scholarly journals An autonomous economical and efficient ureteroscopic irrigation system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengteng Wang ◽  
Xiude Chen ◽  
Qinghua Xia ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Xunbo Jin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Flexible Ureteroscopy ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Treatment Practice ◽  
Extension Tube

Abstract Background In recent years, the minimally invasive technique for treating nephrolithiasis has been developed rapidly. Particularly, the flexible ureteroscopy has been extensively applied. For flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy, the perfusion equipment is necessary to ensure a clear intraoperative field of view. This study was aimed to prepare a set of economical and efficient ureteroscopic irrigation system by some commonly used devices in clinical diagnosis and treatment practice. Methods In this study, according to requirements of the endoscopic surgery, the infusion apparatus, infusion apparatus extension tube, three-way plug valve, Luer one-way valve, ordinary syringe, and negative pressure spring were used to assemble the irrigation system with different functions. Results The autonomous perfusion device realized the real-time conversion of manual injection, continuous perfusion or negative pressure suction. The entire equipment has many advantages, including easily accessible raw materials, low cost, simple assembly process, easy operation, strong controllability, effective control ability for the intrarenal pressure, and high safety. Conclusions The commonly used medical devices were applied to assemble the autonomous ureteroscopic irrigation system, which is flexible, simple and cost-effective and thus can be applied in flexible ureteroscopic surgery.

scholarly journals Low Cost Design of Automated Drip Irrigation System with GSM

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8077-8082
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Irrigation Technology ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Irrigation Control ◽  
Fail Safe

This paper is about an automatic irrigation control system which is cost effective and can be used for irrigation by a farmer. Today’s industrial automation and controlling of machine is high in cost and not suitable for a farming field. So, here we design a smart drip irrigation technology with effective control system in low cost. The voltage monitoring unit informs the farmer about the power supply conditions on the field. The aim of this study, is to control the motor automatically, and decide the direction of the water flow through valves, based on the inputs from the farmer and also with the collective inputs from the sensors, which finally notify instantly about the happenings and conditions of the field. It operates under low hardware cost by distributing irrigation to crops by elevation change and gravity. The soil moisture and amount of flow of water in each sector are major consideration to design a fail-safe system for a variety of crops planted at a time.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Filter in Field Condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
K. Nagarajan ◽  
S. Ramya ◽  
T. Thangamani ◽  
A. Selvaperumal ◽  
T. Arthi
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Micro Irrigation ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Filtration Unit ◽  
Solids Removal ◽  
Media Layer

The parameters require for maintaining the crop's health and the integrity of the irrigation system has a relation with quality of irrigation water. In Micro irrigation appropriate filtration is very much important to prevent clogging. Filtration unit is one of the main components in micro irrigation system that too, Primary filter is more important to be installed along with the unit, when the water source is from open reservoir and other water sources. Though it is essential, the primary filter is not being installed by the farmers due to its high cost. Hence this study is an attempt to fabricate low-cost filter and to evaluate its performance with different filter media layer. A low-cost primary filter for drip irrigation system is fabricated. Different filter media layer like silex sand (fine silex, coarse silex), pebbles with different sizes are selected. The results revealed that the removal efficiency of filter using silex sand and pebbles were 71% in terms of turbidity, 78% in terms of total suspended solids removal at flow rate of 12 m3 /hr. This fabricated low-cost filter will be cost effective for small farm applications.

scholarly journals Application of Microbial Bioenzymes in Soil Stabilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Eshetu Mekonnen ◽  
Ameha Kebede ◽  
Tekle Tafesse ◽  
Mesfin Tafesse
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Soil Stability ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Dust Generation

Soil stabilization is a mechanical or chemical alteration of one or more soil properties to create an improved soil material possessing the desired engineering properties. The aim of this article was to review bioenzyme-based soil stabilization techniques with an emphasis on bioenzymes production, mechanism of soil stabilization and future challenges, and opportunities of the sector. Soils are stabilized to increase strength and durability or to prevent erosion and dust generation. Cost-effective soil stabilization technology has been a fundamental part of any construction and is very important for economic growth in any country. In some cases, construction has been challenged due to the high cost of soil stabilization processes. Besides, methods of stabilizations using common stabilizing agents are getting costly. Currently, there is a growing interest to identify new and green technology to improve construction techniques and to expand the road network. Therefore, the search for new materials and improved techniques to process the local materials has received an increased focus. For developing countries, bioenzymes are now creating an opportunity to improve soil stability with tremendous effectiveness in the overall process of soil stabilization. In the world, bioenzymes have been used in different projects for several years and are generally proprietary products, often of patented formulation that needs intensive field tests. Currently, the use and production of bioenzymes is becoming the most promising key for the advancement of a country by saving time, energy, and finance. It also reduces environmental pollution due to carbon emission by the conventional stabilizers. Thus, a better understanding of this emerging technology is of utmost importance to exploit any improvement it can offer to soil stability. With little research and practice, it is possible to produce soil stabilizing bioenzymes using local raw materials. Due to this, production of low cost, easily and widely applicable, and environmentally friendly enzymatic formulations from locally available raw materials should be the interest of research and academic institutes of any country.

scholarly journals Investigating the effect of materials and structures for negative pressure ventilators suitable for pandemic situation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Abughanam ◽  
Shahd Sameer Mohammed Gaben ◽  
Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury ◽  
Amith Khandakar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Lower Health ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe onset of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused shortages in mechanical ventilators (MVs) essential for the intensive care unit (ICU) in the hospitals. The increasing crisis prompted the investigation of ventilators which is low cost and offers lower health complications. Many researchers are revisiting the use of negative pressure ventilators (NPVs), due to the cost and complications of positive pressure ventilators (PPVs). This paper summarizes the evolution of the MVs, highlighting the limitations of popular positive and negative pressure ventilators and how NPV can be a cost-effective and lower health complication solution. This paper also provides a detailed investigation of the structure and material for the patient enclosure that can be used for a cost-effective NPV system using ANSYS simulations. The simulation results can confirm the selection and also help in developing a low cost while based on readily available materials. This can help the manufacturer to develop low-cost NPV and reduce the pressure on the healthcare system for any pandemic situation similar to COVID-19.

Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels

2005 ◽  
Vol 500-501 ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Korchynsky
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Microalloyed Steels ◽  
Thin Slab Casting ◽  
Steel Consumption ◽  
Materials Used

The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.

scholarly journals Research and Development of a Low-Cost Smart Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Device Using Locally Available Raw Materials for Cardiac Arrest Patients

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan ◽  
Md. Mujtabir Alam
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Chest Compressions ◽  
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
External Chest Compressions ◽  
Effective Product

Cardiovascular disease is the main worldwide reason for death. Cardiovascular diseases can cause the heartbeat to stop. If a person experiences a cardiac arrest, then direct treatments such as cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with chest compressions and artificial ventilation along with defibrillation are methods to greatly improve the patient’s possibility of survival. Usually, CPR is completed manually. Manual CPR is carried out by applying external chest compressions followed by artificial ventilation. It helps to pump blood around the person’s body when their heart cannot do this job. This paper presents the development and analysis of a low-cost cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) device using locally available raw materials for the treatment of cardiac arrest patients. This CPR is automated, portable, and very user friendly. This is a very cost-effective product which people can easily afford to buy. The unit price of this CPR is USD 500.

Design analysis of a microcontroller based Irrigation system

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
A.A. Okandeji ◽  
M.B. Olajide ◽  
A.A. Ponnle ◽  
D.S. Kuponiyi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Analysis

This work considers the design analysis of a low-cost microcontroller-based irrigation controller capable of managing irrigation for a small area of land based on real-time values of soil moisture and temperature. The method employed is to continuously monitor the soil moisture level to decide whether irrigation is needed, and how much water is needed in the soil. In particular, the microcontroller based circuit device performs the action of irrigation management. Specifically, it does this by continuously monitoring the moisture content of the soil, and comparing the values with two set reference values; the upper-limit, and lower-limit moisture content values, and then induces the corresponding action required. When the soil moisture content goes below the lower-limit value set by the user, the system observes this and begins irrigation action. Results obtained show that this design is cost-effective, and guarantees efficient water supply and effective labor management. Also, irrigation test results show that the duration of spray largely depends on the soil texture, grass identity and moisture content. In particular, sprinkler irrigation method in loamy soil took longer than in sandy soil, while clay soil irrigation took the longest time. Keywords: Automatic-Irrigation Controller, Irrigation, Microcontroller, Water-supply

scholarly journals Applications of Biochar and Modified Biochar in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil: A Descriptive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 14041
Author(s):  
Meina Liang ◽  
Lin Lu ◽  
Huijun He ◽  
Jingxi Li ◽  
Zongqiang Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Modified Biochar ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Monitoring Technologies

Given that the problem of contaminated soil continues to grow, the development of effective control and remediation measures has become imperative, especially for heavy-metal-contaminated soil. Biochar and modified biochar are eco-friendly and cost-effective remediation materials that are widely used in the remediation of contaminated soil. This review provides an overview of the different raw materials used in the preparation of biochar as well as the modification of biochar using various synthesis methods, highlighting their differences and providing recommendations for biochar and modified biochar as applied toward ameliorating pollution in soil contaminated by heavy metals. We also explore the effects of the physicochemical properties of raw materials, pyrolysis temperature, additives, and modification methods on the properties of the resulting biochar and modified biochar, and systematically present the types of soil and operating factors for repair. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by biochar and modified biochar are outlined in detail, and include adsorption, complexation, precipitation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attractions. Finally, the corresponding monitoring technologies after remediation are illustrated. Future directions for studies on biochar and modified biochar in the remediation of contaminated soil are also proposed to support the development of green environmental protection materials, simple preparation methods, and effective follow-up monitoring techniques.

scholarly journals MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES OF LOW-COST SI-BASED CRYSTALLINE TYPE SOLAR CELL IN BANGLADESH

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Md. Rakibul Hasan ◽  
Fariba Mohammadi ◽  
Antara Majumdar ◽  
Ali Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Atomic Energy Commission ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
The Cost

In today’s world with the increasing population, the world's energy needs are growing steadily andthe crisis for power is also increasing. All the conventional sources of energy like gas, coal, oil etc are limited.In this situation, the need for establishing a renewable energy source as an alternative energy generation systemhas become very important for sustainable energy security of the country. Among various renewable energysources, solar energy comprises a large portion. The solar energy captivated by Earth’s atmosphere, oceansand land is about 385000 EJ[1]. But only less than 1% of useful energy comes from solar power [2]. Thisstatistics shows that, the sun shine produces 35000 times more power on earth than the daily power productionusing solar energy. Thus the earth receives more energy from the sun in just one hour than the world uses in awhole year.[3] The conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar cells system (10-14%) is worthwhile way ofproducing this alternative energy. Bangladesh receives strong sunshine throughout the whole year (3.8-6.42Kw-hr/m2) and it has been found that the average sunshine hours are 6.69, 6.16 and 4.81in winter, summer andmonsoon, respectively.[4] Bangladesh is also adopting means to use solar energy day by day. Many privateCompanies in Bangladesh import solar panels from abroad and sell them into the country. The approximatecost for importing readymade panels varies from 90-98 BDT per Wp. There are some companies which importsolar cells from foreign countries and assemble them into panels. The average cost for importing cells isapproximately 41-57 BDT per Wp. The cost of assembled panels from imported cells is approximately 78-84BDT per Wp. From the analysis it is found that, the cost of a locally produced PV panel is 10 percent lower thanimported ones [5] because of 60% cost incurs for producing cells from raw materials. Although solar panels arebeing produced in Bangladesh, till now solar cells have not been fabricated yet. In Bangladesh for the first time‘Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC)’ is going to set up a laboratory to fabricate crystalline solarcells. It is anticipated that producing cells from raw materials locally and then assembling them into PV panelswill reduce the cost almost 30%. This paper explores how fabricating crystalline solar cells locally isanticipated to reduce cost of solar panels. If the cost effective technology could be made familiar in Bangladeshthen it would help in solving our power crisis in a great deal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15934

scholarly journals Vacuum assisted wound healing: can it prove to be cost- effective?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurabhi M. Samant ◽  
Bhakti Sarang
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
P Value ◽  
Vacuum Assisted Closure ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Pressure Therapy ◽  
Randomised Study

Background: In search for a faster and effective method Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) also known as Vacuum assisted wound closure (VAC) has emerged to be a promising technology over the years. This study was carried out to determine the clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness of Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy compared to conventional wound therapy.Methods: A prospective randomised study using VAC was performed on cases with chronic non healing wounds using a low cost negative pressure therapy unit. The negative pressure used in the vacuum assisted closure of the wounds was provided by the wall mounted centralised suction apparatus which provided a constant average pressure of 125 mm of Hg (range being 110-200 mm Hg).Results: The rate of wound healing which was exhibited by reduction in size of the wound by more than 1 cm at the end of the first 5 days was higher in the cases (82%) as compared to the control (18%) group. By end of 15 days size reduction of >3 cm was seen almost 85% of the patients treated with NPWT. The total cost incurred in the first group undergoing VAC for a period of 15 days per patient was Rs.750 ($11.16) as against the second group undergoing conventional wound dressing which was Rs.700 ($10.41) for the same period per patient. The cost- benefit analysis of the two groups statistically revealed a p value of <0.05 under 95% confidence limits, thus proving vacuum assisted closure, though slightly expensive than the conventional dressing, to be a better and cost effective modality, taking into consideration the faster wound healing rates.Conclusions: In this study NPWT appeared to exhibit better wound healing and is thus a promising alternative to the conventional management and has a potential to be replicable across many hospitals with financial constraints in the low and middle income countries.

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