scholarly journals Spatial-temporal Distribution and Demography of Knowlesi Malaria in Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Kit Phang ◽  
Mohd Hafizi bin Abdul Hamid ◽  
Jenarun Jelip ◽  
Rose Nani binti Mudin ◽  
Ting-Wu Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: The life-threatening zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi is on the rise in Malaysia; however, previous studies mainly focus on the transmission in Malaysian Borneo. This study aims to describe the basic epidemiological characteristics of P. knowlesi infection and identify spatial clustering of knowlesi malaria in Peninsular Malaysia. Methods : The spatial distribution of P. knowlesi monoinfection incidence was mapped across Peninsular Malaysia using Geographic Information System (GIS) approach. Demographic characteristics of the infection was investigated. Global and Local Moran’s I were used to analyze spatial autocorrelation and define clustering of knowlesi malaria incidence. Results : Gua Musang and Lipis maintained the highest incidence rate (IR) as compared to other districts. Spatial analysis revealed that high IRs (hotspots) were clustered in the central-northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. In the demographic aspect, knowlesi malaria was more prevalent in male and age between 20 and 39. Conclusions : This study revealed the spatial and temporal patterns of P. knowlesi in Peninsular Malaysia throughout 2011 to 2018. Knowlesi malaria control strategy should be emphasized in Malaysia malaria eradication program.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Sarawak from 2008 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choo Huck Ooi ◽  
Wei Kit Phang ◽  
Jonathan Wee Kent Liew ◽  
Yee Ling Lau
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Temporal Cluster ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analyses

Zoonotic knowlesi malaria has replaced human malaria as the most prevalent malaria disease in Malaysia. The persistence of knowlesi malaria in high-risk transmission areas or hotspots can be discouraging to existing malaria elimination efforts. In this study, retrospective data of laboratory-confirmed knowlesi malaria cases were obtained from the Sarawak Health Department to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns and clustering of knowlesi malaria in the state of Sarawak from 2008 to 2017. Purely spatial, purely temporal, and spatiotemporal analyses were performed using SaTScan software to define clustering of knowlesi malaria incidence. Purely spatial and spatiotemporal analyses indicated most likely clusters of knowlesi malaria in the northern region of Sarawak, along the Sarawak–Kalimantan border, and the inner central region of Sarawak between 2008 and 2017. Temporal cluster was detected between September 2016 and December 2017. This study provides evidence of the existence of statistically significant Plasmodium knowlesi malaria clusters in Sarawak, Malaysia. The analysis approach applied in this study showed potential in establishing surveillance and risk management system for knowlesi malaria control as Malaysia approaches human malaria elimination.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9271
Author(s):  
Wei Kit Phang ◽  
Mohd Hafizi Abdul Hamid ◽  
Jenarun Jelip ◽  
Rose Nani Mudin ◽  
Ting-Wu Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria

The life-threatening zoonotic malaria cases caused by Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysia has recently been reported to be the highest among all malaria cases; however, previous studies have mainly focused on the transmission of P. knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo (East Malaysia). This study aimed to describe the transmission patterns of P. knowlesi infection in Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia). The spatial distribution of P. knowlesi was mapped across Peninsular Malaysia using Geographic Information System techniques. Local indicators of spatial associations were used to evaluate spatial patterns of P. knowlesi incidence. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models were utilized to analyze the monthly incidence of knowlesi malaria in the hotspot region from 2012 to 2017 and to forecast subsequent incidence in 2018. Spatial analysis revealed that hotspots were clustered in the central-northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. Time series analysis revealed the strong seasonality of transmission from January to March. This study provides fundamental information on the spatial distribution and temporal dynamic of P. knowlesi in Peninsular Malaysia from 2011 to 2018. Current control policy should consider different strategies to prevent the transmission of both human and zoonotic malaria, particularly in the hotspot region, to ensure a successful elimination of malaria in the future.

scholarly journals Rapid and iterative genome editing in the zoonotic malaria parasitePlasmodium knowlesi: New tools forP. vivaxresearch

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Mohring ◽  
Melissa N. Hart ◽  
Thomas A. Rawlinson ◽  
Ryan Henrici ◽  
James A. Charleston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Cell Tropism ◽  
Duffy Binding Protein ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Invaluable Tool

AbstractTackling relapsingPlasmodium vivaxand zoonoticPlasmodium knowlesiinfections is critical to reducing malaria incidence and mortality worldwide. Understanding the biology of these important and related parasites was previously constrained by the lack of robust molecular and genetic approaches. Here, we establish CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in a culture-adaptedP. knowlesistrain and define parameters for optimal homology-driven repair. We establish a scalable protocol for the production of repair templates by PCR and demonstrate the flexibility of the system by tagging proteins with distinct cellular localisations. Using iterative rounds of genome-editing we generate a transgenic line expressingP. vivaxDuffy binding protein (PvDBP), a lead vaccine candidate. We demonstrate that PvDBP plays no role in reticulocyte restriction but can alter the macaque/human host cell tropism ofP. knowlesi. Critically, antibodies raised against theP. vivaxantigen potently inhibit proliferation of this strain, providing an invaluable tool to support vaccine development.

scholarly journals Non-human primate and human malaria: past, present and future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spinello Antinori ◽  
Cecilia Bonazzetti ◽  
Andrea Giacomelli ◽  
Mario Corbellino ◽  
Massimo Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Plasmodium ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Background Studies of the malaria parasites infecting various non-human primates (NHPs) have increased our understanding of the origin, biology and pathogenesis of human Plasmodium parasites. This review considers the major discoveries concerning NHP malaria parasites, highlights their relationships with human malaria and considers the impact that this may have on attempts to eradicate the disease. Results The first description of NHP malaria parasites dates back to the early 20th century. Subsequently, experimental and fortuitous findings indicating that some NHP malaria parasites can be transmitted to humans have raised concerns about the possible impact of a zoonotic malaria reservoir on efforts to control human malaria. Advances in molecular techniques over the last 15 years have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the existence and geographical distribution of numerous Plasmodium species infecting NHPs, and extended our understanding of their close phylogenetic relationships with human malaria parasites. The clinical application of such techniques has also made it possible to document ongoing spillovers of NHP malaria parasites (Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. simium, P. brasilianum) in humans living in or near the forests of Asia and South America, thus confirming that zoonotic malaria can undermine efforts to eradicate human malaria. Conclusions Increasing molecular research supports the prophetic intuition of the pioneers of modern malariology who saw zoonotic malaria as a potential obstacle to the full success of malaria eradication programmes. It is, therefore, important to continue surveillance and research based on one-health approaches in order to improve our understanding of the complex interactions between NHPs, mosquito vectors and humans during a period of ongoing changes in the climate and the use of land, monitor the evolution of zoonotic malaria, identify the populations most at risk and implement appropriate preventive strategies.

scholarly journals Geospatial Analysis of Extreme Weather Events in Nigeria (1985–2015) Using Self-Organizing Maps

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeoluwa Akande ◽  
Ana Cristina Costa ◽  
Jorge Mateu ◽  
Roberto Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
The North ◽  
Precipitation Regimes ◽  
Self Organizing

The explosion of data in the information age has provided an opportunity to explore the possibility of characterizing the climate patterns using data mining techniques. Nigeria has a unique tropical climate with two precipitation regimes: low precipitation in the north leading to aridity and desertification and high precipitation in parts of the southwest and southeast leading to large scale flooding. In this research, four indices have been used to characterize the intensity, frequency, and amount of rainfall over Nigeria. A type of Artificial Neural Network called the self-organizing map has been used to reduce the multiplicity of dimensions and produce four unique zones characterizing extreme precipitation conditions in Nigeria. This approach allowed for the assessment of spatial and temporal patterns in extreme precipitation in the last three decades. Precipitation properties in each cluster are discussed. The cluster closest to the Atlantic has high values of precipitation intensity, frequency, and duration, whereas the cluster closest to the Sahara Desert has low values. A significant increasing trend has been observed in the frequency of rainy days at the center of the northern region of Nigeria.

scholarly journals Novel vectors of the zoonotic malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, in two districts of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
J. Ang Xin De ◽  
K. Abdul Kadir ◽  
D.S. Awang Mohamad ◽  
A. Matusop ◽  
K. Yaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND TEACHER WORK PERFORMANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Aini Wizana Ismail ◽  
Kamal Ab Hamid ◽  
Shahrizal Badlishah
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Job Performance ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
National Education ◽  
Teacher Work ◽  
The Government

The government is very concerned about issues related to schooling because the results of education today will shape our generation in the future. In this regard, the government takes seriously the aspect of national education and implements various initiatives to improve the effectiveness and excellence of schools through one of the aspects contained in the strategic thrust of the Malaysian Education Development Plan (PPPM) 2013-2025 which is focused on the quality of student academic achievement as the main agenda of education reform. Therefore, in an effort to improve and enhance work performance among teachers, there are related issues that need to be emphasized. Teacher job performance gaps are examined and given emphasis from the aspect of job satisfaction, Therefore, this study aims to identify the relationship between job satisfaction factors and teacher job performance. The population of this study consisted of teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (SMK) in the education sector in the northern region, Peninsular Malaysia. However, for this study, the focus is given to the two locations of the states involved, are Perlis and Kedah. This location was chosen because the schools involved in this study are under one education system that implements the same policies and policies and the implementation of curricular and co-curricular activities is also the same. In fact, the schools involved in this study also received allocations and financial assistance in almost the same amount for the whole country (Ministry of National Education, MOE). For research purposes, this study used the questionnaire distribution method. While the process to analyze the data is using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24. The results of the analysis found that job satisfaction has a significant positive relationship with teacher work performance.

Using Volunteered Geographic Information to Assess the Spatial Distribution of West Nile Virus in Detroit, Michigan

2013 ◽  
pp. 1170-1182
Author(s):  
Kevin P. McKnight ◽  
Joseph P. Messina ◽  
Ashton M. Shortridge ◽  
Meghan D. Burns ◽  
Bruce W. Pigozzi
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Hotspot Detection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Dead Bird ◽  
Global And Local

West Nile Virus is a vector-borne flavivirus that affects mainly birds, horses, and humans. The disease emerged in the United States in 1999 and by 2001 had reached Michigan. In clinical human cases, the most common symptoms are fever, weakness, nausea, headache, and changes in mental state. The crow is the most common wildlife host in the life cycle of the virus. The state of Michigan, through the Michigan Department of Community Health, collected the spatial locations of over 8,000 dead birds (Corvidae), statewide, during 2002. The large number of samples made spatial and temporal hotspot detection possible. However, the volunteer reporting method produced a dataset with a direct correlation between the numbers and locations of the dead birds and human population density and accurately identifying hotspots remains a challenge. Geographic variation in dead bird intensity was modeled using both global and local spatial clustering algorithms. Statistical models identified overall spatial structure and local clustering. Identification of hotspots was confounded by limited information about the collection procedures, data availability and quality, and the limitations of each method.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Serogroup C Meningococcal Meningitis Spread in Niger and Nigeria and Implications for Epidemic Response

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S244-S252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura V Cooper ◽  
Olivier Ronveaux ◽  
Katya Fernandez ◽  
Clement Lingani ◽  
Kadade Goumbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Meningococcal Meningitis ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Epidemic Response ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background After the re-emergence of serogroup C meningococcal meningitis (MM) in Nigeria and Niger, we aimed to re-evaluate the vaccination policy used to respond to outbreaks of MM in the African meningitis belt by investigating alternative strategies using a lower incidence threshold and information about neighboring districts. Methods We used data on suspected and laboratory-confirmed cases in Niger and Nigeria from 2013 to 2017. We calculated global and local Moran’s I-statistics to identify spatial clustering of districts with high MM incidence. We used a Pinner model to estimate the impact of vaccination campaigns occurring between 2015 and 2017 and to evaluate the impact of 3 alternative district-level vaccination strategies, compared with that currently used. Results We found significant clustering of high incidence districts in every year, with local clusters around Tambuwal, Nigeria in 2013 and 2014, Niamey, Niger in 2016, and in Sokoto and Zamfara States in Nigeria in 2017. We estimate that the vaccination campaigns implemented in 2015, 2016, and 2017 prevented 6% of MM cases. Using the current strategy but with high coverage (85%) and timely distribution (4 weeks), these campaigns could have prevented 10% of cases. This strategy required the fewest doses of vaccine to prevent a case. None of the alternative strategies we evaluated were more efficient, but they would have prevented the occurrence of more cases overall. Conclusions Although we observed significant spatial clustering in MM in Nigeria and Niger between 2013 and 2017, there is no strong evidence to support a change in methods for epidemic response in terms of lowering the intervention threshold or targeting neighboring districts for reactive vaccination.

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