scholarly journals Developing an Instrument to Assess Children's Capacity for Assent in Research Settings: Considering the Capacity of Five-year-olds in Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Ishiyama ◽  
Kimiko Akama ◽  
Zentaro Yamagata ◽  
Izumi Ishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Child Friendly

Abstract Background: When children are considered for research participation, international guidelines suggest that they should provide assent in addition to the consent of their parents or legally authorised representatives. Guidelines indicate that the assent-capable age of children, as a reference, is above seven years. However, previous studies that have clarified the appropriate age for assent are unavailable in Japan. If it can be shown that children under the age of seven have capacity for assent, it will clarify that assent is possible above the age of seven years. Therefore, we aimed to develop an instrument to assess children’s capacity for assent among four- to six-year-olds and research their capacity for studies with no invasion or intervention. Methods: To develop the instrument, we referenced a semi-structured interview instrument for assessing decision-making capacity to consent to participation in human subject research. Our instrument is composed of three sections based on 10 question items. Each answer is scored 0–2, and the total score is in the range of 0–20. Assent information was modified to be understood by four-year-olds in Japanese. To examine an instrument and to assess children’s capacity for assent, we conducted a study with 68 participants, aged to four to six years. The scores were analysed using a factor analysis, reliability analysis, one-way analysis of variance, t-test, and χ2 test.Results: The average age of participants was 5.4 years, the average interview time was 9.6 min, and the average scale score (range 0–20) was 14.4±3.8 points in total. Results showed a significant difference between four-year-olds and five-year-olds in the scale scores of assent capacity, largely attributable to differences in understanding and appreciation. Conclusions: The reliability and validity of this scale was indicated as sufficient. For studies with no invasion or intervention, five-year-olds may have the capacity for assent if provided adequate information about the research, tailored to their level of maturity with a child-friendly assent process. However, it cannot be stated that five to six-year-olds fully understand the significance of participating in a study that includes potential benefits for someone other than themselves. Future research may consider comparing six and seven-year-olds or older children.

Ethical issues in palliative care research

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Casarett
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Interventional Study ◽  
Care Research ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Study Designs

Recent growth in palliative care research has created a heterogeneous field that encompasses both qualitative and quantitative techniques, and descriptive as well as interventional study designs. Despite the valuable knowledge that has been produced by this research, and the promise of future important advances, its progress has been impeded by a persistent uncertainty about the ethics of these studies. For instance, there have been concerns raised about whether patients near the end of life should ever be asked to participate in research, although others have objected to this extreme position. Nevertheless, the combination of ethical and practical issues can create substantial barriers to palliative care research. This chapter discusses five ethical aspects of palliative care research that investigators and clinicians should consider in designing and conducting palliative care research. These include (1) the study’s potential benefits to future patients, (2) the study’s potential benefits to subjects, (3) the study’s risks to subjects, (4) subjects’ decision-making capacity, and (5) the voluntariness of subjects’ choices about research participation.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF A TOOL TO MEASURE KNOWLEDGE OF LABOUR LAWS AMONG EMPLOYEES

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-104
Author(s):  
M. M. Sulphey ◽  
Awad Ali Alanzi ◽  
Martin Klepek
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Labour Legislation

Labour legislations provide guidelines to prevent unfair labour practices and organizational injustice. All employment and labour laws propose standards regarding wages, wellbeing, safety, and equitable treatment, which reduces conflicts. However, informational imbalances between employers and employees prevent employees from having adequate knowledge about labour legislation. Consequently, some employers treat employees inconsistently and that could be detrimental to them. A practical solution to this problem is making employees aware of the provisions of labour laws. As an initial step towards this, there is a definite need to assess employees’ awareness regarding labour laws. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a standardized tool to measure the knowledge level of labour legislation, which has impaired empirical examinations. Using randomly collected 346 samples from two different types of industries, the present study constructed and validated a tool to measure labour law knowledge. The study has followed a simple scale development framework consisting of item generation, scale development, and psychometric evaluation. The measurement tool has been developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The final questionnaire consists of 17 items under four factors, exhibited significant reliability and validity. The developed tool is expected to fill the gap in the literature and stimulate further empirical research. The study also examined the difference in the knowledge level based on the demographics of the sample. The results show a significant difference between the knowledge levels based on gender, citizenship, type of industry, and qualifications. Future research directions are proposed at the end of the paper, together with the limitations of this study.

Reliability and Validity Testing of the MotionWatch 8 in Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameera Chakravarthy ◽  
Barbara Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Sedentary Group ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Preliminary Support

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to test the reliability and validity of the MotionWatch 8 with older adults. Methods: Participants wore the MotionWatch 8 for 3 days, completed a diary of activities and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Results: Evidence of reliability and validity was supported because there was no difference in daily level of activity and that recorded physical activity matched the activity counts. There was a significant difference in Borg RPE scale scores between the sedentary group (Borg RPE scale = 8.6,SD= 3.0) and those with some level of activity (Borg RPE scale = 9.9,SD= 2.3;F= 5.72,p= .02). Conclusion: The findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the MotionWatch 8 when used with older adults.

A Patient-guided Measure of Functional Status Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Bob Brown Scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Ann Carney ◽  
Molly Stillwell ◽  
Hugo du Coudray
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patient Responses

Abstract Background: While technology for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to improve, unexplained variation in outcomes persists. A growing body of literature provides evidence for the influence of subjective experience on objective physiological processes. We worked with TBI survivors and their family/caregivers to develop a model of recovery that incorporates patients’ subjective experience with objective measures of functional status (FS) to investigate factors that foster recovery. We then developed a measure of FS that reflects the priorities and perspectives of the patient population. The purpose of this report is to present our process for establishing the reliability and validity of the FS measure.Methods: Through an iterative process we elicited from TBI survivors their priorities for evaluation and measurement of FS. We assembled their responses into an 18-item measure and administered the pilot survey to 68 people with TBI from support groups in Oregon. Final administration was a survey mailed to 837 TBI survivors. Reliability analyses were conducted to evaluate internal consistency. A Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated for each sub-construct of the scale. A Difficulty Function was calculated to compare patient responses to family responses within each construct. Content validity analysis was conducted comparing constructs and items from the measure to those of 11 established, validated TBI outcome measures. an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to investigate the relationship between survivors’ FS scores and their post-trauma socio-economic status.Results: There were 248 complete cases in the sample. Reliability analysis provided adequate inter-item correlations. Difficulty functions ranged from .69 to .47. Construct validity was established with 11 validated instruments used to evaluate TBI. The ANOVA revealed a significant difference between FS scores and post-trauma SES; survivors with lower FS scores experienced lower post-trauma SES.Conclusions: Our goal was to develop a measure of functional status following TBI using the advice and assistance of survivors of TBI and their families. In this paper we present our process for developing and assessing the reliability and validity of the Functional Status measure of the Bob Brown Scale. Future research will be use of the BBS in a prospective sample of TBI survivors.

scholarly journals The development of Organization and Management Perception's Scale and comparison in terms of some professional variables for inspectors

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Ahmet Akbaba
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Perception Management ◽  
High Level ◽  
Organizational Perception ◽  
Scale Of Education

The general aim of this research is to compare the scores obtained from the scale in terms of some professional variables and the development of Organization and Management Perceptions' scale for the inspectors of education. This research is consisted of total 157 education inspectors as the research group of working in the scan model in Ağrı 9, in Bitlis14,in Elazıg 40, in Erzurum 31,in Hakkari 13, and Van, 50. Organization and Management Perceptions Scale of education ispectors is used in this study as collecting data within the scope of this study, and developed by researchers. It has determined that education inspectors have the threshold values determined on the averages, both the sub-scale scores and in total scale points of organizational perception management. When considering the scores obtained from the measurement tool, it was found a difference to the lower branches and sizes according to educational status. During the service there was not any significant difference. It is thought to provide a contribution to your writing, directed developing a measurement tool of the high level of reliability and validity of the study. In addition, the properties of education inspectors are compared in accordance with professional some variables.

Ethical issues in palliative care research

2021 ◽  
pp. 1312-1317
Author(s):  
Tyler Tate ◽  
David Casarett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Care Research ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Potential Benefits

Recent growth in palliative care research has created a heterogeneous field that encompasses both qualitative and quantitative techniques, and descriptive as well as interventional studies. Despite the valuable knowledge that has been produced by this research, and the promise of future important advances, its progress has been impeded by a persistent uncertainty about the ethics of these studies. For instance, there have been concerns raised about whether patients near the end of life should ever be asked to participate in research, although others have objected to this extreme position. Nevertheless, the combination of ethical and practical issues can create substantial barriers to palliative care research. This chapter discusses five ethical aspects of palliative care research that investigators and clinicians should consider in designing and conducting palliative care research. These include (1) the study’s potential benefits to future patients, (2) the study’s potential benefits to subjects, (3) the study’s risks to subjects, (4) subjects’ decision-making capacity, and (5) the voluntariness of subjects’ choices about research participation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Classroom Debate Activities on Pre-service Teachers’ Argumentativeness

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Kübra Şengül ◽  
Ahmet Demirel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Turkish Language

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of classroom debate activities on the argumentativeness of Turkish language teacher candidates. The study group of the research consists of 29 freshman students in the Turkish Language Teaching program. Designed in mixed method, in this study Argumentativeness Scale and Semi-Structured Interview Form were used as data collection tools. The application process of the study took a total five weeks. For the analysis of the quantitative data which was obtained through the Argumentativeness Scale, the pre and post-test scores were compared using the t-test. However, at the end of the application, the opinions of the students were taken through the semi-structured interview form and these data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. As a result of the research, it was determined that there is a significant difference between the argumentativeness pre-test scores and post-test scores of the study group. The findings obtained from the interviews also confirmed that there is a difference in the argumentativeness of the teacher candidates. As a result, it was seen that classroom debate activities carried out in accordance with the rules can motivate prospective teachers to do discussions and reduce their anxiety and fear of discussions. In addition to this, according to the findings, debate activities encourage students to do research, create a competitive environment in the classroom and ensure active participation in the lessons. In line with the research results, suggestions for classroom discussion practices and suggestions for future research have been presented.

Sentence Repetition: A Clinical Marker for Developmental Language Disorder in Danish

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4450-4463
Author(s):  
Rikke Vang Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Language Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Clinical Marker ◽  
Sentence Repetition ◽  
Good Identification ◽  
Syntactic Properties

Purpose The aim of the study was to explore the potential of performance on a Danish sentence repetition (SR) task—including specific morphological and syntactic properties—to identify difficulties in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) relative to typically developing (TD) children. Furthermore, the potential of the task as a clinical marker for Danish DLD was explored. Method SR performance of children with DLD aged 5;10–14;1 (years;months; n = 27) and TD children aged 5;3–13;4 ( n = 87) was investigated. Results Compared to TD same-age peers, children with DLD were less likely to repeat the sentences accurately but more likely to make ungrammatical errors with respect to verb inflection and use of determiners and personal pronouns. Younger children with DLD also produced more word order errors that their TD peers. Furthermore, older children with DLD performed less accurately than younger TD peers, indicating that the SR task taps into morphosyntactic areas of particular difficulty for Danish children with DLD. The classification accuracy associated with SR performance showed high levels of sensitivity and specificity (> 90%) and likelihood ratios indicating good identification potential for clinical and future research purposes. Conclusion SR performance has a strong potential for identifying children with DLD, also in Danish, and with a carefully designed SR task, performance has potential for revealing morphosyntactic difficulties. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10314437

Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German Language ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Collective Orientation ◽  
Team Research ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.

scholarly journals Using the Life Story Book With Mentally Alert Residents of Nursing Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 487-487
Author(s):  
Theresa Chrisman
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wilks Lambda ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Depression and lack of meaning in life (MIL) are common among residents of nursing homes (NHs) and contribute to a reduction in overall health and well-being. Life Story Book (LSB), a reminiscence intervention, is designed to provide a person with the opportunity to review their past and capture their life stories and photographs into a book. LSB has demonstrated positive outcomes for residents of NHs with dementia, yet little is known for residents without dementia. A switching replication design was used to examine the effects of LSB among 21 mentally alert residents from two NHs (NH-A and NH-B) in Houston, Texas. Participants in NH-A received three weeks of the LSB intervention, while NH-B received three weeks of care-as-usual; the intervention was then switched. The GDS-12R and the MIL questionnaire (MLQ) were used to measure depressive symptoms and MIL respectively. Participants from NH-A (n =11) and NH-B (n = 10) had a mean age of 75 years (SD =11.34); 81% female; 52% non-Hispanic white and 33% African American. Results from a one-way MANCOVA found no statistically significant difference on the GDS-12R and MLQ (F(3, 14) = 2.50, p = .102; Wilks’ Lambda = .652; η2 = .35). Further analyses comparing the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores for the entire sample (N =21) found a significant reduction in depressive symptoms (M = 2.67; SD = 2.52) and (M =1.67, SD = 2.29); (t (20) = 2.21, p = 0.039). The potential benefits of LSB for mentally alert residents of NHs warrants further research.

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