scholarly journals Human CSF Movement Influenced by Vascular Low Frequency Oscillations and Respiration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidhya Vijayakrishnan Nair ◽  
Brianna R Kish ◽  
Ben Inglis ◽  
Ho-Ching (Shawn) Yang ◽  
Yu-Chien Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Frequency Interaction ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background: Cerebrospinal fluid movement (CSF) through the pathways within the central nervous system is of high significance for maintaining normal brain health and function. Low frequency hemodynamics and respiration have both been shown to independently drive CSF in humans. Here, we hypothesize that CSF movement may be driven simultaneously (and in synchrony) by both mechanisms and we study their independent and interactive effects on CSF movement using novel neck fMRI scans.Methods: Caudad CSF movement at the fourth ventricle and hemodynamics of the major neck blood vessels (internal carotid arteries and internal jugular veins) were captured from 11 young healthy volunteers using novel neck fMRI scans with simultaneous measurement of respiration. Two distinct models of CSF movement (1. Low-frequency hemodynamics and 2. Respiration) were independently investigated in corresponding frequency ranges. Possible interactions between these mechanisms were also studied using cross-frequency coupling.Results: The results from this study validated that the caudad CSF movement may be driven by both low frequency hemodynamics (0.01 Hz – 0.1 Hz) and respiration (0.2 Hz - 0.4 Hz), through different mechanisms. We show that the dynamics of brain fluids can be assessed from the neck, by studying the interrelationships between major neck blood vessels and the CSF movement at the fourth ventricle. We also demonstrate that there exists a cross-frequency interaction between two separable mechanisms.Conclusions: The human CSF system is capable of responding to multiple interacting physiological forces at the same time. This information may help inform the pathological mechanisms behind CSF movement-related disorders and facilitate new approaches to therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Neurovascular unit transport responses to ischemia and common coexisting conditions: smoking and diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (1) ◽  
pp. C2-C15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali E. Sifat ◽  
Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya ◽  
Heidi Villalba ◽  
Thamer H. Albekairi ◽  
Thomas J. Abbruscato
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Ischemic Episode ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Transporters at the neurovascular unit (NVU) are vital for the regulation of normal brain physiology via ion, water, and nutrients movement. In ischemic stroke, the reduction of cerebral blood flow causes several complex pathophysiological changes in the brain, one of which includes alterations of the NVU transporters, which can exacerbate stroke outcome by increased brain edema (by altering ion, water, and glutamate transporters), altered energy metabolism (by altering glucose transporters), and enhanced drug toxicity (by altering efflux transporters). Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors as well as coexisting conditions in ischemic stroke that are also reported to change the expression and function of NVU transporters. Coexistence of these conditions could cause an additive effect in terms of the alterations of brain transporters that might lead to worsened ischemic stroke prognosis and recovery. In this review, we have discussed the effects of ischemic stroke, smoking, and diabetes on some essential NVU transporters and how the simultaneous presence of these conditions can affect the clinical outcome after an ischemic episode. Further scientific investigations are required to elucidate changes in NVU transport in cerebral ischemia, which can lead to better, personalized therapeutic interventions tailor-made for these comorbid conditions.

scholarly journals No Longer Underappreciated: The Emerging Concept of Astrocyte Heterogeneity in Neuroscience

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pestana ◽  
Gabriela Edwards-Faret ◽  
T. Grant Belgard ◽  
Araks Martirosyan ◽  
Matthew G. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Barrier Formation ◽  
Astrocyte Heterogeneity ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Astrocytes are ubiquitous in the central nervous system (CNS). These cells possess thousands of individual processes, which extend out into the neuropil, interacting with neurons, other glia and blood vessels. Paralleling the wide diversity of their interactions, astrocytes have been reported to play key roles in supporting CNS structure, metabolism, blood-brain-barrier formation and control of vascular blood flow, axon guidance, synapse formation and modulation of synaptic transmission. Traditionally, astrocytes have been studied as a homogenous group of cells. However, recent studies have uncovered a surprising degree of heterogeneity in their development and function, in both the healthy and diseased brain. A better understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity is urgently needed to understand normal brain function, as well as the role of astrocytes in response to injury and disease.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE PERIVASCULAR TISSUES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WITH THE SUPRAVITAL TECHNIQUE

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Kubie
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Fusiform Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Herpetic Encephalitis

1. The presence of clasmatocytes in the adventitial sheath of the blood vessels of the normal brain has been shown. Thus far, these are the only mesodermal phagocytes, the presence of which in the central nervous system has proven to be demonstrable by the supravital technique. 2. The clasmatocytes are vacuolated even normally. 3. The vacuolation increases in the clasmatocytes of the whole brain as result of a localized injury, and it increases also throughout the central nervous system in the early stages of an herpetic encephalitis, even before gross damage to nerve cells or myelin can be demonstrated. 4. The endothelial cells of blood vessels have not exhibited any signs of multiplication or of vacuolation. They have not apparently given rise to any of these phagocytes, nor taken any part in the phagocytic reaction themselves. 5. Along capillaries, the phagocytic cells are seen only rarely, and it is possible that they have wandered along these vessels from the nearby venules and arterioles. 6. Trypan blue, injected without pressure into the subarachnoid space, finds its way rapidly down the perivascular sheath and enters the clasmatocytes of the sheath, deep within the substance of the brain. From this fact may be deduced the functional patency of the perivascular channels and their continuity with the subarachnoid space. 7. Lymphocytes are seen normally in the perivascular sheath, and the presence of the large young forms along with the intermediate and the small old cells suggests that they develop in this situation and give rise to the lymphocytes of the cerebrospinal fluid by wandering out into the subarachnoid space. 8. In response to an herpetic encephalitis, as well as other injury, a huge increase in the number of lymphocytes and of clasmatocytes occurs in the perivascular tissues. 9. The multiplication of both cell types seems to begin simultaneously, but never at the same spot, any one point along a vessel exhibiting a marked preponderance of either one form or the other. 10. The resting clasmatocytes cannot readily be differentiated from any other fusiform cell in sections of fixed tissues; while the lymphocyte may appear, in such sections, as an apparently isolated small round mononuclear cell, with no visible relation to the perivascular apparatus.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (34) ◽  
pp. 5790-5828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze Wang ◽  
Chunyang He ◽  
Jing-Shan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.

Effects of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on the Placenta: Current Knowledge and Targets for Therapeutic Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Samantha Bedell ◽  
Janine Hutson ◽  
Barbra de Vrijer ◽  
Genevieve Eastabrook
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Exchange Site ◽  
And Function

: Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are becoming more common among pregnant women worldwide and are individually associated with a number of placenta-mediated obstetric complications, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth. The placenta serves several functions throughout pregnancy and is the main exchange site for the transfer of nutrients and gas from mother to fetus. In pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity or GDM, the placenta is exposed to environmental changes, such as increased inflammation and oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and altered hormone levels. These changes can affect placental development and function and lead to abnormal fetal growth and development as well as metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities in the offspring. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effects of obesity and GDM on placental development and function. Understanding these processes is key in developing therapeutic interventions with the goal of mitigating these effects and preventing future cardiovascular and metabolic pathology in subsequent generations.

Herbal Medicine for Glioblastoma: Current and Future Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1022-1043
Author(s):  
Imran Khan ◽  
Sadaf Mahfooz ◽  
Mustafa A. Hatiboglu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cycle Regulation ◽  
Immense Potential

Background: Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive and devastating tumours of the central nervous system with short survival time. Glioblastoma usually shows fast cell proliferation and invasion of normal brain tissue causing poor prognosis. The present standard of care in patients with glioblastoma includes surgery followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these approaches are not sufficient to lead a favorable prognosis and survival rates. As the current approaches do not provide a long-term benefit in those patients, new alternative treatments including natural compounds, have drawn attention. Due to their natural origin, they are associated with minimum cellular toxicity towards normal cells and it has become one of the most attractive approaches to treat tumours by natural compounds or phytochemicals. Objective: In the present review, the role of natural compounds or phytochemicals in the treatment of glioblastoma describing their efficacy on various aspects of glioblastoma pathophysiology such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cellular signaling pathways, chemoresistance and their role in combinatorial therapeutic approaches was described. Methods: Peer-reviewed literature was extracted using Pubmed, EMBASE Ovid and Google Scholar to be reviewed in the present article. Conclusion: Preclinical data available in the literature suggest that phytochemicals hold immense potential to be translated into treatment modalities. However, further clinical studies with conclusive results are required to implement phytochemicals in treatment modalities.

Anatomy for Dental Students

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Full Color ◽  
Online Resource ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Key Resources

Anatomy for Dental Students, Fourth Edition, demonstrates and explains all the anatomy needed for a modern dentistry undergraduate course. This text covers developmental anatomy, the thorax, the central nervous system, and the head and neck with an emphasis on the practical application of anatomical knowledge. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated in line with contemporary teaching and dental practice. Over 300 new full color diagrams map all the anatomical regions that dental students need to know, while the lively and accesible text guides the reader's learning. Throughout Clinical Application Boxes demonstrate how the form and function of anatomy have consequences for clinical practice. Sidelines boxes contain additional descriptions for key anatomical structures. This text is supported by an Online Resource Centre with multiple choice questions, drag and drop figure exercises, and links to key resources to help readers to consolidate and extend their knowledge of anatomy. Anatomy for Dental Students brings together anatomical structure, function, and their relationship to clinical practice, making it ideal for dental students.

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