences of individual- and couple-level trajectories of marital strain over a period of 25 years (from 1991 to 2015) on loneliness outcomes in later years with a sample of 257 couples in enduring, long-term (over 40 years) marriages. The results mostly supported both hypothesized pathways. Consistent with the pathway involving a couple-level process, couple-level trajectories of marital strain predicted couples’ later-life loneliness as reflected by both spouses’ reports of loneliness (shared perceptions). In addition, at the individual level, each spouses’ unexplained variances (unique perception) in marital strain trajectories predicted his/her own later-life loneliness outcomes (within-spouse effect or actor effect). Findings are discussed as they relate to intervention and prevention programs focusing on the well-being of married couples in later life.

Voting Outcomes in the 1984 Democratic Party Primaries and Caucuses

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wayne Parent ◽  
Calvin C. Jillson ◽  
Ronald E. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Primary Election ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Scholarly inquiry concerning influences on electoral outcomes in the presidential nomination process, though extensive, has been conducted almost exclusively with data collected at the individual level of analysis. The Michigan model of normal vote analysis suggests that long-term influences measured at the aggregate level, such as the sociodemographic, economic, and ideological characteristics of the states, are also important in determining electoral outcomes. We present an aggregate-level analysis of state characteristics that affected the Hart, Jackson, and Mondale vote proportions in the 1984 Democratic caucuses and primaries. Our primary election models explain between 65% and 83% of the variance in candidate vote shares, with sociodemographic and economic factors as the leading indicators. In the caucuses, we find that campaign spending and sociodemographic influences are dominant in models that explain between 38% and 81% of the variance. We conclude with a brief discussion of what our findings mean for future Democratic candidates.

The Meaning of the Future for the Oldest Old

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margareta Nilsson ◽  
Anneli Sarvimäki ◽  
Sirkka-Liisa Ekman
Keyword(s):  
Life Story ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The Future ◽  
Wait And See ◽  
Life Story Interviews ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the study was to highlight the oldest old people's view of their future from a perspective of philosophy of life. Data was collected by means of life story interviews with 15 persons. The analysis was performed by utilizing a phenomenological hermeneutic method and the interpretation was guided by the conceptual framework of philosophy of life as designated by Jeffner (1988). The following themes emerged: future seen as everyday life; future-oriented values; and thoughts about life and death. The oldest old were found to view their future in ways that ranged from a tangible positive approach via a wait-and-see policy to a negative approach. Their perception of their future implied two different time perspectives, their immediate future and a more long-term perspective of the future. Furthermore, the future was experienced on three different levels, the individual level, the intergenerational level, and the metaphysical level.

scholarly journals Long-term Stability of Orthodontic Treatment and Patient Satisfaction

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bondemark ◽  
Anna-Karin Holm ◽  
Ken Hansen ◽  
Susanna Axelsson ◽  
Bengt Mohlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Open Bite ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Objective: To evaluate morphologic stability and patient satisfaction at least 5 years after orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Published literature was searched through the PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases from 1966 to January 2005. The search was performed by an information specialist at the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. The inclusion criteria consisted of a follow-up period of at least 5 years postretention; randomized clinical trials, prospective or retrospective clinical controlled studies, and cohort studies; and orthodontic treatment including fixed or removable appliances, selective grinding, or extractions. Two reviewers extracted the data independently and also assessed the quality of the studies. Results: The search strategy resulted in 1004 abstracts or full-text articles, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria. Treatment of crowding resulted in successful dental alignment. However, the mandibular arch length and width gradually decreased, and crowding of the lower anterior teeth reoccurred postretention. This condition was unpredictable at the individual level (limited evidence). Treatment of Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion with Herbst appliance normalized the occlusion. Relapse occurred but could not be predicted at the individual level (limited evidence). The scientific evidence was insufficient for conclusions on treatment of cross-bite, Angle Class III, open bite, and various other malocclusions as well as on patient satisfaction in a long-term perspective. Conclusions: This review has exposed the difficulties in drawing meaningful evidence-based conclusions often because of the inherent problems of retrospective and uncontrolled study design.

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