scholarly journals Diclazuril-Induced Expression of CDK-Related Kinase 2 in the Second-Generation Merozoites of Eimeria Tenella

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bian-hua Zhou ◽  
Hai-yan Ding ◽  
Jing-yun Yang ◽  
Jun Chai ◽  
Hong-wei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Infected Control Group ◽  
Candidate Target ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

Abstract Background：Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria tenella infection, directly or indirectly leads to great loss to poultry industry. With the emergence of drug-resistance in chicken coccidia, it is imperative to develop new drugs. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell cycle progression in numerous organisms by acting as key molecular switches. Results: In the present study, a diclazuril anticoccidiosis animal model was established and CDK-related kinase 2 (CRK2) in the second-generation merozoite of E. tenella (EtCRK2) gene was amplified through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). Purified recombinant protein was used for antiserum preparation. Subsequently, EtCRK2 transcription and translation levels were detected through quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The localization of EtCRK2 in merozoites was examined via immunofluorescence techniques. Results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of EtCRK2 decreased in the infected/diclazuril group compared with those in the infected/control group. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that EtCRK2 was localized in the cytoplasm of merozoites. The fluorescence intensity of EtCRK2 in the infected/diclazuril group was significantly weaker than that in the infected/control group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the anticoccidial drug diclazuril against E. tenella by affecting the expression pattern of EtCRK2 molecule, and EtCRK2 may be used as a candidate target for new drug development.

scholarly journals Diclazuril-induced expression of CDK-related kinase 2 in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bian-hua Zhou ◽  
Hai-yan Ding ◽  
Jing-yun Yang ◽  
Jun Chai ◽  
Hong-wei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Immunofluorescence Analysis ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Infected Control Group ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
New Drug Development ◽  
Target Screening

Abstract Background: Diclazuril is a classic anticoccidial drug. The key molecules of diclazuril in anticoccidial action allows target screening for the development of anticoccidial drugs. In the present study, a diclazuril anticoccidiosis animal model was established, and the transcription and translation levels of the CDK-related kinase 2 of Eimeria tenella (EtCRK2) were detected through quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The localisation of EtCRK2 in merozoites was examined with immunofluorescence techniques.Results: The mRNA and protein expression levels of EtCRK2 decreased in the infected/diclazuril group compared with those in the infected/control group. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that EtCRK2 was localised in the cytoplasm of the merozoites. The fluorescence intensity of EtCRK2 in the infected/diclazuril group was significantly weaker than that in the infected/control group.Conclusions: The anticoccidial drug diclazuril against E.tenella affects the expression pattern of EtCRK2 molecule, and EtCRK2 is a potential target for new drug development.

Differential immune responses in mice infected with the tissue-dwelling nematode Trichinella zimbabwensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.N. Onkoba ◽  
M.J. Chimbari ◽  
J.M. Kamau ◽  
S. Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Infected Control Group ◽  
Tissue Migration ◽  
Th1 And Th2

AbstractTo improve diagnostic tools, immunotherapies and vaccine development for trichinellosis surveillance and control there is a need to understand the host immune responses induced during infection with Trichinella zimbabwensis, a tissue-dwelling nematode. In this study, we sought to determine immune responses induced in mice during T. zimbabwensis infection. The parasite strain used (Code ISS1209) was derived from a naturally infected crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and is the main Trichinella species prevalent in southern Africa. Sixty 6- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to two equal groups: T. zimbabwensis-infected (n= 30) and the non-infected control group (n= 30). Levels of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-4 (IL-4) as well as parasite-specific IgM, IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibody responses were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cytokines and antibodies provided information on T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-type, T-regulatory and antibody responses. Results showed that during the intestinal stage of infection, higher levels of parasite-specific IgM, IgG, IgG1 (P <  0.05) and IL-10 and TNF-α (P <  0.001) were observed in the Trichinella-infected group compared with the non-infected control group. In the parasite establishment and tissue migration phases, levels of IgG1 and IgG3 were elevated (P <  0.001), while those of IgM (P <  0.01) declined on days 21 and 35 post infection (pi) compared to the enteric phase. Our findings show that distinct differences in Th1- and Th2-type and T-regulatory responses are induced during the intestinal, tissue migration and larval establishment stages of T. zimbabwensis infection.

Effects of homeopathy in mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Homeopathy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 97 (02) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Rodrigues de Almeida ◽  
Mônica Caroline de Oliveira Campos ◽  
Heitor Miraglia Herrera ◽  
Leoni Villano Bonamin ◽  
Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Homeopathic Treatment ◽  
Infected Control Group ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cruzi Infection

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of homeopathic treatment on mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi.Methods: Eighty adult male C57BL/6 inbred mice were randomly allocated to five groups treated with biotherapy (nosode) of T. cruzi 12dH (12×) pre- and post-infection; Phosphorus 12dH post-infection; infected control treated with control solution and uninfected control. The biotherapy was prepared by the Costa method from the blood of mice experimentally infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Phosphorus was used because of its clinical and reportorial similarity to Chagas disease. T. cruzi (104) sanguineous forms were inoculated intraperitoneally per animal. Parasitaemia was monitored, leukocyte and serological responses were evaluated at 0, 7, 14 and 42 days after infection. The prepatent and patent periods of parasitaemia, maximum of parasitaemia, day of maximum parasitaemia and mortality rates were compared between groups.Results: A significantly shorter period of patent parasitaemia was observed in the group treated with the biotherapy before infection (p < 0.05) than in the other groups. This group also had the lowest parasitaemias values at 9, 13, 15 (p < 0.05), 17 (p < 0.05), 22, 24 and 28 days, a lower rate of mortality and a significant increase of lymphocytes compared to the infected control group. The Phosphorus group had the longest period of patent parasitaemia, higher maximum parasitaemia, and a significant reduction of lymphocyte numbers, but no mortality. The infected control group had the highest mortality rate (not statistically significant), and the highest IgG titres at 42 days post-infection (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The results suggest that pre-treatment with biotherapy modulates host immune response to T. cruzi, mainly during the acute phase of the infection. Phosphorus shows an action on the pathogenicity by T. cruzi infection. Homeopathic treatment of T. cruzi infection should be further investigated.

scholarly journals Efficacy of a multivalent vaccine against Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Zafra ◽  
Leandro Buffoni ◽  
Raúl Pérez-Caballero ◽  
Verónica Molina-Hernández ◽  
María T. Ruiz-Campillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serological Study ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Vaccination Trial ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Infected Control Group ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Hepatic Lesions ◽  
Group 1

AbstractIn this work we report the protection found in a vaccination trial performed in sheep with two different vaccines composed each one by a cocktail of antigens (rCL1, rPrx, rHDM and rLAP) formulated in two different adjuvants (Montanide ISA 61 VG (G1) and Alhydrogel®(G2)). The parameters of protection tested were fluke burden, faecal egg count and evaluation of hepatic lesions. In vaccinated group 1 we found a significant decrease in fluke burden in comparison to both unimmunised and infected control group (37.2%; p = 0.002) and to vaccinated group 2 (Alhydrogel®) (27.08%; p = 0.016). The lower fluke burden found in G1 was accompanied by a decrease in egg output of 28.71% in comparison with the infected control group. Additionally, gross hepatic lesions found in vaccine 1 group showed a significant decrease (p = 0.03) in comparison with unimmunised-infected group. The serological study showed the highest level for both IgG1 and IgG2 in animals from group 1. All these data support the hypothesis of protection found in vaccine 1 group.

Experimental and Bioinformatical Studies on Antimalarial drug Sulfadiazine

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zelai
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Infected Control Group

Background: Several computational tools assist in predicting the chemical properties, toxicity, solubility, and binding affinity of the drugs. Objective: The study aims to experimentally analyze the efficiency of the antimalarial drug “sulfadiazine” in a higher dose in contrast to its conventional use. Method: The antimalarial drug was screened, and its application was assessed on the host (mice). Results: The results showed that parasitemia of the infected control group was significantly higher than the others (P<0.0001) on days 3, 5, 7, and 9. The parasitemia of the IT+4 group was significantly lower than the parasitemia of the IT-4 group on the 15th day. Conclusion: It was concluded that increased potency for the antimalarials is because they are non-toxic.

scholarly journals Efficacy of an Oral Solution Prepared from the Ultrasonic Extract of Radix dichroae roots against Eimeria tenella in Broiler Chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ling Wang ◽  
Zhiting Guo ◽  
Zhenxing Gong ◽  
Jianping Cai ◽  
Feng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Bloody Diarrhoea ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Infected Control Group ◽  
Healthy Control

This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of the oral solution of the ultrasonic extract of Radix dichroae (UERD) and to provide experimental support for a safe clinical dose for anticoccidial treatment of broiler chickens. Radix dichroae root extracts were prepared using the ultrasonic extraction method. The anticoccidial activity of the oral solution prepared from the ultrasonic extract of Radix dichroae roots was tested in broiler chickens following oral infection with a field isolate of E. tenella. Ninety Lingnan yellow broiler chickens (14 days old) were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 10), including six UERD oral solution treatments (0.25, 0.50, 1.50, 2.50, 3.50, and 5.00%), a toltrazuril group (0.10%), an E. tenella-infected control group, and a healthy control group. All groups were inoculated orally with 7 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts (Guangdong strain) except for the healthy control group. The chickens in the seven drug-treated groups were administered a UERD oral solution or toltrazuril in drinking water for 7 days. The anticoccidial efficacy of the UERD oral solution was evaluated by the bloody diarrhoea severity level, relative body weight gain (rBWG), lesion score, oocyst per gram (OPG), and anticoccidial index (ACI). Compared with the infected control group, there were no significant differences in the groups treated with UERD oral solution or toltrazuril with regard to the lesion changes in the caecal regions (P>0.05); however, the blood contents, OPG, and oocyst score in three UERD oral solution treatment groups (0.50, 1.50, and 2.50%) were significantly reduced, and the bloody diarrhoea was also alleviated. The ACI in three UERD oral solution treatment groups (0.50%, ACI = 143.7; 1.50%, ACI = 151.0; and 2.50%, ACI = 144.3) was higher than that in the toltrazuril group (ACI = 127.0), and the rBWG in the 1.50% UERD oral solution treatment group (95.0%) was similar to that in the healthy control group (100%), which was also 12.5% higher than that in the toltrazuril group (82.5%). The findings of this study demonstrated that the UERD oral solution (0.50% ～ 2.50% dose range) showed better prevention, anticoccidial efficacy, and growth promotion effects than toltrazuril (0.10%), and the 1.50% dose level of UERD oral solution in water is the clinically recommended dose according to the present study conditions.

scholarly journals The Acute Effects of Swimming Exercise on PGC-1α-FNDC5/Irisin-UCP1 Expression in Male C57BL/6J Mice

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Eunhee Cho ◽  
Da Yeon Jeong ◽  
Jae Geun Kim ◽  
Sewon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Swimming Exercise ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Ucp1 Expression ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

Irisin is a myokine primarily secreted by skeletal muscles and is known as an exercise-induced hormone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the PGC-1α -FNDC5 /Irisin-UCP1 expression which is an irisin-related signaling pathway, is activated by an acute swimming exercise. Fourteen to sixteen weeks old male C57BL/6J mice (n = 20) were divided into control (CON, n = 10) and swimming exercise groups (SEG, n = 10). The SEG mice performed 90 min of acute swimming exercise, while control (non-exercised) mice were exposed to shallow water (2 cm of depth) for 90 min. The mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α, FNDC5 and browning markers including UCP1 were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Serum irisin concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An acute swimming exercise did not lead to alterations in the mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, the mRNA and protein expression of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue, mRNA browning markers in visceral adipose tissue and circulating irisin when compared with the control group. On the other hand, an acute swimming exercise led to increases in the mRNA and protein expressions of FNDC5 in the soleus muscle, the protein expression of FNDC5 in the gastrocnemius muscles and the protein expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Apoptotic effects of antimalarial artemisinin on the second generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella and parasitized host cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 206 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinghua Mo ◽  
Qingtao Ma ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Nan Cheng ◽  
Jianping Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Apoptotic Effects

Effect of the Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantalum CMU-FP002 on Oocyst Shedding by Broilers Inoculated with Eimeria Tenella

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charunee Kasornpikul ◽  
Chaiyavat Chaiyasut ◽  
Bussabun Sirithanyalug ◽  
Worapol Aeagwanich ◽  
Thanit Pewnim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacillus ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Genus Eimeria

Coccidiosis is an infectious disease that causes the most widespread health problems in the broiler industry. This study indicated that chickens fed with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantalum CMU- FP002 exhibited an 85.63% reduction in the number of oocysts of Eimeria tenella shed in the faeces compared with the control group. The average number of oocysts shed by the group fed the probiotic and a group fed an antibiotic were both significantly (P<0.05) less than the average number of oocysts shed by the control group. Coccidiosis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria and is the most consistently reported health problem in poultry (Biggs, 19–82; Rose et al, 1987; Williams, 1999). Generally, the number of oocysts shed in the faeces is dependent on the number of sporozoites and merozoites that penetrate the enterocytes for a given inoculum dose, and so represents the infection-resistant ability of broilers. Susceptibility to Eimeria can also be assessed on the basis of the number of oocysts obtained from droppings collected for four days starting on day 6 post-inoculation (Dalloul et al., 2005).

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