scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Contaminating the Wards and Operating Room of Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnstone Amulioto ◽  
Margaret Muturi ◽  
Scholastica Mathenge ◽  
Gideon M. Mutua
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Abstract Background Nosocomial infections are of public health concern globally. These infections are frequently caused by microbes residing in the healthcare environment, including contaminated medical equipment, wards, and operating theaters. Objectives To determine the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of bacteria that contaminated the wards and operating rooms of Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital. MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was done from October - November 2018. Surface swabs taken from predefined areas within the wards and operating room were assessed for bacterial contamination. The samples were processed through gram reaction, culture, and an array of biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility tests were done for each swab by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Statistical work was done through a statistical package for the social sciences version 20. ResultsThe present work revealed an isolation rate of 64.7% (44/68) for culture-positive surface swabs while 35.3% (24/68) of the swabs failed to yield any organism. A total of 59 bacteria were isolated from the processed swabs. Of the isolates, gram-positive bacteria were more compared to gram-negative rods. Overall, Staphylococcus aureus 55.9% (n=33) was the prevalent bacteria followed by Bacillus species 30.5% (n=18), Citrobacter species 3.4% (n=2), Enterobacter species 3.4% (n=2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1.7% (n=1), Acinetobacter species 1.7% (n=1), Escherichia coli 1.7% (n=1) and Coagulase-negative staphylococcus 1.7% (n=1). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 61.8% of all staphylococci species. The bacteria were resistant to Ampicillin/Cloxacillin at 96.6% (n=57/59). Conclusion The infection of hospitalized patients by resident flora of the hospital environment may worsen the clinical condition of the patient. Therefore, it's paramount for all facilities to ensure that they assess periodically their healthcare environments to identify potential bacterial pathogens of nosocomial significance.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Contaminating the Wards and Operating Room of Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnstone Amulioto ◽  
Margaret Muturi ◽  
Scholastica Mathenge ◽  
Gideon M. Mutua
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Abstract Background Nosocomial infections are of public health concern globally. These infections are frequently caused by microbes residing in the healthcare environment, including contaminated medical equipment, wards, and operating theaters. Objectives To determine the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of bacteria that contaminated the wards and operating rooms of Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital. MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was done from October - November 2018. Surface swabs taken from predefined areas within the wards and operating room were assessed for bacterial contamination. The samples were processed through gram reaction, culture, and an array of biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility tests were done for each swab by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Statistical work was done through a statistical package for the social sciences version 20. ResultsThe present work revealed an isolation rate of 64.7% (44/68) for culture-positive surface swabs while 35.3% (24/68) of the swabs failed to yield any organism. A total of 59 bacteria were isolated from the processed swabs. Of the isolates, gram-positive bacteria were more compared to gram-negative rods. Overall, Staphylococcus aureus 55.9% (n=33) was the prevalent bacteria followed by Bacillus species 30.5% (n=18), Citrobacter species 3.4% (n=2), Enterobacter species 3.4% (n=2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1.7% (n=1), Acinetobacter species 1.7% (n=1), Escherichia coli 1.7% (n=1) and Coagulase-negative staphylococcus 1.7% (n=1). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 61.8% of all staphylococci species. The bacteria were resistant to Ampicillin/Cloxacillin at 96.6% (n=57/59). Conclusion The infection of hospitalized patients by resident flora of the hospital environment may worsen the clinical condition of the patient. Therefore, it's paramount for all facilities to ensure that they assess periodically their healthcare environments to identify potential bacterial pathogens of nosocomial significance.

scholarly journals HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 795-801
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saeed ◽  
Farhan Rasheed ◽  
Shahida Hussain ◽  
Maqsood Ahmad ◽  
Mizna Arif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objectives: An alarming rise in Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) associated hospital based infections has been reported in recent decades.Prolongedhospital stay, unhygienic health services are confined to this challenging serious problem.Anterior nares of humans are a natural reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus with asymptomaticcolonization. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage rate ofMRSA among hospitalized patients. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: PunjabInstitute of Cardiology, Lahore, Pakistan. Period: January 2013- 2014. Materials & Methods:Nasal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients. Total 2,440 patients were screened forthe nasal carriage of MRSA. Microbiologically, identification of S. aureus was done on the basisof colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Identified isolates of S. aureus werefurther tested for cefoxitin susceptibility testing, following the technique of modified Kirby Bauer discdiffusion using Mueller-Hinton agar as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines2013. Results: Out of total 2,440 nasal swabs, 60.45% (1475/2440) were Staphylococcusspecies. Among Staphylococcus group, 86.10% (1270/1475) were Staphylococcus aureus.The frequency of MRSA and MSSA (Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus) was 5.20%(66/1270) and 94.8% (1204/1270) respectively. Overall nasal carriage of MRSA is 2.70%(66/2440). The coagulase negative Staphylococcus were found in 205 (13.90%) cases whileMRSE (Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus epidermdis) were found in only 7 (3.41%) cases.Conclusion: Overall nasal carriage rate of MRSA was 2.70%.

scholarly journals The bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of isolates from medical equipment and surfaces in the Children’s emergency room of a Nigerian hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Ikenna Kingsley Ndu ◽  
Isaac Nwabueze Asinobi ◽  
Uchenna Ekwochi ◽  
Obinna Chukwuebuka Nduagubam ◽  
Ogechukwu Francesca Amadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective:  Nosocomial infections are those acquired in hospitals or healthcare service units that first appear 48 hours or more after admission or within 30 days after discharge following in-patient care. Knowledge of the bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of any hospital environment is a key factor in infection control and good antibiotic stewardship. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Children’s Emergency Room (CHER) of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.  Samples for culture were collected from equipment and hospital surfaces. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined for each isolate by the Agar diffusion method using Standard Nutrient Agar 1 discs. Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 83 (70.3%) specimens. Staphylococcus aureus (53.4%) was the most common isolate cultured followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (18.8%), then Escherichia coli (13.9%). Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 25.9% were MRSA. Ampicillin resistance of the gram negatives was high. All the Gram-negative isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli were the commonest isolates. More efforts are needed to ensure improved hygiene standards in order to reduce the burden of nosocomial infections.

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern against pathogenic bacteria causing Dental Caries

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Deepak Dwivedi ◽  
Tejram Kushwah ◽  
Mukesh Kushwah ◽  
Vinod Singh
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Penicillin V ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Antibiotics to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed which led to the increased resistance against bacteria. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility tests on a panel of pathogenic bacteria isolated from dental caries infection. Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. The antibiotics used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Penicillin‐V. The obtained resistance percentage for each antibiotic were Penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), Amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). In case of combinatorial antibiotic exposure, the resistance percentage of Penicillin V/Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin/ Erythromycin was 39/150 (26%), and 45/150 (30%) respectively. The study has well demonstrated the clinical picture of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing dental caries. The obtained comprehensive data will allow investigating the spatial distribution of pathogenic, antibiotic resistant bacteria among dental caries patients which further may help into development of novel diagnostic and treatment approaches for the same.

Bacterial Isolates and Their Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern Among Patients Admitted With Chronic Lower Limb Ulcers at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Northern Zone Referral Hospital, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
pp. 153473462092345
Author(s):  
Wilson Marco Hape ◽  
Mujuni Josephat Magambo ◽  
James Samwel Ngocho ◽  
Victor Mosha ◽  
Sia E. Msuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Medical Centre ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Objective. To identify the bacterial isolates and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern among patients with lower limb ulcers admitted at a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and July 2018 at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. Questionnaire was used to obtain the demographics and clinical information of participants. Wound samples were collected and culture method used to identify the bacteria and their susceptibility patterns. Results. Out of 65 participants, 55 (84.6%) had positive aerobic bacterial growth. Twelve (18 %) participants had more than one bacterium. Fifty-nine (88.1%) were gram-negative bacteria. Proteus vulgaris (13, 19.9%), Pseudomonas spp (10, 14.8%), and Staphylococcus aureus (8, 11.7%) were the common isolates. Out of 59 gram-negative bacterial, 47 (78%) were sensitive to amikacin. Staph were sensitive to oxacillin (75%; n = 8) and vancomycin (50%; n = 8). Gram-negative were common isolates and were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid but sensitive to amikacin. Conclusion. The observed resistance to antibiotics calls for continuous monitoring of the resistance pattern to guide the empirical management of patients with leg ulcer.

scholarly journals Bacterial Etiology of Wound Exudates in Tertiary Care Cancer Patients and Antibiogram of the Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863372095207
Author(s):  
Kiran Duwadi ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
Sanjeep Sapkota ◽  
Pabitra Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Patients with malignancies frequently develop infections as a result of surgical procedures and fungating wounds leading to pus formation. This cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the bacteriological spectra of infections of various cancer sites and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns among the patients visiting minor operation theatre (OT) of B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (BPKMCH), Chitwan, Nepal. Methods: Over a period of 3 months from September to November 2018, a total of 183 wound exudates and pus samples were collected and analyzed by standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified based on the colony characters, Gram staining and an array of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to criteria set by CLSI, 2016. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was tested with the help of cefoxitin using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of the 183 samples, 149 (81.4%) were culture positive. Among 13 different isolates identified, S. aureus (43.0%) was predominant followed by E. coli (14.0%). Higher incidence of bacteria was seen among the males (52.3%), in the age group 51 to 60 years (26.8%) and among the patients undergoing surgical intervention to deal with cancer (34.2%). The prevalence of wound infection was significantly affected by gender, age, and treatment regimen ( P < .01). Out of the total 68 S. aureus isolates, 38 (44.1%) were deemed as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among the 158 isolates, 85 (53.8%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Cefepime was the most effective antibiotic for Gram positive isolates whereas both imipenem and meropenem were found to be equally more effective for Gram negative isolates. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with malignancies harbor pathogenic bacteria; therefore, prudent use of antibiotics is essential to prevent the emergence of MDR pathogens.

scholarly journals Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Hashemizadeh ◽  
Nahal Hadi ◽  
Samane Mohebi ◽  
Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽  
Abdollah Bazargani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Spa Types

Abstract Objectives Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent Staphylococcus aureus widespread in hospitals and communities. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the most common types of S. aureus strain circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSCmec type III. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. For the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported in this study. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are native to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec II, III and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is necessary.

scholarly journals Antibiotic sensitivity and resistant pattern of bacteria isolated from table eggs of commercial layers considering food safety issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfuzul Islam ◽  
Mirza Synthia Sabrin ◽  
Md Hazzaz Bin Kabir ◽  
Md Aftabuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus

The present study was carried out during the period of June 2016 to June 2017 to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity and resistant pattern of bacteria isolated from table eggs of commercial layers considering food safety issue. A total of 200 egg samples (100 for egg shell surface and 100 for egg content) were collected from different retail markets of Dhaka city in sterile polythene bags in a view to prevent extraneous contamination and transported to the laboratory immediate after collection using icebox. The samples were inoculated onto nutrient broth and nutrient agar plates aerobically at 37°Cfor isolation. The isolated organisms were identified based on staining, motility, colony morphology and biochemical tests. The isolated bacteria were also subjected to characterize their antibiotic sensitivity. About 74% egg samples (148 out of 200 samples) were positive for microbial contamination. Among them 100 (100 %) samples had their shells contaminated with microbes of different genera; however, only 48 (48%) growths were observed from the egg contents. The major contaminants are Escherichia coli (34.64%), Coagulase positive Staphylococcus (24.29%), Salmonella spp. (20.71%) followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (10%), Pseudomonas spp. (6.43%) and Bacillus spp. (3.93%). The isolated bacteria E. coli, Coagulase positive Staphylococcus, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. showed their greatest sensitivity against ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and azithromycin whereas resistant against tetracycline, amoxicillin and ampicillin. There is potential for these antibiotic-resistant bacteria to be transferred to humans through contaminated eggs and are of public health concern from food safety point of view. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 323-329

scholarly journals Bacteriological Monitoring of Inanimate Surfaces and Equipment in Some Referral Hospitals in Assiut City, Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Entsar H. Ahmed ◽  
Hebat-Allah M. Hassan ◽  
Nahla M. El-Sherbiny ◽  
Asmaa M. A. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogens ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Referral Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Hospital-acquired infections represent a serious public health problem in all countries. It is clear that monitoring of the hospital environment is an essential element in the control and a part of the policy for preventing nosocomial infections. It allows a better understanding of the microbial ecology for the purpose of conducting preventive and corrective actions. The aims of this work were to determine the percentage of bacterial contamination of environmental samples and to identify potential nosocomial pathogens isolated from environments of seven referral hospitals from 2009 to 2015. By using the swab technique, 12863 samples were collected. Qualitative and quantitative cultures were performed. The organisms were primarily identified by colony morphology, microscopy of Gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. 25.6% of total samples showed contamination (93% was monomicrobial and 7.0% was polymicrobial). The predominant species was coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) (32%), followed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (26%) and then K. pneumonia (10.6%). The percentage of contamination varied among the covered hospitals and according to the year of monitoring with highly statistically significant difference (p value<0.001). Direct contact with environmental surfaces or equipment transmits the majority of nosocomial infection. Major nosocomial pathogens have been identified. Hospital managers and healthcare bodies must be aware of the reality of the concept of environmental bacterial tanks and the need for respect of biocleaning procedures and choice of biocleaning tools.

scholarly journals Toxin production and drug resistance profiles of pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Tehran

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozhgan Esmaeili Benvidi ◽  
Hamidreza Houri ◽  
Zohreh Ghalavand ◽  
Bahram Nikmanesh ◽  
Hadi Azimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Invasive Diseases

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is known to be a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia and invasive diseases. In this study, attempts were made to examine the prevalence of tsst-1, eta, etb, and luk-PV genes among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from children in Tehran. Methodology: In the present cross-sectional study, a total of 100 MRSA were isolated from children who were referred to a pediatric hospital during 11-month period of September 2014 to August 2015. Isolates were identified using biochemical tests and then, using PCR, the isolates were tested for the presence of mecA, tsst-1, eta, etb, and luk-PV genes. Susceptibility of isolates to cefoxitin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, rifampin, minocycline, co-trimoxazole, linezolid, and vancomycin were evaluated using standard methods. Results: It was found that the MRSA isolates had the greatest resistance to clindamycin (72%) and erythromycin (59%), while the lowest rates of resistance were observed to be related to minocycline (6%) and rifampin (12%). All of isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. The mecA gene was detected in all the isolates. Moreover, luk-PV and tsst-1 were detected in 18% and 17% of the isolates, respectively. None of the isolates harbored eta and etb genes. Conclusions: Our data provide specifications about the toxin production status of S. aureus isolates from pediatric children. The current study showed increased resistance to different antibiotics in S. aureus isolates. Therefore, to prevent multi-resistance to other antibiotic classes, it is essential to withhold prescriptions and stop unessential use of available antibiotics.

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