scholarly journals Retrospection of Heatwave and Heat Index: A Case Study using ERA5 Dataset

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Awasthi ◽  
Kirti Vishwakarma ◽  
Kanhu Charan Pattnayak
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The frequency and intensity of extreme events especially Heat Waves (HW) are growing all around the world which ultimately poses a serious threat to the health of individuals. To quantify the effects of extreme temperature, appropriate information, and the importance of HW and Heat Index (HI) are carefully discussed for different parts of the world. Varied definitions of the HW and HI formula proposed and used by different countries are carried out systematically continent-wise. Different studies highlighted the number of definitions of HW, however mostly used Steadman’s formulae for the calculation of HI that uses surface air temperature and relative humidity as climatic fields which was developed in the late 1970s. Since then, dramatic changes in climatic conditions have been observed as evident from the ERA5 datasets which need to be addressed. Likewise, the definition of HW, which is modified by the researchers as per the geographic conditions, necessary modification in Steadman’s equation also needs to be done. This study will help the researcher community to understand the importance of HW and HI and think about its modification which further helps in better adaptation and application. Furthermore, it opens the scope to develop an equation based on the present scenario keeping in mind the basics of an index as considered by Steadman.

scholarly journals Retrospection of heatwave and heat index

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Awasthi ◽  
Kirti Vishwakarma ◽  
Kanhu Charan Pattnayak
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractThe frequency and intensity of extreme events especially heat waves (HW) are growing all around the world which ultimately poses a serious threat to the health of individuals. To quantify the effects of extreme temperature, appropriate information, and the importance of HW and heat index (HI) are carefully discussed for different parts of the world. Varied definitions of the HW and HI formula proposed and used by different countries are carried out systematically continent-wise. Different studies highlighted the number of definitions of HW; however, mostly used Steadman’s formulae, which was developed in the late 1970s, for the calculation of HI that uses surface air temperature and relative humidity as climatic fields. Since then, dramatic changes in climatic conditions have been observed as evident from the ERA5 datasets which need to be addressed; likewise, the definition of HW, which is modified by the researchers as per the geographic conditions. It is evident from the ERA5 data that the temperature has increased by 1–2 °C as compared to the 1980s. There is a threefold increase in the number of heatwave days over most of the continents in the last 40 years. This study will help the researcher community to understand the importance of HW and HI. Furthermore, it opens the scope to develop an equation based on the present scenario keeping in mind the basics of an index as considered by Steadman.

scholarly journals Global Heat Wave Hazard Considering Humidity Effects during the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Jiawei Liu ◽  
Zhengtao Zhang ◽  
Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Humidity Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Heat Hazard

Humidity is a significant factor contributing to heat stress, but without enough consideration in studies of quantifying heat hazard or heat risk assessment. Here, the simplified wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) considering joint effects of temperature and humidity was utilized as a heat index and the number of annual total heat wave days (HWDs) was employed to quantify heat hazard. In order to evaluate the humidity effects on heat waves, we quantified the difference in the number of HWDs over global land based on air temperature and WBGT. Spatial and temporal changes in surface air temperature, relative humidity, WBGT, and the difference in HWDs were analyzed using multi-model simulations for the reference period (1986–2005) and different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Our analysis suggests that annual mean WBGT has been increasing since 1986, which is consistent with the rising trend in surface air temperature despite a slight decrease in relative humidity. Additionally, changes in annual mean WBGT are smaller and more spatially uniform than those in annual mean air temperature as a cancelation effect between temperature and water vapor. Results show that there is an underestimation of around 40–140 days in the number of HWDs per year in most regions within 15° latitude of the equator (the humid and warm tropics) during 2076–2095 without considering humidity effects. However, the estimation of HWDs has limited distinction between using WBGT and temperature alone in arid or cold regions.

scholarly journals Is There Any Relation between the Architectural Characteristics of Kindergartens and the Spread of the New Coronavirus in Them?—A Case Study of Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10363
Author(s):  
Vesna Lovec ◽  
Miroslav Premrov ◽  
Vesna Žegarac Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
Different Parts

The COVID-19 era is bringing changes to different parts of everyday life, redefining what people used to consider normal. As the world deals with this highly contagious disease, the issue of the built environment, buildings, their architecture and possible relations among their characteristics and the spread of the virus remains unclear. Preschool and school education is an essential part of society. However, with the spread of COVID-19, kindergartens and schools keep on partly or fully closing and reopening, trying to provide a safe and healthy environment for children. Instructions and recommendations from different experts and organisations worldwide were announced in terms of how to adjust the functioning of kindergartens in conditions of the uncontrolled spread of COVID-19. The measures include organisational and hygiene measures. Organisational measures are closely related to the architectural design of a building. At this point, the main question of this research was raised: is there any relation between the architectural characteristics of kindergartens and the spread of the new coronavirus in them? The research examined the architectural characteristics of kindergartens in Slovenia with reported COVID-19 cases among staff or children.

scholarly journals What is a good pattern of life model? Guidance for simulations

SIMULATION ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 693-706
Author(s):  
Barry G Silverman ◽  
Gnana Bharathy ◽  
Nathan Weyer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Model ◽  
Good Pattern ◽  
Definition Of

We have been modeling an ever-increasing scale of applications with agents that simulate the pattern of life (PoL) and real-world human behaviors in diverse regions of the world. The goal is to support sociocultural training and analysis. To measure progress, we propose the definition of a measure of goodness for such simulated agents, and review the issues and challenges associated with first-generation (1G) agents. Then we present a second generation (2G) agent hybrid approach that seeks to improve realism in terms of emergent daily activities, social awareness, and micro-decision making in simulations. We offer a PoL case study with a mix of 1G and 2G approaches that was able to replace the pucksters and avatar operators needed in large-scale immersion exercises. We conclude by observing that a 1G PoL simulation might still be best where large-scale, pre-scripted training scenarios will suffice, while the 2G approach will be important for analysis or if it is vital to learn about adaptive opponents or unexpected or emergent effects of actions. Lessons are shared about ways to blend 1G and 2G approaches to get the best of each.

scholarly journals Defining Hindustani Raga Musicians and Their Relative Intra-Statuses: An Analytical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragya Pyasi ◽  
◽  
Sanjoy Bandopadhyay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Delphi Method ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Music Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

Two very widely used terms, ‘musicians’ and the ‘musicians’ statuses’, are commonly applied labels across the music fraternity, where Hindustani Raga Music [HRM] is no exception. In HRM, there are no objectively laid definitions of these two expressions. In different music cultures, musicians’ statuses were seen from the societal, economic, and based on the roles played in music production and rendering. The intra-status, a musicians’ relative position within the same group, is not clearly defined. The formal texts of HRM also do not categorically define a musician. In India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, people use the words vAggeyakAr, kalAvant, mirAsI, kasbi, AtAi, zauqI, and others, but these terms do not categorize musicians within the periphery of a specific musician’s close circuit; these words do not point to intra-status. The current investigation used the DELPHI method to find some objective answers to defining musicians and their intra-status. The HRM Experts from different parts of the world with an average HRM association of 39.11 years joined this investigation. The research exercise systematically generated an objective definition of HRM musician and suggested methods for defining HRM musicians’ statuses.

scholarly journals Study of Daily Extreme Temperature Indices over Sutlej Basin, N-W Himalayan Region, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
North West ◽  
Management Board ◽  
The World ◽  
Expert Team ◽  
Temperature Indices ◽  
Extreme Indices

<div> <p>A detailed analysis of extreme temperature indices for the period of 1970-2005 is conducted over Sutlej river basin located in North-West Himalayan region. For this purpose, daily records of maximum and minimum temperature data were procured from Bhakara Beas Management Board, India for four stations. These stations are installed at varying height from 518m to 976m under different physiographic and climatic conditions. Fourteen extreme indices for temperature as specified by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Climatology (CCL)/Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI) are derived with the aid of RClimDex software. &nbsp;Linear Regression (LR) method is employed for detecting annual as well as monthly trends in extreme indices of temperature over the period of thirty six years (1970-2005). Large spatial and inter-annual variability in trends of extreme indices is observed. However, a rise in diurnal temperature range is observed for the basin as a whole. This may be attributed to the decrease observed in maximum T<sub>Min</sub> (TXn) and warm nights (TN90p) coupled with the increase in maximum T<sub>Max</sub> (TXx).</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Sustainable Markets: Case Study Of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean R. Manna ◽  
Gayle Marco ◽  
Brittany Lynn Khalil ◽  
Sara Meier
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Marketing ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The traditional definition of sustainability calls for policies and strategies that meet societys present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (1). Sustainability is a concern in private and public sectors all over the world; it is an issue that resonates with people in all age ranges, income levels, and geographic locations. The main idea of sustainability is reduce, reuse, and recycle. People and organizations alike must consider every possible effect from the decisions they make in regards to the environment. With over 600,000,000 passenger cars on the road in the world, and over 50,000,000 passenger cars built each year, it is imperative that automakers make sustainable decisions (2). It is not just the large number of vehicles in the world that is cause for concern, but the immense amount of resources needed to manufacture, transport, and fuel them. Automakers must consider the impact that each car has during every stage of its life cycle, in addition to their responsibility to society (in terms of the environment, education, and safety) and the impact of their suppliers. This case study is designed to discuss the background of Toyota and highlight the companys current actions in regard to sustainable marketing; a comparison will also be made to the sustainable efforts of Honda and Subaru.

scholarly journals Building Visual Anomaly Dataset from Satellite Data using ADS-B

10.29007/cznf ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Kastelic ◽  
Janez Pers
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Image Dataset ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Different Parts

In this paper, we present a novel way of obtaining extremely challenging image dataset for the purpose of benchmarking image anomaly detection methods. By definition, anomalies are rare occurrences, and therefore, annotation of anomalies using human workforce is difficult and costly, as large amounts of mostly non-anomalous data need to be checked. To alleviate this problem, we use satellite images from Planet.com as the source of visual data, and combine them with ADS-B data to detect airplanes in a semi-automatic way. This way, our definition of anomaly is an appearance of an airplane on mostly airplane-free images. This not only speeds up annotation, but also provides the exact specification of what constitutes an anomaly, in an objective way. The resulting meta-dataset, containing references to Planet.com imagery and accurate annotations will be published in the near future. It will include locations of nearly 100 positions of airplanes on satellite images and the corresponding references to satellite images, captured in vicinity of large airports in different parts of the world, in different climate zones.

Women’s preservation of Oral Culture in Imilchil: The Festival of Marriage as a Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Siham FADIL
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Oral Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
Moroccan Women ◽  
Different Parts

Moroccan women, like others in different parts of the world, contribute to the education of generations and the transmission of the oral heritage through tales, poems and proverbs riddles. They also uphold the physical heritage such as clothes, textile and jewellry. Since the intangible and oral heritage in Morocco varies from one area to another, focus will be put on the Imilchil area, where the festival of marriage is held. Women in this region play a key role in preserving the Amazigh cultural heritage. They are educators and models that guide the coming generations and reinforce their identity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Ecotourism Resources: A Case Study of Nameri National Park of Assam (India)

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niranjan Das ◽  
Sujata Deori
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
National Park ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Infrastructural Development ◽  
The World ◽  
North Bank ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Different Parts

Tourism is currently the world’s largest industry (US$ 3.4 trillion annually) and ecotourism represents the fastest growing sector of this market. The term ‘Ecotourism’ was first coined by “Hector Ceballos Lascurain” in 1983, and was initially used to describe nature-based travel to relatively undisturbed area with an emphasis on education. Assam, comprising Eastern Himalaya is one of the Mega bio-diversity hot spots of the world (MYERS, 1991). It also forms part of two endemic bird areas, viz Eastern Himalaya and Assam plains (COLLAR et al., 1994). Nameri National Park is a part of NBL (North Bank Landscape) and also is a part of Eastern Himalayan Mega Biodiversity Hotspot has immense potentialities for the ecotourism venture. The present research can provide an assessment of potential sites within the park, which can speed up tourism infrastructural development. Through the paper the author tries to highlight such possibilities on the basis of assessment of potentials Ecotourism resources of the Nameri National Park through field experience gained different parts of the study area.

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