Obesity Related Eating Behaviors and Weight Loss Maintenance.

Abstract Background: This study examined the differences between maintainers and regainers regarding obesity related eating behaviors. A secondary objective was to develop an eating behavior index predicting the likelihood of successful weight loss maintenance. Methods: The current cross-sectional evaluation was based on the Cypriot cohort of the MedWeight study (Greece). Eligible participants (maintainers=145; regainers=87) were adult men and women who reported being at least overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) and experienced an intentional weight loss of ≥10% of their maximum weight, at least 1 year before participation. Among other assessments, obesity-related behaviors were evaluated through a Healthy Eating Behavior Index (HEBI). Results: Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed regarding meals per day (P=0.008), frequency of eating home cooked meals (P=0.004) and HEBI total score (P=0.022). Results from logistic regression models indicated that the odds of maintaining weight loss increase at 23% (Model 1: P<0.05, OR 1.230, 1.062-1.424 95% C.I., Model 2: P<0.05, OR 1.233, 1.064-1.428 95% C.I.) and to almost 30% after adjusting for physical activity (Model 3: P<0.05, OR 1.293, 1.077-1.552 95% C.I.) for each point scored in HEBI total score. Conclusions: Eating more frequently home cooked meals and less eating away from home meals may be beneficially associated with weight loss maintenance. HEBI seems as a useful tool when dealing with patients who have previously lost significant weight.

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Weight-related behaviors and weight loss maintenance: a cross-sectional study in Cyprus

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11153-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yiannis Koutras ◽

S. Chrysostomou ◽

K. Giannakou ◽

M. Yannakoulia

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Weight Loss Maintenance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intentional Weight Loss ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Adult Men ◽

Secondary Objective ◽

Successful Weight Loss

Abstract Background This study examined the differences between maintainers and regainers regarding obesity related eating behaviors. A secondary objective was to develop an eating behavior index predicting the likelihood of successful weight loss maintenance. Methods The current cross-sectional evaluation conducted in Cyprus was part of the MedWeight (Greek) study. Eligible for participation were Cypriot (maintainers = 145; regainers = 87) adult men and women who reported being at least overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and experienced an intentional weight loss of ≥10% of their maximum lifetime weight, at least 1 year before participation. Among other assessments, weight-related behaviors were evaluated through Weight-Related Behaviors Index (WRBI). Results Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed regarding meals per day (P = 0.008), frequency of eating home cooked meals (P = 0.004) and WRBI total score (P = 0.022). Results from logistic regression models indicated that the odds of maintaining weight loss increase at 30% (Model 1: P < 0.05, Odds ratio 1.306, 1.095–1.556 95% C.I., Model 2: P < 0.05, OR 1.308, 1.097–1.560 95% C.I.) and at 38% after adjusting for physical activity (Model 3: P < 0.05, OR 1.377, 1.114–1.701 95% C.I..) for each point scored in WRBI total score. Conclusions Eating more frequently home cooked meals and less eating away from home meals may be beneficially associated with weight loss maintenance. WRBI seems to be a useful tool when dealing with patients who have previously lost significant weight.

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Impact of Successful Weight Loss Maintenance on Serum Lipids and Glucose Concentrations of Previous Participants of a Weight Loss Programme in Accra, Ghana

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2019/4729040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sandra Ayisi Addo ◽

Christiana Nti ◽

Frederick Vuvor ◽

Jonathan Adjimani ◽

Matilda Steiner-Asiedu

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Serum Lipid ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Weight Loss Maintenance ◽

Dietary Behaviour ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Weight Loss Programme ◽

Successful Weight Loss

Background and Aim. There is a need to investigate the long-term impact of successful weight loss maintenance on blood lipids and glucose concentrations in populations within Africa, where obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates are increasingly becoming a public health threat. The aim of this study was to compare the serum lipid and glucose concentrations of successful and unsuccessful weight loss maintainers who previously participated in the Nutriline Weight Loss Programme (NWLP) in Accra, Ghana. Methods. 112 participants were randomly selected to participate in this cross-sectional study. Baseline and end of weight loss programme anthropometric and programmatic data were accessed via the NWLP archival database. On follow-up, anthropometric data, physical activity, dietary behaviour, serum lipid, and glucose indices were taken. Successful weight loss maintainers (SWLM) were defined as those achieving at least 5% weight loss below the baseline weight at follow-up, otherwise unsuccessful (UWLM). Results. The adjusted serum total cholesterol (TC) concentration was significantly lower for SWLM (5.17 ± 0.99 mmol/L) compared to UWLM (5.59 ± 1.06 mmol/L). Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations for SWLM versus UWLM did not differ significantly and were as follows: 3.58 ± 0.92 mmol/L versus 3.87 ± 0.99 mmol/L, 1.22 ± 0.38 mmol/L versus 1.17 ± 0.32 mmol/L, 4.48 ± 0.72 mmol/L versus 4.73 ± 1.00 mmol/L, and 5.52 ± 0.39% versus 5.59 ± 0.59%, respectively. Triglyceride (TG) concentration was significantly (P<0.001) lower for SWLM (0.79 ± 0.28 mmol/L) compared to UWLM (1.17 ± 0.51 mmol/L). After adjusting for covariates, it was no longer significant. Additionally, there was no significant association between weight loss maintenance success and having a normal status for selected lipids and glucose parameters. Conclusion. SWLM had a significantly lower serum TC compared to UWLM. In addition, a greater proportion of SWLM had normal values for TC, TG, HbA1c, and LDL out of the six parameters measured although not statistically significant.

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Single and Combinative Impacts of Healthy Eating Behavior and Physical Activity on COVID-19-like Symptoms among Outpatients: A Multi-Hospital and Health Center Survey

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13093258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 3258

Author(s):

Minh H. Nguyen ◽

Thu T. M. Pham ◽

Dinh N. Vu ◽

Binh N. Do ◽

Hoang C. Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Short Form ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physically Active ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Healthy Eating Behavior

Background: Healthy eating and physical activity are effective non-pharmacological approaches to boost immune function and contain the pandemic. We aimed to explore the associations and interactions between physical activity and healthy eating behavior with COVID-19-like symptoms (Slike-CV19S). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3947 outpatients, from 14 February to 2 March 2020, at nine health facilities in Vietnam. Data collection included sociodemographic characteristics, healthy eating behavior (using the healthy eating score (HES) questionnaire), physical activity (using the short form international physical activity questionnaire), and Slike-CV19S. The associations and interactions were tested using logistic regression models. Results: Frequent intake of fruits (OR = 0.84; p = 0.016), vegetables (OR = 0.72; p = 0.036), and fish (OR = 0.43; p < 0.001) were associated with a lower Slike-CV19S likelihood, as compared with infrequent intake. Patients with higher HES levels (OR = 0.84; p = 0.033 for medium HES; OR = 0.77; p = 0.006 for high HES) or being physically active (OR = 0.69; p < 0.001) had a lower Slike-CV19S likelihood, as compared to those with low HES or physical inactivity, respectively. Patients with medium HES who were physically active (OR = 0.69; p = 0.005), or with high HES and physically active (OR = 0.58; p < 0.001), had a lower Slike-CV19S likelihood, as compared to those with low HES and physical inactivity. Conclusions: Healthy eating behavior and physical activity showed single and combinative impacts on protecting people from Slike-CV19S. Strategic approaches are encouraged to improve healthy behaviors, which may further contribute to containing the pandemic.

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Personality Traits and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Cross-Sectional Study

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.702382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Yiannis Koutras ◽

Stavri Chrysostomou ◽

Konstantinos Giannakou ◽

Mary H. Kosmidis ◽

Mary Yannakoulia

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Weight Loss Maintenance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Maximum Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intentional Weight Loss ◽

Management Interventions ◽

Diet And Physical Activity

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was based on the Cypriot cohort of the MedWeight study and examined differences between maintainers and regainers regarding personality traits.Methods: Participants were men and women who reported being at least overweight and experienced an intentional weight loss of ≥10% of their maximum weight, at least 1 year before participation. Assessment of personality, diet and physical activity was conducted through validated questionnaires and with 24 h recalls.Results: Findings from logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of maintaining weight loss increased to 50% for agreeableness and decreased to 20 and 7% for perseverance and motor impulsiveness, respectively.Conclusion: Specific aspects of personality and impulsivity are relevant to weight loss maintenance and need to be considered when developing weight management interventions.

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Eating behavior among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus in North Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BMC Endocrine Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12902-021-00750-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hagos Amare Gebreyesus ◽

Girmatsion Fisseha Abreha ◽

Sintayehu Degu Besherae ◽

Merhawit Atsbha Abera ◽

Abraha Hailu Weldegerima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Education ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Food Selection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Healthy Eating Behavior ◽

Meal Planning

Abstract Background Diet is central to the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Depending on the stage of the disease at which the recommended diet is initiated, optimal adherence can reduce HbA1c by about 1 to 2%. However, evidence on eating behavior is generally scarce including in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to assess the eating behavior of adults with T2DM in North Ethiopia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 421 adults with T2DM from September to November 2019. Socio-demographic variables were collected using structured questionnaires; an asset-based wealth index was used to determine socioeconomic status. Three dimensions of eating behavior were assessed using Likert-type items: food selection, meal planning and calorie recognition. Raw Likert scores in each dimension were transformed to percent scales to maximum (%SM). Participants’ behavior in each dimension was categorized into healthy and unhealthy taking 66.7% SM score as a cutoff. Overall eating behavior was determined by aggregating ranks scored in the three dimensions. Correlates of overall eating behavior were identified using Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression with statistical significance set at P-value < 0.05. Result Only 1% of the participants had overall healthy eating behavior. Yet, overall unhealthy eating was apparent in 54.4%. By dimensions, healthy eating behaviors in food selection, meal planning and calorie recognition were seen in 43.5, 7.4 and 2.9% participants, respectively. Factors that were positively associated with having healthy eating behavior in one dimension relative to unhealthy in all were: receiving nutrition education [AOR 1.73; CI 1.09, 2.74], female gender [AOR 1.78; CI 1.03, 3.08] & being in 26–44 age category [AOR 3.7; CI 1.56, 8.85]. But, being in the poor [AOR 0.42; CI 0.16, 1.32] or average [AOR 0.54; CI 0.19, 1.55] socioeconomic strata were negatively associated. However, only receiving nutrition education [AOR 3.65; CI 1.31, 10.18] was significantly associated with having healthy behavior in two eating dimensions over unhealthy in all. Conclusion In North Ethiopia, the overall eating behavior of adults with T2DM is extremely poor. Diverse and integrated approaches including nutrition education during consultation should be implemented to address the gap.

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Eating behavior affects cardio-metabolic risk in high school teenagers in a developing country

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.oa.193494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 71-81

Author(s):

Rita Suhadi ◽

Phebe Hendra ◽

Dita Maria Virginia ◽

Christianus Heru Setiawan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male Subjects ◽

Female Subjects

BACKGROUND Modernization negatively changes lifestyle, characterized by excessive eating and reduced energy consumption, and concurrently increases the cardiometabolic risk. This study was aimed to evaluate the association between eating behavior and cardio-metabolic risk factors including body mass index (BMI) in percentile, blood pressure (BP) in percentile, waist circumference, and heart rate in total subjects and gender sub-groups. METHODS This analytical cross-sectional study was done from July to November 2018. High schools in four provinces of Indonesia and students were selected using purposive sampling. Subjects’ profiles were collected from interview and cardio-metabolic parameters were measured at the study sites. Data were analyzed with chi-square and independent t-test. RESULTS Subjects who were overweight/obese and had high BP accounted for 27.1% and 9.3–12.0% of the total subjects (n = 768), respectively. Subjects who having breakfast tended to have lower BMI (p = 0.006), and the lower consumption of western meals had lower heart rate (p = 0.02). Male subjects had more meal frequency and had less quantity of snacks than female subjects (p<0.001). Male subjects with routine intake of vegetables had low heart rate (p = 0.03). Female subjects with routine breakfast had better BMI (p<0.001), and lower diastolic BP (p = 0.004) and waist circumference (p = 0.02), whereas those who consumed Western meals had higher heart rate (p = 0.046) and waist circumference (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Eating behaviors are likely to affect cardio-metabolic risk factors, and the effects vary within gender groups.

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Eating behaviors and weight loss outcomes in a 12-month randomized trial of diet and/or exercise intervention in postmenopausal women

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s12966-019-0887-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Caitlin Mason ◽

Jean de Dieu Tapsoba ◽

Catherine Duggan ◽

Ching-Yun Wang ◽

Catherine M. Alfano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Binge Eating ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Restrained Eating ◽

Dietary Weight Loss ◽

Uncontrolled Eating

Abstract Background Certain eating behaviors are common among women with obesity. Whether these behaviors influence outcomes in weight loss programs, and whether such programs affect eating behaviors, is unclear. Methods Our aim was to examine the effect of baseline eating behaviors on intervention adherence and weight among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity, and to assess intervention effects on eating behaviors. Four hundred and 39 women (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) were randomized to 12 months of: i) dietary weight loss with a 10% weight loss goal (‘diet’; n = 118); ii) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise for 225 mins/week (‘exercise’; n = 117); iii) combined dietary weight loss and exercise (‘diet + exercise’; n = 117); or iv) no-lifestyle change control (n = 87). At baseline and 12 months, restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and binge eating were measured by questionnaire; weight and body composition were assessed. The mean change in eating behavior scores and weight between baseline and 12 months in the diet, exercise, and diet + exercise arms were each compared to controls using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) modification of linear regression adjusted for age, baseline BMI, and race/ethnicity. Results Baseline restrained eating was positively associated with change in total calories and calories from fat during the dietary intervention but not with other measures of adherence. Higher baseline restrained eating was associated with greater 12-month reductions in weight, waist circumference, body fat and lean mass. Women randomized to dietary intervention had significant reductions in binge eating (− 23.7%, p = 0.005 vs. control), uncontrolled eating (− 24.3%, p < 0.001 vs. control), and emotional eating (− 31.7%, p < 0.001 vs. control) scores, and a significant increase in restrained eating (+ 60.6%, p < 0.001 vs. control); women randomized to diet + exercise reported less uncontrolled eating (− 26.0%, p < 0.001 vs. control) and emotional eating (− 22.0%, p = 0.004 vs. control), and increased restrained eating (+ 41.4%, p < 0.001 vs. control). Women randomized to exercise alone had no significant change in eating behavior scores compared to controls. Conclusions A dietary weight loss intervention helped women modify eating behaviors. Future research should investigate optimal behavioral weight loss interventions for women with both disordered eating and obesity. Trial registration NCT00470119 (https://clinicaltrials.gov). Retrospectively registered May 7, 2007.

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Predictors of Weight Loss Maintenance following an Insurance-Sponsored Weight Management Program

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2014/736080 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Christiaan G. Abildso ◽

Olivier Schmid ◽

Megan Byrd ◽

Sam Zizzi ◽

Alessandro Quartiroli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Weight Management ◽

Weight Loss Maintenance ◽

The United States ◽

Management Program ◽

Weight Management Program ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Physically Active ◽

Intentional Weight Loss ◽

Predictors Of Weight Loss

Intentional weight loss among overweight and obese adults (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) is associated with numerous health benefits, but weight loss maintenance (WLM) following participation in weight management programming has proven to be elusive. Many individuals attempting to lose weight join formal programs, especially women, but these programs vary widely in focus, as do postprogram weight regain results. We surveyed 2,106 former participants in a community-based, insurance-sponsored weight management program in the United States to identify the pre, during, and post-intervention behavioral and psychosocial factors that lead to successful WLM. Of 835 survey respondents (39.6% response rate), 450 met criteria for inclusion in this study. Logistic regression analyses suggest that interventionists should assess and discuss weight loss and behavior change perceptions early in a program. However, in developing maintenance plans later in a program, attention should shift to behaviors, such as weekly weighing, limiting snacking in the evening, limiting portion sizes, and being physically active every day.

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Abstract P117: Day to Day Variation in Self-Efficacy Associated with Weight Loss and Risk of Dietary Lapses

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.131.suppl_1.p117 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Lora E Burke ◽

Linda J Ewing ◽

Saul Shiffman ◽

Dan Siewiorek ◽

Asim Smailagic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Social Setting ◽

Behavioral Weight Loss ◽

Intentional Weight Loss ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention ◽

Ecological Momentary

Introduction: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) assesses individuals' experiences, behaviors, and moods as they occur in real time and in their own environment, making it useful to understand the processes of behavior change. We report the use of EMA to study the triggers of lapses after intentional weight loss in a 12-mo. study that includes a standard behavioral weight loss intervention. Purpose: We examined daily self-reports of self-efficacy and how they were related to unplanned eating episodes (‘lapses’) and weight change over the first 6 mos. of the study. Hypothesis: Higher self-efficacy is related to fewer “lapses” and better weight loss over time. Methods: Participants were provided a smartphone app programmed to administer EMA assessments up to 5 randomly-selected times/day. Each assessment included the self-efficacy query, How confident are you that if you have an urge to go off your healthy lifestyle plan, you can resist the urge? measured on a scale of 1-10. Participants were weighed at weekly, and after 3 months bi-weekly, group sessions. To account for replicate observations among subjects, generalized estimating equations were used to fit logistic regression models predicting lapses as a function of self-efficacy, adjusting for location (e.g., home, work, restaurant) and social setting (e.g., with others, alone). Results: The sample (N = 151) was 90.7% female and 79.5% White, and on average, 51.18 (10.22) years of age with a mean BMI of 34.0 (4.6) kg/m2. Of the 59,913 random assessments conducted over 6 mos., eating episodes were recorded in 7,991 (13.34%) of those assessments, of which 881 (11.03%) were not planned. Most of the 7,991 planned and unplanned eating episodes were captured when individuals were with others who were eating (49%), or when completely alone (24%). After adjusting for location and social setting, self-efficacy remained a significant predictor of a lapse (p < 0.001). The odds of a lapse decreased by 70% (95% CI, 64%, 76%) for every unit increase in self efficacy. After controlling for social setting, participants were estimated to lose 0.35 more lbs/mo. (SE = 0.14; p = 0.02) for each unit increase in self efficacy. Self-efficacy maintained a stable level between 7.3 and 7.4 for the first 4 mos., before decreasing at a rate of 0.11 points/month (SE = 0.04; p = 0.002) in the last 2 mos. This temporal trend in self-efficacy was paralleled by a similar trend in participants’ weights; they lost an average of 3.26 lbs/mo. (SE = 0.18) in the first 4 mos. compared to only 0.59 lbs/mo. (SE = 0.29) in the last 2 mos. Conclusions: The data suggest that as self-efficacy decreased to near 7.0, individuals were at greater risk to experience a lapse in their diet, an integral part of the healthy lifestyle plan. Targeting enhanced and sustained levels of self-efficacy above 7 may enable a person to resist lapses and prevent weight regain.

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Abstract P240: Eating Behavior and Body Composition in Chilean Young Adults: Results From the Santiago Longitudinal Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Lorena S Pacheco ◽

Estela Blanco ◽

Raquel Burrows ◽

Paulina Correa-Burrows ◽

Jose L Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Body Composition ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Body Fat ◽

Regression Models ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Causes of obesity, a leading risk factor for chronic disease morbidity/mortality, are multi-faceted and encompass behavioral and psychological factors. Understanding eating behavior can help target behavioral obesity interventions. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE) and emotional eating (EE) behaviors and body composition in a sample of Chilean young adults. Methods: Using data from 429 participants of the Santiago Longitudinal Study (mean age 22.5±0.4 years), evaluated from 2016-2017, linear and logistic regression models assessed the independent associations between three eating behavior dimensions, using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (1-4 range per dimension), and BMI, % body fat (measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and central obesity, accounting for demographic covariates, stratified by sex. Results: The sample was 51% female and had a mean BMI of 26.9±6.1. Mean % body fat was 30.5±7.6 in males and 41.8±6.9 in females. CR and EE eating behaviors were associated with body composition measures as shown in the Table 1. CR was related to a 2.4 (95% CI 1.2, 4.8) and 2.5 (95% CI 1.4, 4.5), respectively, greater odds of being an obese male (>25% body fat) and obese female (>37% body fat). The EE dimension was also significantly associated with percent body fat in both sexes. The greatest effect size in the linear regression models was observed for central obesity. For every point increase in CR, waist circumference increased by 5.1 cm (95% CI 2.1-8.1) and 4.1 cm (95% CI 1.5-6.7) in males and females, respectively. EE was positively associated with central obesity in females. Conclusions: In this sample of Chilean young adults, CR and EE eating behavior dimensions were associated with obesity, central obesity and% body fat. The UE dimension was not associated with body composition. Understanding the dynamics of and interplay of eating behaviors and body composition can provide evidence for future effective interventions.

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