scholarly journals Retrospection of heatwave and heat index

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Awasthi ◽  
Kirti Vishwakarma ◽  
Kanhu Charan Pattnayak
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractThe frequency and intensity of extreme events especially heat waves (HW) are growing all around the world which ultimately poses a serious threat to the health of individuals. To quantify the effects of extreme temperature, appropriate information, and the importance of HW and heat index (HI) are carefully discussed for different parts of the world. Varied definitions of the HW and HI formula proposed and used by different countries are carried out systematically continent-wise. Different studies highlighted the number of definitions of HW; however, mostly used Steadman’s formulae, which was developed in the late 1970s, for the calculation of HI that uses surface air temperature and relative humidity as climatic fields. Since then, dramatic changes in climatic conditions have been observed as evident from the ERA5 datasets which need to be addressed; likewise, the definition of HW, which is modified by the researchers as per the geographic conditions. It is evident from the ERA5 data that the temperature has increased by 1–2 °C as compared to the 1980s. There is a threefold increase in the number of heatwave days over most of the continents in the last 40 years. This study will help the researcher community to understand the importance of HW and HI. Furthermore, it opens the scope to develop an equation based on the present scenario keeping in mind the basics of an index as considered by Steadman.

scholarly journals Retrospection of Heatwave and Heat Index: A Case Study using ERA5 Dataset

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Awasthi ◽  
Kirti Vishwakarma ◽  
Kanhu Charan Pattnayak
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The frequency and intensity of extreme events especially Heat Waves (HW) are growing all around the world which ultimately poses a serious threat to the health of individuals. To quantify the effects of extreme temperature, appropriate information, and the importance of HW and Heat Index (HI) are carefully discussed for different parts of the world. Varied definitions of the HW and HI formula proposed and used by different countries are carried out systematically continent-wise. Different studies highlighted the number of definitions of HW, however mostly used Steadman’s formulae for the calculation of HI that uses surface air temperature and relative humidity as climatic fields which was developed in the late 1970s. Since then, dramatic changes in climatic conditions have been observed as evident from the ERA5 datasets which need to be addressed. Likewise, the definition of HW, which is modified by the researchers as per the geographic conditions, necessary modification in Steadman’s equation also needs to be done. This study will help the researcher community to understand the importance of HW and HI and think about its modification which further helps in better adaptation and application. Furthermore, it opens the scope to develop an equation based on the present scenario keeping in mind the basics of an index as considered by Steadman.

scholarly journals Global Heat Wave Hazard Considering Humidity Effects during the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Jiawei Liu ◽  
Zhengtao Zhang ◽  
Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Humidity Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Heat Hazard

Humidity is a significant factor contributing to heat stress, but without enough consideration in studies of quantifying heat hazard or heat risk assessment. Here, the simplified wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) considering joint effects of temperature and humidity was utilized as a heat index and the number of annual total heat wave days (HWDs) was employed to quantify heat hazard. In order to evaluate the humidity effects on heat waves, we quantified the difference in the number of HWDs over global land based on air temperature and WBGT. Spatial and temporal changes in surface air temperature, relative humidity, WBGT, and the difference in HWDs were analyzed using multi-model simulations for the reference period (1986–2005) and different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Our analysis suggests that annual mean WBGT has been increasing since 1986, which is consistent with the rising trend in surface air temperature despite a slight decrease in relative humidity. Additionally, changes in annual mean WBGT are smaller and more spatially uniform than those in annual mean air temperature as a cancelation effect between temperature and water vapor. Results show that there is an underestimation of around 40–140 days in the number of HWDs per year in most regions within 15° latitude of the equator (the humid and warm tropics) during 2076–2095 without considering humidity effects. However, the estimation of HWDs has limited distinction between using WBGT and temperature alone in arid or cold regions.

scholarly journals Defining Hindustani Raga Musicians and Their Relative Intra-Statuses: An Analytical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragya Pyasi ◽  
◽  
Sanjoy Bandopadhyay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Delphi Method ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Music Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

Two very widely used terms, ‘musicians’ and the ‘musicians’ statuses’, are commonly applied labels across the music fraternity, where Hindustani Raga Music [HRM] is no exception. In HRM, there are no objectively laid definitions of these two expressions. In different music cultures, musicians’ statuses were seen from the societal, economic, and based on the roles played in music production and rendering. The intra-status, a musicians’ relative position within the same group, is not clearly defined. The formal texts of HRM also do not categorically define a musician. In India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, people use the words vAggeyakAr, kalAvant, mirAsI, kasbi, AtAi, zauqI, and others, but these terms do not categorize musicians within the periphery of a specific musician’s close circuit; these words do not point to intra-status. The current investigation used the DELPHI method to find some objective answers to defining musicians and their intra-status. The HRM Experts from different parts of the world with an average HRM association of 39.11 years joined this investigation. The research exercise systematically generated an objective definition of HRM musician and suggested methods for defining HRM musicians’ statuses.

scholarly journals Study of Daily Extreme Temperature Indices over Sutlej Basin, N-W Himalayan Region, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
North West ◽  
Management Board ◽  
The World ◽  
Expert Team ◽  
Temperature Indices ◽  
Extreme Indices

<div> <p>A detailed analysis of extreme temperature indices for the period of 1970-2005 is conducted over Sutlej river basin located in North-West Himalayan region. For this purpose, daily records of maximum and minimum temperature data were procured from Bhakara Beas Management Board, India for four stations. These stations are installed at varying height from 518m to 976m under different physiographic and climatic conditions. Fourteen extreme indices for temperature as specified by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Climatology (CCL)/Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI) are derived with the aid of RClimDex software. &nbsp;Linear Regression (LR) method is employed for detecting annual as well as monthly trends in extreme indices of temperature over the period of thirty six years (1970-2005). Large spatial and inter-annual variability in trends of extreme indices is observed. However, a rise in diurnal temperature range is observed for the basin as a whole. This may be attributed to the decrease observed in maximum T<sub>Min</sub> (TXn) and warm nights (TN90p) coupled with the increase in maximum T<sub>Max</sub> (TXx).</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Building Visual Anomaly Dataset from Satellite Data using ADS-B

10.29007/cznf ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Kastelic ◽  
Janez Pers
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Image Dataset ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Different Parts

In this paper, we present a novel way of obtaining extremely challenging image dataset for the purpose of benchmarking image anomaly detection methods. By definition, anomalies are rare occurrences, and therefore, annotation of anomalies using human workforce is difficult and costly, as large amounts of mostly non-anomalous data need to be checked. To alleviate this problem, we use satellite images from Planet.com as the source of visual data, and combine them with ADS-B data to detect airplanes in a semi-automatic way. This way, our definition of anomaly is an appearance of an airplane on mostly airplane-free images. This not only speeds up annotation, but also provides the exact specification of what constitutes an anomaly, in an objective way. The resulting meta-dataset, containing references to Planet.com imagery and accurate annotations will be published in the near future. It will include locations of nearly 100 positions of airplanes on satellite images and the corresponding references to satellite images, captured in vicinity of large airports in different parts of the world, in different climate zones.

Indian Cultural Nationalism – Defining New Contours (Desha-shastra)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-150
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Nationalism ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Not Given ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cultural Colonialism ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Nation And Nationalism

Nation and nationalism are one of the most discussed terms in modern academics and popular media. India has embraced the people, practices, cuisines, customs, faiths, rituals, religions from different parts of the world. And it is an ever growing accommodative spirit of India and its nationalism. Not ‘only, rather’ but ‘also’ is the Indian approach. It has withstood cultural colonialism in one thousand years. The cantors of India have changed with time but have not given up on culture. Therefore a serious study of Indian view of nationalism as expressed by its ancient seers and modern thinkers is the need of the hour. The paper has three sections: 1. Definition of Cultural Nationalism in Indian approach; 2. Some main concepts of Indian Cultural Nationalism and 3. Indian Cultural Nationalism in the contemporary time Received 9th December 2020; Revised 15th March 2021; Accepted 28th March 2021

scholarly journals Planning of Buildings in Tropical Environment – How Disaster changed buildings?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Erkan Erdik
Keyword(s):  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Know How ◽  
The World ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Different Parts

As my personal heritage is from turkey and earthquakes been always something usual for me, I wanted to know how the buildings can stand such a disaster. In the following paper I would like to investigate the architecture in different parts of the world and understand how this changed the architecture by time. Also, I want to know how these influence the vernacular architecture in different countries. In the period, there has been a load of different disasters. The problem of these disasters is also mostly located in the tropics. As the climatic conditions influence the material and quality of buildings. The problems can differ in size and could occur in a big space.  To pursuit the complicate topic there will be an explanation about Earthquake, furthermore there will be several examples of such a disaster. At the end we will summarize the consequences of an earthquake with a follow up of how to design for them. Index Terms— Earthquake, EOLBREAK, Urban,  Seismic

GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Shakuntala Pandey ◽  
Anil Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Technology

Growing plants is both an art and a science. About 95% of plants, either food crops or cash crops are grown in open field. Since time immemorial, man has learnt how to grow plants under natural environmental conditions. In some of the temperate regions where the climatic conditions are extremely adverse and no crops can be grown, man has developed methods of growing some high. Value crop continuously by providing protection from the excessive cold, which is called as Greenhouse Technology. So, Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favorable environment condition to the plants. It is rather used to protect the plants from the adverse climatic conditions such as wind, cold, precipitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases. It is also of vital importance to create an ideal micro climate around the plants. Greenhouses are framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity. Agriculture is the backbone of India's economic activity and our experience during the last 50 years has demonstrated the strong correlation between agricultural growth and economic prosperity. The present agricultural scenario is a mix of outstanding achievements and missed opportunities. If India has to emerge as an economic power in the world, our agricultural productivity should equal those countries, which are currently rated as economic power of the world. We need a new and effective technology which can improve continuously the productivity, profitability, sustainability of our major farming systems. One such technology is the greenhouse technology. Although it is centuries old, it is new to India.

scholarly journals Skin Temperature Distribution on Simulation Thermal Effects Under Construction Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-163
Author(s):  
Ahmad Rasdan Ismail ◽  
Norfadzilah Jusoh ◽  
Nor Kamilah Makhtar ◽  
Raemy Md Zain ◽  
Nurul Husna Che Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Heat Risk

Global warming is bringing more frequent and severe heat waves. Construction workers are particularly vulnerable to heat risk due to the job culture in the outdoor environment. Unrestrained heat has extreme effects on skin temperature, which will lead to low performance and also results to injuries and fatalities. This study aims to investigate the distribution of skin surface temperature under seven different thermal conditions involving variations in temperature and relative humidity. The computational simulation models based on real construction climate were developed. Simulation results showed the highest heat index (a combination of temperature/relative humidity) is at 34 oC/92% and 38 oC/83% and fall under extreme danger category. At this level, the models were experienced high heat/sunstroke continuous exposure. This study also indicated that skin temperature has significantly in?uenced by the hot and humid environment. It is hoped that this study is able to provide guidance and reference to the industry, especially the construction sector by providing appropriate control measures to overcome the issue of heat risk among workers.

scholarly journals Collecting Data About the Impact of School Libraries on Education, at International Level, in Developing, Emerging and Developed Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Boelens ◽  
Henk Van Dam
Keyword(s):  
School Library ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
School Libraries ◽  
International Level ◽  
School Librarians ◽  
International Scope ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Parts

This paper describes “work in progress”. It outlines attempts being made by the IASL Research SIG, the ENSIL Foundation and the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam to collect consistent data about school libraries in developing, emerging and developed countries, using an international definition of what a school library actually is. During a meeting of the IASL Research SIG on 24 January 2012 it was agreed that a set of simple questions (approx. 10 questions for each group) which could be answered by pupils, teachers, school librarians and school leaders in different countries throughout the world should be developed . Sets of questions are now being reviewed by a selected group of school library practitioners and academics and by a small sub-committee of the Research SIG. Using the agreed sets of questions, preliminary data will then be collected by a number (school) library associations or other affiliated organizations in different parts of the world. Initial progress and results will be presented. It is to be hoped that some (initial) useful data and comparisons will demonstrate the international scope and impact of school libraries to all stakeholders, at international level.

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