Xylogenesis, photosynthesis and respiration of Scots pine trees growing in Eastern Siberia (Russia)

Abstract Key message The relationships between cambium activity, cell wall biomass accumulation and photosynthesis/ respiration in Scots pine trees, growing in Eastern Siberia (Russia), change during the season in dependence on combination of summer-weather conditions. The wood formation in tree trunks depends on photosynthesis and respiration and the each of the processes are under the effect of external factors. Each factor effects the growth in combination with other factors and the change in any of these factors leads to strengthen or to weaken of the growth processes in tree. We investigated the formation of xylem and phloem cells by cambium, cell wall biomass accumulation in Scots pine trees, growing in Eastern Siberia (Russia), in dependence on the productivity of photosynthesis and energy cost in separate seasonal periods in the years with opposite summer-weather conditions. The cores extracted throughout 10-day from the stems of 10 trees during the seasons were used to determine the number of cells with different development degree and their morphological parameters. Cambium activity and cell wall biomass accumulated on the separate stages of annual ring wood formation and their connections with the photosynthetic productivity of crown and the level of stem respiration photosynthesis were assessed. The activity of cambial cell division into xylem or phloem sides in separate periods depended on the combination of temperature/precipitation and on the connection with photosynthesis and respiration. The dynamics of biomass accumulation was bimodal with the maximums in June (earlywood development) and mainly in August (development of thick-wall late tracheids), what was due to the combination of optimal temperature and the moisture in the stem tissues. The variation in the external factors changed the balance between the incoming of photoassimilates and the energy cost causing a competition for photosynthesis products and, as a consequence, photoassimilates were used not only for cell-wall biomass synthesis and but also for their reservation of spare substances in the form of starch. The data is useful to understanding of internal processes of wood annual ring formation in pine trees.

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Interacting effects of insect and ungulate herbivory on Scots pine growth

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79346-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michelle Nordkvist ◽

Maartje J. Klapwijk ◽

La rs Edenius ◽

Christer Björkman

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Growth Response ◽

Insect Herbivory ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Ungulate Herbivory ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Species Specific

AbstractMost plants are subjected to damage from multiple species of herbivores, and the combined impact on plant growth can be non-additive. Since plant response to herbivores tends to be species specific, and change with repeated damage, the outcome likely depend on the sequence and number of attacks. There is a high likelihood of non-additive effects on plant growth by damage from mammals and insects, as mammalian herbivory can alter insect herbivore damage levels, yet few studies have explored this. We report the growth response of young Scots pine trees to sequential mammal and insect herbivory, varying the sequence and number of damage events, using an ungulate-pine-sawfly system. Combined sawfly and ungulate herbivory had both additive and non-additive effects on pine growth—the growth response depended on the combination of ungulate browsing and sawfly defoliation (significant interaction effect). Repeated sawfly herbivory reduced growth (compared to single defoliation) on un-browsed trees. However, on browsed trees, depending on when sawfly defoliation was combined with browsing, trees exposed to repeated sawfly herbivory had both higher, lower and the same growth as trees exposed to a single defoliation event. We conclude that the sequence of attacks by multiple herbivores determine plant growth response.

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Functional Characterisation of the Poplar Atypical Aspartic Protease Gene PtAP66 in Wood Secondary Cell Wall Deposition

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12081002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1002

Author(s):

Shenquan Cao ◽

Cong Wang ◽

Huanhuan Ji ◽

Mengjie Guo ◽

Jiyao Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Populus Trichocarpa ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Protease Gene ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Transcription Analysis ◽

Functional Characterisation

Secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition is an important process during wood formation. Although aspartic proteases (APs) have been reported to have regulatory roles in herbaceous plants, the involvement of atypical APs in SCW deposition in trees has not been reported. In this study, we characterised the Populus trichocarpa atypical AP gene PtAP66, which is involved in wood SCW deposition. Transcriptome data from the AspWood resource showed that in the secondary xylem of P. trichocarpa, PtAP66 transcripts increased from the vascular cambium to the xylem cell expansion region and maintained high levels in the SCW formation region. Fluorescent signals from transgenic Arabidopsis plant roots and transiently transformed P. trichocarpa leaf protoplasts strongly suggested that the PtAP66-fused fluorescent protein (PtAP66-GFP or PtAP66-YFP) localised in the plasma membrane. Compared with the wild-type plants, the Cas9/gRNA-induced PtAP66 mutants exhibited reduced SCW thickness of secondary xylem fibres, as suggested by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. In addition, wood composition assays revealed that the cellulose content in the mutants decreased by 4.90–5.57%. Transcription analysis further showed that a loss of PtAP66 downregulated the expression of several SCW synthesis-related genes, including cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis enzyme-encoding genes. Altogether, these findings indicate that atypical PtAP66 plays an important role in SCW deposition during wood formation.

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The effects of soil and air temperature on CO2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch seedlings

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tps007 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 724-736 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. Pumpanen ◽

J. Heinonsalo ◽

T. Rasilo ◽

J. Villemot ◽

H. Ilvesniemi

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Co2 Exchange ◽

Silver Birch

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Freeze-preservation of buds from Scots pine trees

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) ◽

10.1007/bf00048212 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 89-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tero Kuoksa ◽

Anja Hohtola

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Pine Trees

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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) dynamics in the Welsh Marches during the mid to late-Holocene

The Holocene ◽

10.1177/0959683621994654 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095968362199465

Author(s):

Dael Sassoon ◽

William J Fletcher ◽

Alastair Hotchkiss ◽

Fern Owen ◽

Liting Feng

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Late Holocene ◽

British Isles ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

Peat Core ◽

New Information ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Pollen Records

Around 4000 cal yr BP, Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) suffered a widespread demise across the British Isles. This paper presents new information about P. sylvestris populations found in the Welsh Marches (western central Britain), for which the long-term history and origins are poorly known. Two new pollen records were produced from the Lin Can Moss ombrotrophic bog (LM18) and the Breidden Hill pond (BH18). The LM18 peat core is supported by loss-on-ignition, humification analysis and radiocarbon dating. Lead concentrations were used to provide an estimated timeframe for the recent BH18 record. In contrast to many other Holocene pollen records from the British Isles, analysis of LM18 reveals that Scots pine grains were deposited continuously between c. 6900–300 cal yr BP, at frequencies of 0.3–5.4%. It is possible that individual Scots pine trees persisted through the wider demise on thin soils of steep drought-prone crags of hills or the fringes of lowland bogs in the Welsh Marches. At BH18, the record indicates a transition from broadleaved to mixed woodland, including conifer species introduced around AD 1850 including Picea and Pinus. The insights from BH18 suggest that the current populations may largely be the result of planting. Comparison of the LM18 findings with other regional pollen records highlights consistent patterns, including a Mid-Holocene maximum (ca. 7000 cal yr BP), long-term persistence at low pollen percentages and a Late-Holocene minimum (ca. 3000 cal yr BP). These distinctive trends encourage further studies on refugial areas for Scots pine in this region and elsewhere.

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Tree-ring dating of meteorite fall in Sikhote-Alin, Eastern Siberia – Russia

International Journal of Astrobiology ◽

10.1017/s1473550411000309 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Fantucci ◽

Mario Di Martino ◽

Romano Serra

Keyword(s):

Winter Season ◽

Growth Stress ◽

Pinus Sibirica ◽

Eastern Siberia ◽

Sikhote Alin ◽

Vegetative Period ◽

Growth Anomalies ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Meteorite Fall ◽

Sudden Decrease

AbstractThis research deals with the fall of the Sikhote-Alin iron meteorite on the morning of 12 February 1947, at about 00:38 h Utrecht, in a remote area in the territory of Primorsky Krai in Eastern Siberia (46°09′36″N, 134°39′22″E). The area engulfed by the meteoritic fall was around 48 km2, with an elliptic form and thousands of craters. Around the large craters the trees were torn out by the roots and laid radially to the craters at a distance of 10–20 m; the more distant trees had broken tops. This research investigated through dendrocronology n.6 Scots pine trees (Pinus Sibirica) close to one of the main impact craters. The analysis of growth anomalies has shown a sudden decrease since 1947 for 4–8 years after the meteoritic impact. Tree growth stress, detected in 1947, was analysed in detail through wood microsection that confirmed the winter season (rest vegetative period) of the event. The growth stress is mainly due to the lost crown (needle lost) and it did not seem to be caused due to direct damages on trunk and branches (missing of resin ducts).

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Highly Productive Pine Forests in a Changing Climate

Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal) ◽

10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-9-23 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 9-23

Author(s):

Nina F. Kuznetsova ◽

◽

Elena S. Klushevskaya ◽

Elena Yu. Amineva

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Test Site ◽

Pine Forests ◽

Soil Drought ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Changing Climate ◽

Vital State

Forest steppe of the Central Chernozem Region (CCR) of Russia belongs to the zone of highly productive pine forests. In 2015, for the first time a partial destabilization of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was recorded within the territory of the CCR. It affected the population, organism and cellular levels of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The destabilization was caused by the 8-year heatwave of 2007–2014 followed by a sharp drop in the water table and four severe droughts (2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014). The analysis was carried out on two sites of pine forest plantations growing in the environmentally sound region: the Stupino test site (Voronezh region, typical plantation for the CCR) and the Usman site (Lipetsk region, lands with elevated groundwater level). The results of morphological, cytogenetic and biochemical studies of model trees of the Stupino test site during the following periods are presented: 4 optimal years in terms of weather conditions, 2014 drought year and 2015 destabilization year. It was found that prolonged hydrothermal stress resulted in the transition of pine from the basic equilibrium state to a slightly nonequilibrium state. The trigger mechanism for changing their vital state was a severe autumn soil drought in 2014, after which the plants became weakened right before winter. A decrease in cone bioproductivity by the traits of seed fullness and the total number of seeds per cone, a change in population sampling structure, an increase in the number of mitosis pathologies, and an increase in proline content in needles were observed despite optimal weather conditions in 2015. The recovery of species was studied for three subsequent optimal years on the example of the Stupino and Usman populations. Experimental data indicate that the processes of vital state normalization involve profound changes in metabolism and require certain energy expenditures. It took the Stupino population longer to return to the regional norm, which indicates a different depth of destabilization of the tree genetic material of the studied populations. For citation: Kuznetsova N.F., Klushevskaya E.S, Amineva E.Yu. Highly Productive Pine Forests in a Changing Climate. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 9–23. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-9-23

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Verjüngungspotenzial verschiedener Waldföhrenund Fichtenherkünfte bei variabler Trockenheit

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2015.0399 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 166 (6) ◽

pp. 399-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Barbara Moser ◽

Marek Metslaid ◽

Lorenz Walthert ◽

Ulrich Wasem ◽

Thomas Wohlgemuth

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Retention Capacity ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Rhine Valley ◽

A Minor

Regeneration potential of different Scots pine and Norway spruce provenances under variable drought Rising temperatures will lead to extended periods of summer drought, which may challenge the persistence of Scots pine and Norway spruce in dry alpine valleys where these species play an important role in the protection against natural hazards. We tested whether the natural regeneration of the two species in the Rhine valley near Chur, Switzerland, might be limited under future climatic conditions and we compared the performance of autochthonous provenances with that of seedlings originating from regions with already drier summer climate such as the Rhone valley, continental Eastern Europe or the Mediterranean basin. Seeds of Scots pine and Norway spruce were sown repeatedly in forest clearings at three south-exposed sites in the Rhine valley near Chur, Switzerland. Soil moisture was manipulated to a minor extent with throughfall reduction roofs. In both species, regeneration success was primarily driven by the weather conditions during the three months following seed sowing: the seedlings having emerged in the rainy spring of 2013 had a higher survival rate and accumulated up to five times more aboveground biomass than the seedlings emerging in the dry spring of 2011. In years with an average or even positive water balance, Scots pine seedlings were able to establish at all sites. In Norway spruce, by contrast, establishment rate exceeded 10% of viable seeds only at the site with the highest water retention capacity. In years with a positive water balance during spring, the seedlings from the Rhine and Rhone valleys outperformed those from most Mediterranean and Eastern European provenances, while no differences between provenances were found in the dry spring of 2011. We suggest that periodical regeneration of Scots pine will be likely in the Rhine valley even under future climatic conditions, whereas the establishment of Norway spruce may remain an exceptional event in dry, south-exposed clearings.

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