Applications of Biochar and Modified Biochar in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil: A Descriptive Review

Given that the problem of contaminated soil continues to grow, the development of effective control and remediation measures has become imperative, especially for heavy-metal-contaminated soil. Biochar and modified biochar are eco-friendly and cost-effective remediation materials that are widely used in the remediation of contaminated soil. This review provides an overview of the different raw materials used in the preparation of biochar as well as the modification of biochar using various synthesis methods, highlighting their differences and providing recommendations for biochar and modified biochar as applied toward ameliorating pollution in soil contaminated by heavy metals. We also explore the effects of the physicochemical properties of raw materials, pyrolysis temperature, additives, and modification methods on the properties of the resulting biochar and modified biochar, and systematically present the types of soil and operating factors for repair. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by biochar and modified biochar are outlined in detail, and include adsorption, complexation, precipitation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attractions. Finally, the corresponding monitoring technologies after remediation are illustrated. Future directions for studies on biochar and modified biochar in the remediation of contaminated soil are also proposed to support the development of green environmental protection materials, simple preparation methods, and effective follow-up monitoring techniques.

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Multiple Fortification of Beverages

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482659801900213 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 168-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Denis Barclay

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Target Population ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Organoleptic Characteristics ◽

Multiple Micronutrient ◽

Materials Used ◽

Processing And Storage ◽

And Storage

Diet-related micronutrient deficiencies rarely occur in isolation; deficiencies of iodine and vitamin A or of iron and vitamin A or zinc are often observed in the same populations. In addition, widespread deficiencies of some micronutrients, for example, zinc and calcium, may often go undiagnosed because of the absence of specific and sensitive status indicators. Multiple micronutrient supplementation can be more effective in improving nutritional status than supplementation with single key micronutrients; therefore, the multiple fortification of appropriate food vectors, including beverages, is of interest from the nutritional standpoint. Beverages fortified with multiple micronutrients include dairy products, chocolate beverages, fruit juices, and soya-based drinks. As well as the documented or estimated micronutrient deficiencies and the requirements of the target population or consumer group, the conception of such a multiply fortified beverage must take into account a number of other important factors. The choice of the chemical form of the fortification micronutrients should be made with consideration of bioavailability, the effects on the organoleptic characteristics of the particular beverage, and cost. The initial calculation of the composition of the micronutrient premix should include the levels of micronutrients in the raw materials used and the estimated losses of specific micronutrients during processing and storage. Preliminary production and storage trials are then needed to determine the actual losses. The composition of the micronutrient premix may then be finalized. Interactions, both positive and negative, between fortification micronutrients may also need to be considered. For example, the bioavailability of iron may be enhanced by the addition of vitamin C, whereas mineral–vitamin and vitamin–vitamin interactions can accelerate the destruction of some vitamins. To render quality control procedures simple and cost-effective, only a limited number of fortification micronutrients, which are especially sensitive to losses and which are easy to measure, may be analysed. Simple, inexpensive, and rigorous analytical methods for such measurements are now available.

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An autonomous economical and efficient ureteroscopic irrigation system

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26169/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tengteng Wang ◽

Xiude Chen ◽

Qinghua Xia ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Xunbo Jin

Keyword(s):

Negative Pressure ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Effective Control ◽

Flexible Ureteroscopy ◽

Invasive Technique ◽

Treatment Practice ◽

Extension Tube

Abstract Background In recent years, the minimally invasive technique for treating nephrolithiasis has been developed rapidly. Particularly, the flexible ureteroscopy has been extensively applied. For flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy, the perfusion equipment is necessary to ensure a clear intraoperative field of view. This study was aimed to prepare a set of economical and efficient ureteroscopic irrigation system by some commonly used devices in clinical diagnosis and treatment practice. Methods In this study, according to requirements of the endoscopic surgery, the infusion apparatus, infusion apparatus extension tube, three-way plug valve, Luer one-way valve, ordinary syringe, and negative pressure spring were used to assemble the irrigation system with different functions. Results The autonomous perfusion device realized the real-time conversion of manual injection, continuous perfusion or negative pressure suction. The entire equipment has many advantages, including easily accessible raw materials, low cost, simple assembly process, easy operation, strong controllability, effective control ability for the intrarenal pressure, and high safety. Conclusions The commonly used medical devices were applied to assemble the autonomous ureteroscopic irrigation system, which is flexible, simple and cost-effective and thus can be applied in flexible ureteroscopic surgery.

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Bio Remedial Potential for the Treatment of Contaminated Soils

Current Research in Agriculture and Farming ◽

10.18782/2582-7146.154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 53-58

Author(s):

Hasnain Raza ◽

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Soil Bioremediation ◽

Environmental Threat ◽

The World

As anthropogenic activities rise over the world, representing an environmental threat, soil contamination and treatment of polluted areas have become a worldwide concern. Bioremediation is a sustainable technique that could be a cost-effective mitigating solution for heavy metal-polluted soil regeneration. Due to the difficulties in determining the optimum bioremediation methodology for each type of pollutant and the lack of literature on soil bioremediation, we reviewed the main in-situ type, their current properties, applications, and techniques, plants, and microbe’s efficiency for treatment of contaminated soil. In this review, we describe the deeper knowledge of the in-situ types of bioremediation and their different pollutant accumulation mechanisms.

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Fly ash-based geopolymers: an emerging sustainable solution for heavy metal remediation from aqueous medium

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ◽

10.1186/s43088-021-00179-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Piyush Gupta ◽

Garima Nagpal ◽

Namrata Gupta

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Aqueous Medium ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Point Sources ◽

Main Body ◽

Mining Operations ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Heavy Metal Remediation

Abstract Background The water supplies are hindered because aquatic resources have constrained with natural and man-made pollution activities in terms of releasing huge amounts of contaminants from different point and non-point sources across the globe. The industries like metal plating, batteries, paint, fertilizers, tanneries, textile industries, dyeing industries, mining operations, and paper industries discharge their effluents into the environment directly or indirectly, and hence, they are considered as the key sources of heavy metals contamination in water resources. Heavy metals are inorganic, non-biodegradable, persistent, and having a tendency to get accumulated in biotic and abiotic components of environment as compared to organic pollutants. Some heavy metal cations, for example, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, lead, nickel, copper, and chromium, are carcinogenic in nature and so, lethal. There are growing health concerns due to toxic impacts of heavy metals on every genre of ecosystem. To deal with the bottleneck situation, it is highly imperative to search a feasible solution for heavy metal remediation in water in context of preventing amalgamation of noxious contaminants in food web. Different methods are exercised for the remediation of such impurities from its solutions. One method, i.e. adsorption is found to be the simplest, economical, efficient, and eco-friendly in this context. Main body Geopolymers exhibit heterogeneous amorphous microstructure and wide surface area. The compatibility for depollution and the performance of these materials mainly depend upon their preparation methods, composition, and microstructure. Fly ash-based geopolymer may serve as a better alternate to various cost-effective adsorbents and it will be a proven environmentally viable, waste to money solution by consuming heaps of fly ash waste for the adsorbent modified by using fly ash. The possible utilization of wastes from several industries is a matter of concerned sustainability benefits. This study shows that fly ash-based geopolymers have the potential to cope up with the problems and risk factors associated with the fly ash waste management and it would be the utmost scientific panacea in the field of removing toxins from aqueous medium and maintain environmental health in the future. Short conclusions The literature available in different databases is very limited pertaining to heavy metal remediation using fly ash-based geopolymers. Keeping all the factors in mind, this article is an attempt to summarize relevant informations related to work done on fly ash-based geopolymers for treating aqueous solutions comprising heavy metals.

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Microscopic Analysis of Pottery Fragments from the Corded Ware Culture at Sites 11, 15 and 20 in Święte, Jarosław District

Baltic-Pontic Studies ◽

10.2478/bps-2018-0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 163-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Rauba-Bukowska

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Crystalline Material ◽

Petrographic Analysis ◽

Type B ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Heavy Clay ◽

Materials Used ◽

Natural Component

Abstract For microscopic examination, 22 pottery fragments from sites 11, 15 and 20 in Święte, Jarosław District were selected. The pottery types included beakers (N=19) and amphorae (N=3). The goal of the petrographic analysis was to identify mineralogical composition of ceramic fabric, sources of raw materials, and intentional additives to the clay. The analysis yielded data that helped determine ceramic fabrics types and preparation methods, as well as pottery firing conditions and approximate firing temperature. In all samples analysed, ceramic fabrics were prepared in a similar way, using heavy clay poor in muscovite, with grog deliberately added. Crystalline material present in some of the samples is most likely a natural component of raw materials used in the production process. No sand is added to the clay. No other method for preparing pastes was identified for the amphorae type. Previous observations on amphorae firing are confirmed: amphorae are fired in oxidizing conditions. The ceramic fabrics of two vessels have a deliberate admixture of bones in addition to grog and argillaceous rock intraclasts. Vessels decorated with cord impressions and vessels with herringbone or other incised patterns are more often made from paste type A (inclusion and grog) and paste type B (grog), respectively.

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Feasibility of Biofuels as a Substitute to Conventional Fuels in IC Engines for Mass Transport and Distributed Power Generation

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal ◽

10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3513 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rayapati Subbarao ◽

Saisarath Kruthiventi

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Emission Characteristics ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Distributed Power Generation ◽

Technological Growth ◽

Comparable Performance ◽

To Come

Depletion of petroleum based fuels has been a lot of concern among the governments and researchers around the world. Usage of biofuels in place of the conventional fuels is showing rapid growth because of the favourable characteristics like better performance and time improved emission characteristics. Present paper discusses about different available biofuels and their effectiveness in replacing fossil fuels and also how they affect the technological growth. Different works are compared to bring out the actual scenario with respect to the performance, emission, availability, production and preparation methods. It is observed that much effort is made by the stake holders in order to see biofuels as a viable alternative and as a future fuel for internal combustion engines. Performance improves slightly with the usage of biofuels and reduced emission characteristics may be logical to observe. But it may not be appreciable, considering the series of production processes involved. It still requires lot of time to commercialize and produce biofuels in mass. Also, there have been constraints like the availability of raw materials for the same. It is concluded that biofuels do play significant role in the days to come provided there is much more effort from researchers to simplify the technology in making biofuel as sustainable and cost effective with at least comparable performance.

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Effects of Iron-Modified Biochar and AMF Inoculation on the Growth and Heavy Metal Uptake of Senna occidentalis in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies ◽

10.15244/pjoes/92545 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 2611-2621 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiongfei Guo ◽

Huashou Li

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Metal Uptake ◽

Heavy Metal Uptake ◽

Modified Biochar ◽

Amf Inoculation

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Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Industrial contaminated soil by Spiracia oleracea L and Zeamays L

IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) ◽

10.21013/jas.v4.n1.p22 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abhilash M.R ◽

Srikantaswamy S ◽

Shiva Kumar D ◽

Jagadish K ◽

Shruthi L

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Environmental Problem ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Technological Solution ◽

Metal Pollutants ◽

Environmental Friendly

<em>Present days, environment is filled up with a large quantity of toxicants including heavy metals in dissimilar forms. Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental problem and has its negative impact on human health and agriculture. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective. This article reports about the mobility, bio-availability and Phytoremediational response of plant in heavy metals in Industrial contaminated soil<strong> </strong>of Mysuru City, additionally Translocation factor (TF) and Biological Concentration Factor (BCF) also carried to know the ability of the Spiracia oleracea L and Zeamays L.</em>

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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Leaf Extract of Volkameriainermis

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpcr.v9i08.9587 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (08) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lavanya Krishnadhas ◽

Santhi R. ◽

Annapurani S.

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Green Synthesis ◽

Plant Extract ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Synergetic Effect ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽

By Products

Nanoparticles are gaining interest in biomedical applications due to its importance such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer agents. Conventional methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles involves toxic reagents which produce harmful by-products and are hazardous to the environment. To overcome these limitations, green synthesis of nanoparticles was established. Eco-friendly methods using plant extracts are gaining popularity due to the abundance of raw materials and the production of non-toxic by-products threatening to the environment. Moreover, the nanoparticles synthesized from the plant extract are cost-effective. In addition, nanoparticles produced by green synthesis methods produces synergetic effect where both the nanoparticles as well as the natural bioactive constituents of the plant influence the biocidal properties. Different methods namely heating in water bath, microwave oven and exposure to bright sunlight were adopted for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Plant extract based synthesis of silver nanoparticles was eco-friendly and shows an alternative promise in bio-medical applications and it undertakes the negative effects of synthetic drugs.

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