scholarly journals Naturalistic Exploratory Study of the Associations of Substance Use on ADHD Outcomes and Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin MacDonald ◽  
Joseph Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background: Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorder (SUD), existing literature on how SUD interacts with ADHD outcomes is limited. This study investigates whether SUD among individuals with ADHD is associated with worse ADHD outcomes and prognosis, and the association between overall functioning and SUD. In addition, we seek to understand whether heavy cannabis use is a better predictor of poorer outcomes compared to SUD status alone. Method: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 50 ADHD patient charts, which were allocated based on SUD status. Subgroup analysis was performed on the total sample population, with allocation based on heavy cannabis use.Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests were used for both the primary and subgroup analyses. Results: SUD status highly correlated with more ADHD-related cognitive impairments and poorer functional outcomes at the time of diagnosis. ADHD patients with comorbid ADHD-SUD scored significantly lower (p=<0.0001) on objective cognitive testing (the continuous performance test). The correlation with poorer ADHD outcomes was more pronounced when groups were allocated based on heavy cannabis use status, where in addition to significantly lower objective cognitive testing scores (p=0.0011), heavy cannabis use was associated with more severe fine motor hyperactivity and self-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity scores (p=0.0088 and 0.0172, respectively). Conclusion: Future research is needed to determine how substance abuse can be a barrier to improved ADHD outcomes, and the effect cannabis and other substances have on cognitive function and pharmacotherapy of ADHD.

scholarly journals Naturalistic exploratory study of the associations of substance use on ADHD outcomes and function

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin MacDonald ◽  
Joseph Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorder (SUD), existing literature on how SUD interacts with ADHD outcomes is limited. This study investigates whether SUD among individuals with ADHD is associated with worse ADHD outcomes and prognosis, and the association between overall functioning and SUD. In addition, we seek to understand whether heavy cannabis use is a better predictor of poorer outcomes compared to SUD status alone. Method We conducted a retrospective analysis on 50 ADHD patient charts, which were allocated based on SUD status. Subgroup analysis was performed on the total sample population, with allocation based on heavy cannabis use. Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests were used for both the primary and subgroup analyses. Results SUD status highly correlated with more ADHD-related cognitive impairments and poorer functional outcomes at the time of diagnosis. ADHD patients with comorbid ADHD-SUD scored significantly lower (p = < 0.0001) on objective cognitive testing (Integrated Auditory and Visual Continuous Performance Test (IVA/CPT)) than ADHD patients without SUD. The correlation with poorer ADHD outcomes was more pronounced when groups were allocated based on heavy cannabis use status; in addition to significantly lower IVA/CPT scores (p = 0.0011), heavy cannabis use was associated with more severe fine motor hyperactivity and self-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity scores (p = 0.0088 and 0.0172, respectively). Conclusion Future research is needed to determine how substance abuse can be a barrier to improved ADHD outcomes, and the effect cannabis and other substances have on cognitive function and pharmacotherapy of ADHD.

scholarly journals A genetically-informed study disentangling the relationships between tobacco smoking, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, substance use disorders and respiratory infections, including COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Rosoff ◽  
Joyce Yoo ◽  
Falk W. Lohoff
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACTBackgroundObservational studies suggest smoking, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, cannabis use, and substance use disorders (SUDs) may play a role in the susceptibility for respiratory infections and disease, including coronavirus 2019 (COVID-2019). However, causal inference is challenging due to comorbid substance use.MethodsUsing genome-wide association study data of European ancestry (data from >1.7 million individuals), we performed single-variable and multivariable Mendelian randomization to evaluate relationships between smoking, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, SUDs, and respiratory infections.ResultsGenetically predicted lifetime smoking was found to be associated with increased risk for hospitalized COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR)=4.039, 95% CI 2.335-6.985, P-value=5.93×10−7) and very severe hospitalized COVID-19 (OR=3.091, 95% CI, 1.883-5.092, P-value=8.40×10−6). Genetically predicted lifetime smoking was also associated with increased risk pneumoniae (OR=1.589, 95% CI, 1.214-2.078, P-value=7.33×10−4), lower respiratory infections (OR=2.303, 95% CI, 1.713-3.097, P-value=3.40×10−8), and several others. Genetically predicted cannabis use disorder (CUD) was associated with increased bronchitis risk (OR=1.078, 95% CI, 1.020-1.128, P-value=0.007).ConclusionsWe provide strong genetic evidence showing smoking increases the risk for respiratory infections and diseases even after accounting for other substance use and abuse. Additionally, we provide find CUD may increase the risk for bronchitis, which taken together, may guide future research SUDs and respiratory outcomes.

610 Self-Reported Sleep and Circadian Characteristics Predict Future Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis from the NCANDA Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A240-A240
Author(s):  
Brant Hasler ◽  
Jessica Graves ◽  
Meredith Wallace ◽  
Stephanie Claudatos ◽  
Fiona Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction Growing evidence indicates that sleep characteristics predict later substance use and related problems during adolescence and young adulthood. However, most prior studies have assessed a limited range of sleep characteristics, studied only a narrow age span, and included relatively few follow-up assessments. Here, we used multiple years of data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study, which spans the adolescent period with an accelerated longitudinal design, to examine whether multiple sleep characteristics in any year predict substance use the following year. Methods The sample included 831 participants (423 females; age 12–21 years at baseline) from NCANDA. Sleep variables included the previous year’s circadian preference, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, timing of midsleep (weekday and weekend), and sleep duration (weekday and weekend). Each sleep variable’s association with the subsequent year’s substance use (cannabis use or alcohol binge severity) across years 1–5 was tested separately using generalized linear mixed models (zero-inflated Negative Binomial for cannabis; ordinal for binge severity) with age, sex, race, visit, parental education, previous year’s substance use (yes/no) as covariates and subject as a random effect. Results With regard to cannabis use, greater eveningness and shorter weekday sleep duration predicted an increased risk for additional days of cannabis use the following year, while greater eveningness and later weekend midsleep predicted a greater likelihood of any cannabis use the following year. With regard to alcohol binge severity, greater eveningness, greater daytime sleepiness, and shorter sleep duration (weekday and weekend) all predicted an increased risk for more severe alcohol bingeing the following year. Post-hoc stratified analyses indicated that some of these associations may differ between high school-age and college-age participants. Conclusion Our findings extend prior work, indicating that eveningness and later sleep timing, as well as shorter sleep duration, especially on weekdays, are risk factors for future cannabis use and alcohol misuse. These results underscore a need for greater attention to sleep characteristics as potential risk factors for substance use in adolescents and young adults and may inform future areas of intervention. Support (if any) Grants from NIH: R01AA025626 (Hasler) and U01AA021690 (Clark) and UO1 AA021696 (Baker & Colrain)

scholarly journals Adolescent cannabis use, baseline prodromal symptoms and the risk of psychosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Mustonen ◽  
Solja Niemelä ◽  
Tanja Nordström ◽  
Graham K. Murray ◽  
Pirjo Mäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
General Population ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Prodromal Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Icd 10

BackgroundThe association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis has been studied extensively but the temporal order still remains controversial.AimsTo examine the association between cannabis use in adolescence and the risk of psychosis after adjustment for prodromal symptoms and other potential confounders.MethodThe sample (n = 6534) was composed of the prospective general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986. Information on prodromal symptoms of psychosis and cannabis use was collected using questionnaires at age 15–16 years. Participants were followed up for ICD-10 psychotic disorders until age 30 years using nationwide registers.ResultsThe risk of psychosis was elevated in individuals who had tried cannabis five times or more (hazard ratio, (HR) = 6.5, 95% CI 3.0–13.9). The association remained statistically significant even when adjusted for prodromal symptoms, other substance use and parental psychosis (HR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.1–8.0).ConclusionsAdolescent cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychosis even after adjustment for baseline prodromal symptoms, parental psychosis and other substance use.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals Do Silent Brain Infarctions Predict the Development of Dementia After First Ischemic Stroke?

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Ivan Barbov ◽  
Slavica Arsova ◽  
Arben Taravari ◽  
Vera Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Brain Infarcts ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Acute Event

Background: Silent brain infarctions (SBI) are common findings in advanced age, but their relationship to dementia is still uncertain.Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate whether SBI predict the development of dementia after first clinical ischemic stroke.Methods: We blindly studied admission CT scans of 102 consecutive nondemented patients presenting with ischemic stroke that clinically was their first stroke episode. SBI were defined as CT evidence of infarcts not compatible with the acute event. The patients were subsequently followed for their mental state for 2 years. Survival analysis, wherein onset of dementia was the end point, was performed on the total sample population and conducted separately on those with and without SBI at admission.Results: Dementia developed in 33 patients (32.3%), including 17 of the 37 (45.9%) with SBI and 16 of the 65 (24.6%) without SBI. Thus, dementia was strong related to SBI.Conclusion: Elderly people with silent brain infarcts and stroke have an increased risk of dementia and a steeper decline in cognitive function than those without such lesions.

Associations between COMTVal158Met polymorphism and cognition: direct or indirect effects?

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Krabbendam ◽  
Pilar Isusi ◽  
Paloma Galdos ◽  
Elena Echevarria ◽  
José Ramón Bilbao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Cognitive Stability ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Attentional Tasks

AbstractBackground:Previous work suggests that reaction time variability (RTV) in attentional tasks, as a measure of cognitive stability, is associated with degree of Val loading in COMT Val158Met genotype, and that this association may be relevant for the aetiology of schizophrenia. This study examined (i) to what degree RTV pertaining to tasks of varying cognitive complexity would be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and (ii) to what degree this would be mediated by Val loading.Methods:COMT genotyping was investigated in a sample of 23 patients with schizophrenia, 33 first-degree relatives, and 21 controls. All participants performed the Flanker continuous performance test.Results:Schizophrenia liability was associated with number of correct trials of the Flanker test, but not with RTV, and this association was not mediated by COMT Val158Met genotype. Similarly, Met loading was associated with number of correct trials and with RTV, but this was not mediated by schizophrenia liability.Conclusions:Associations between COMT Val158Met genotype and RTV do not appear to reflect transmission of schizophrenia liability in families. Differential associations with Val and Met alleles across studies suggest indirect effects through gene–gene interactions or the influence of a functional polymorphism near COMT Val158Met.

scholarly journals Improvement in cognitive functioning in patients with first-episode psychosis during treatment with quetiapine: An interim analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (S43) ◽  
pp. s45-s49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley P. Good ◽  
Ivan Kiss ◽  
Christine Buiteman ◽  
Hazel Woodley ◽  
Qing Rui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interim Analysis ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
First Episode Of Schizophrenia

BackgroundThe efficacies of second-generation antipsychotic medications in reducing symptoms are reasonably well-documented, but their effects on cognition are less clearly understood.AimsTo undertake an interim analysis of an open label, 2-year study examining the effects of quetiapine on cognition in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia and related disorders.MethodCognitive testing was performed before quetiapine was initiated and repeated after 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. To date, 13 patients have been fully assessed (mean dose 517.9 mg/day; s.d.=225.8).ResultsStatistically significant improvement was noted on measures of attention (Continuous Performance Test; CPT), verbal productivity (Verbal Fluency Test) and executive function (Object Alternation Test) after 6 and 12 months of treatment. For the CPT, improvement was also noted after 3 months of treatment.ConclusionsDuring treatment for 1 year with quetiapine, cognitive performance was improved in young patients with psychosis. Continued controlled investigations of the effects of quetiapine on cognition are desirable.

scholarly journals Attention and Response Control in ADHD. Evaluation through Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test.

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Moreno-García ◽  
Gracia Delgado-Pardo ◽  
Carmen Roldán-Blasco
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Response Control ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis study assesses attention and response control through visual and auditory stimuli in a primary care pediatric sample. The sample consisted of 191 participants aged between 7 and 13 years old. It was divided into 2 groups: (a) 90 children with ADHD, according to diagnostic (DSM-IV-TR) (APA, 2002) and clinical (ADHD Rating Scale-IV) (DuPaul, Power, Anastopoulos, & Reid, 1998) criteria, and (b) 101 children without a history of ADHD. The aims were: (a) to determine and compare the performance of both groups in attention and response control, (b) to identify attention and response control deficits in the ADHD group. Assessments were carried out using the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA/CPT, Sandford & Turner, 2002). Results showed that the ADHD group had visual and auditory attention deficits, F(3, 170) = 14.38; p < .01, deficits in fine motor regulation (Welch´s t-test = 44.768; p < .001) and sensory/motor activity (Welch’st-test = 95.683, p < .001; Welch’s t-test = 79.537, p < .001). Both groups exhibited a similar performance in response control, F(3, 170) = .93, p = .43.Children with ADHD showed inattention, mental processing speed deficits, and loss of concentration with visual stimuli. Both groups yielded a better performance in attention with auditory stimuli.

scholarly journals Effects of a School-Based Intervention for Preventing Substance Use among Adolescents at Risk of Academic Failure: A Pilot Study of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 Program

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1488
Author(s):  
Raquel Alarcó-Rosales ◽  
Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo ◽  
Rosario Ferrer-Cascales ◽  
Natalia Albaladejo-Blazquez ◽  
Oriol Lordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Academic Failure ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Based Intervention ◽  
School Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reasoning And Rehabilitation

Tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use are important health problems that contribute greatly to causes of death in worldwide. Early onset of substance use increases rapidly during adolescence and it has been associated with a wide range of adverse events. Because substance use is associated with dramatic consequences, delaying the initiation of substance use among adolescents remains a major public priority. This study examined the effectiveness of a school-based intervention program based on the application of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 (R&R2) program for preventing substance use among adolescents at risk of academic failure. A sample of 142 participants (aged 13–17 years old) who were studying alternative education provision in Spain were randomly allocated to two conditions (68 experimental group, 74 control group). A pre-test survey assessing past and current substance use was conducted prior the implementation of the program, while a post-test survey was conducted about 12 months after the pre-test. The results showed a significant effect of the R&R program in the reduction of cigarette smoking, episodes of drunkenness, alcohol consumption and cannabis use. However, for daily smoking and episodes of drunkenness such benefits showed a reduction over time. These findings offer additional evidence of the effectiveness of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 program in Spanish adolescent students who are exposed to substance use and suggest areas of future research.

CANNABIS USE AMONG MILITARY VETERANS: A GREAT DEAL TO GAIN OR LOSE?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James MacKillop ◽  
Jasmine Turna
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Male Veterans

Policy changes have resulted in dramatic increases in access to cannabis for medical purposes. Veterans are disproportionately affected by conditions for which medical cannabis is often pursued, making an evidence-based perspective on risks versus benefits of high priority. The current review sought to examine the state of the evidence on consequences and correlates of cannabis use among veterans. Using a comprehensive search strategy, 501 articles were identified and 86 studies met criteria for inclusion. The literature was predominated by cross-sectional studies (67%) of male veterans (71.4%-100% male) from the United States (93.0%). Three overarching themes emerged, comprising cannabis associations with other substance use, mental health, and physical health outcomes. The balance of the evidence associated cannabis use with negative health outcomes, with consistent positive associations with other substance use, psychiatric disorders, and self-harm/suicidality. Few studies examined the therapeutic effects of cannabis, thus limiting the potential to evaluate evidence of efficacy. Priority areas for future research are studies using designs that can examine the directionality of links between cannabis and health in veterans more conclusively, and studies directly examining therapeutic efficacy of cannabis-based therapies in veterans. Methodologically rigorous design will be essential to inform clinical recommendations and practices guidelines in an era of burgeoning access to cannabis.

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