scholarly journals Environmental factors influencing the composition of phyllosphere bacterial communities in bamboo: A staple food source of giant pandas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juejie Long ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
Jianmei Xie ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giant Panda ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
The Other ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Giant Pandas ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Phyllosphere Bacteria

Abstract Background The giant panda has developed a series of evolutionary strategies to adapt to a bamboo diet. The abundance and diversity of the phyllosphere microbiome change dramatically depending on the season, host species, location etc., which may, in turn, affect the growth and health of host plants. However, few studies have investigated the factors that influence phyllosphere bacteria in bamboo, a staple food source of the giant panda. Methods Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of rRNA genomic loci was used to explore the abundance and diversity of phyllosphere bacteria in three bamboo species (Arundinaria spanostachya, Yushania lineolate and Fargesia ferax) over different seasons (spring vs. autumn), elevation, distance from water, etc. in Liziping National Nature Reserve (Liziping NR), China. Results The results show that a total of 2,562 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from all 101 samples, which belonged to 24 phyla and 608 genera. Proteobacteria was the dominant phyla, followed by Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. The Sobs index and Shannon index of F. ferax phyllosphere bacteria were greater than that of the other two bamboo species in both seasons. The Sobs index and Shannon index of phyllosphere bacteria in all three bamboo species in autumn were significantly higher than in spring. Season was a stronger driver of community structure of phyllosphere bacteria than host bamboo species based on the (un)weighted UniFrac distance matrix. Many bacteria phyla were negatively correlated with elevation and distance from water, but positively related to mean height of bamboo and mean base diameter of bamboo. Function prediction of PICRUSt revealed the relative abundance of transporters function was highest in all three bamboo species, followed by ABC transporters. There were nine relative abundance pathways with significant differences in the 3-level KEGG pathway. The genes related to membrane transport, signal transduction and porphyrin transport in phyllosphere bacteria of F. ferax were significantly lower than in the other two species. Conclusions The composition, diversity and community structure of phyllosphere bacteria in bamboo, a staple food source of giant pandas, were primarily affected by the season, species, altitude, tree layer and shrub layer. The better the growth of bamboo forests, the richer the bacterial phyla in the bamboo phyllosphere. Our study presented a deeper understanding of factors influencing the bacterial community in the bamboo phyllosphere. These findings could provide a reference for the restoration and management of giant panda habitat and food resources in this area, especially for those small isolated populations of giant pandas in Xiaoxiangling mountains.

scholarly journals Environmental Factors Influencing Phyllosphere Bacterial Communities in Giant Pandas’ Staple Food Bamboos

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juejie Long ◽  
Wei Luo ◽  
Jianmei Xie ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Phyllosphere Bacteria

The giant panda has developed a series of evolutionary strategies to adapt to a bamboo diet. The abundance and diversity of the phyllosphere microbiome change dramatically depending on the season, host species, location, etc., which may, in turn, affect the growth and health of host plants. However, few studies have investigated the factors that influence phyllosphere bacteria in bamboo, a staple food source of the giant panda. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to explore the abundance and diversity of phyllosphere bacteria in three bamboo species (Arundinaria spanostachya, Yushania lineolate, and Fargesia ferax) over different seasons (spring vs. autumn), elevation, distance from water, etc., in Liziping National Nature Reserve (Liziping NR), China. And whole-genome shotgun sequencing uncovered the differences in biological functions (KEGG and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes functions) of A. spanostachya phyllosphere bacteria between spring and autumn. The results showed that the abundance and diversity of F. ferax phyllosphere bacteria were greater than that of the other two bamboo species in both seasons. And three kinds of bamboo phyllosphere bacteria in autumn were significantly higher than in spring. The season was a more important factor than host bamboo species in determining the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria based on the (un)weighted UniFrac distance matrix. The composition, diversity, and community structure of phyllosphere bacteria in bamboo were primarily affected by the season, species, altitude, tree layer, and shrub layer. Different bacterial communities perform different functions in different bamboo species, and long-term low temperatures may shape more varied and complex KEGG and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes functions in spring. Our study presented a deeper understanding of factors influencing the bacterial community in the bamboo phyllosphere. These integrated results offer an original insight into bamboo, which can provide a reference for the restoration and management of giant panda bamboo food resources in the Xiaoxiangling mountains.

Use of near Infrared Spectroscopy to Discriminate between and Predict the Nutrient Composition of Different Species and Parts of Bamboo: Application for Studying Giant Panda Foraging Ecology

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wiedower ◽  
R. Hansen ◽  
H. Bissell ◽  
R. Ouellette ◽  
A. Kouba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giant Panda ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Ailuropoda Melanoleuca ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Giant Pandas ◽  
Plant Parts

Giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are specialist feeders, dependent upon bamboo as their main dietary resource. Due to the difficulty of many captive facilities to meet the natural qualitative diet changes in bamboo species and plant parts consumed seasonally by giant pandas, it is important to understand the nutritional quality of this forage and the differences among plant parts for improved husbandry. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been used as a tool to measure forage quality for both domestic and free-ranging species. The objective of this study was to determine the capability of NIR spectroscopy to: (1) discriminate between bamboo parts, (2) discriminate between bamboo species and (3) to predict the nutrient composition of bamboo. All bamboo samples were received from the Memphis Zoo Bamboo Farm (Memphis, TN, USA), dried at 60°C and ground to pass through a 1 mm screen before analysis. Discrimination between a total of 722 branch, culm and leaf samples resulted in an R2 of 0.88 and SECV of 0.18. Spectra from a total of 756 samples of four different species were used to create a discriminant equation among bamboo species. This resulted in an R2 of 0.47 and SECV of 0.29. Validation sets were correctly predicted at the following rates: (part) branch 94%, culm 100% and leaf 100%; (species) Phyllostachys aurea 10%, P. aureosulcata 98%, P. glauca 80% and Pseudosasa japonica 73%. Calibration equations for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and organic matter (OM) were created using all bamboo samples. For each nutritional constituent, the calibration R2 values exceeded 0.96. The average SEP across all constituents was 0.21% for CP, 2.35% for NDF, 3.62% for ADF, 0.84% for DM and 0.25% for OM. NIR spectroscopy was used to predict nutrient characteristics and discriminate between bamboo plant parts and species. The inability to discriminate among bamboo species is most likely due to a close physiological similarity between at least two of the species. Results suggest that NIR spectroscopy can be used to analyse bamboo forage quality which may have applications to captive giant panda husbandry.

Zakat Tanaman Menurut Ulama Dayah Aceh Perspektif Maqāṣid Al-Syarī‘ah

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-296
Author(s):  
Alimuddin Alimuddin ◽  
Harjoni Desky
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Depth Study

This study examines the reasons for Achehness Ulama of Dayah regarding plants and seeds that are subject to zakat. How the logic of thinking used by these ulama and their relationship with maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah (syariah legal purposes). This research focuses on the legal substance of zakat as intended by the Qur’an and Hadith, then it is analyzed from the side of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. The results of this study indicate that Acehnese Ulama argues that zakat of plants is only rice or a kind of staple food, on the grounds that it is a staple food of a country’s population, which has filling properties and can be stored and lasted. Other plants such as oil palm, cocoa, coffee, even though they are productive they are not zakatable wealth, because they do not meet these criteria. The legal reasoning of the Acehness Ulama uses the deductive method with the bayani (language) approach. On the other hand, the Acehness Ulama does not deny that the search for maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah can be done through in-depth study, but it is not yet certain that the obligations of zakat on productive plants can be formulated through this approach, so they reject it. According to them, the command of zakat can only be understood from the side of ta‘abbudī (worship approach), not through ta‘aqqulī (resourceful approach).

Karakter Morfologi Daun Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Pangan Suku Dani Distrik Kurulu Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Opalina Logo ◽  
Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tuber Roots

Sweet potato serves as a staple food for people in Jayawijaya. Many cultivars of sweet potatoes have been cultivated by Dani tribe in Kurulu as foot for their infant, child and adult as well as feeding especially for pigs. Base on the used of sweet potatoes as food source for infant and child, this study explored 10 different cultivars. As for the leaf morphology, it was indentified that the mature leaves have size around 15 � 18 cm. general outline of the leaf is reniform (40%), 60% have green colour leaf, 50% without leaf lobe, 60% of leaf lobes number is one, 70% of shape of central leaf lobe is toothed. Abazial leaf vein pigmentation have purple (40%), and petiole pigmentation is purple with green near leaf (60%), besides its tuber roots, sweet potatoes are also harvested for its shoots and green young leaves for vegetables.

scholarly journals Altitudinal gradient affect abundance, diversity and metabolic footprint of soil nematodes in Banihal-Pass of Pir-Panjal mountain range

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Afzal ◽  
Humira Nesar ◽  
Zarrin Imran ◽  
Wasim Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Nematode Community ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Nematode Communities ◽  
Nematode Abundance ◽  
Belowground Carbon ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

AbstractDespite enormous diversity, abundance and their role in ecosystem processes, little is known about how community structures of soil-inhabiting nematodes differ across elevation gradient. For this, soil nematode communities were investigated along an elevation gradient of 1000–2500 masl across a temperate vegetation in Banihal-Pass of Pir-Panjal mountain range. We aimed to determine how the elevation gradient affect the nematode community structure, diversity and contribution to belowground carbon assimilation in the form of metabolic footprint. Our results showed that total nematode abundance and the abundance of different trophic groups (fungivores, herbivores and omnivores) declined with the increase of elevation. Shannon index, generic richness and evenness index indicated that nematode communities were more diverse at lower elevations and declined significantly with increase in elevation. Nematode community showed a pattern of decline in overall metabolic footprint with the increase of elevation. Nematode abundance and diversity proved to be more sensitive to elevation induced changes as more abundant and diverse nematode assemblage are supported at lower elevations. Overall it appears nematode abundance, diversity and contribution to belowground carbon cycling is stronger at lower elevations and gradually keep declining towards higher elevations under temperate vegetation cover in Banihal-pass of Pir-Panjal mountain range.

scholarly journals Delayed implantation in giant pandas: the first comprehensive empirical evidence

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemin Zhang ◽  
Desheng Li ◽  
Chendong Wang ◽  
Vanessa Hull
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Giant Pandas ◽  
Delayed Implantation ◽  
Infant Birth ◽  
First Time

Successful conservation of an endangered species relies on a good understanding of its reproductive biology, but there are large knowledge gaps. For example, many questions remain unanswered with regard to gestation and fetal development in the giant panda. We take advantage of a sample size that is unprecedented for this species (n=13) to explore patterns in reproductive development across individuals at the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda. We use ultrasound techniques on multiple giant pandas for the first time to empirically confirm what has long been suspected that pandas exhibit delayed implantation of the embryo. We also show that the duration of postfetal detection period is remarkably similar across individuals (16.85±1.34 days). Detection of fetus by ultrasound was strongly correlated to the peak in urinary progesterone (r=0.96, t=8.48, d.f.=8, P=0.0001) and swelling in the mammary glands (r=0.79, t=3.61, d.f.=8, P=0.007) and vulva (r=0.91, t=6.40, d.f.=8, P=0.0002) of adult females. When controlling for both the duration of the total gestation period and the postfetal detection period, infant birth weight was only significantly predicted by the latter (β=11.25, s.e.m.=4.98, t=2.26, P=0.05), suggesting that delayed implantation increases flexibility in the timing of birth but is not important in dictating infant growth. This study informs reproductive biology by exploring the little-studied phenomenon of delayed implantation in relationship to physiological changes in pregnant giant panda females.

Pagdihon: The Art and Language of Pottery Making in Bari, Sibalom, Antique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edbert Jay M. Cabrillos ◽  
◽  
Rowena S. Cabrillos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Photo Documentation ◽  
Language Pattern ◽  
Art And Language

Pottery is seen as creation of ornamentals, cooking and storing materials. Yet, while economic gains are often considered from producing these materials, the artistic and linguistic aspects have been ignored. This study discusses the factors influencing the culture of pottery, the processes of pottery making, and seeks to uncover the language used in processes of pottery making in Bari, Sibalom, Antique. A qualitative research employing ethnographic study with participant observation and face to face interviews using photo documentation, video recording and open-ended questions in gathering the data was employed. There were five manugdihon, or potters, purposively selected as key informants of the study. The study revealed that environmental factors influenced the culture of pottery making in the barangay. There were seven main processes in pottery making. These included gathering and preparing of materials, mixing the needed materials, cleaning the mixed clay, forming of desired shape, detaching, drying, and polishing and varnishing. Further findings indicate that, together the other processes, the language used in poterry making was archaic Kinaray-a, the language of the province. This language pattern suggests a specialized pottery making. Ultimately, the study suggest that the manugdihon should continue their artistic talents so that the language may be preserved. The educational institutions of the province may provide ways to include pottery making in the curriculum so that the art and language of pottery making will be preserved and promoted.

Cycles in symbol production? A new model to explain concentration, diversity and innovation in the music industry

Popular Music ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christianen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recording Industry ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
New Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

With the publication of the article ‘Cycles in symbol production’ (Peterson and Berger 1975) a discussion started concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the production of cultural goods under market conditions. The analysis by Peterson and Berger showed a negative correlation between concentration in the recording industry, on the one hand, and the diversity and innovativeness of the music, on the other. Repetition of the analysis using data from the 1980s (Burnett 1990; Lopes 1992) has shown that for this period Peterson and Berger's hypotheses should be rejected. Is there a connection between concentration and diversity and innovation? Are there cycles in symbol production? There seems to be no conclusive answer. In this article, I will attempt to clear up this matter. First, I will repeat the analysis of the relation between concentration and diversity/innovation, using the same model as Peterson and Berger, but with different definitions for the variables concentration, diversity and innovation. Then I will suggest a new model, which can be helpful in uncovering other factors influencing diversity and innovation in the music industry. I will come to that later. Let me first give the reader a brief overview of previous research.

scholarly journals Acrosomal integrity and capacitation are not influenced by sperm cryopreservation in the giant panda

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Spindler ◽  
Y Huang ◽  
J G Howard ◽  
P Wang ◽  
H Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Sperm Cryopreservation ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Giant Pandas ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cryopreservation Protocol ◽  
Acrosomal Integrity

Sperm cryopreservation and artificial insemination are important management tools for giant panda breeding and the preservation of extant genetic diversity. This study examined the influence of freeze–thawing on sperm function, specifically capacitation. Sperm from nine giant pandas were assessed before and after rapid (− 40 and − 100 °C/min) cryopreservation by incubation in HEPES-buffered Ham’s F10 medium with and without the capacitation accelerators, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP). At 0, 3 and 6 h of exposure, aliquots were assessed for sperm motility traits and capacitation, defined as the proportion of sperm with intact acrosomes following exposure to solubilised zonae pellucidae (ursid or felid) or calcium ionophore subtracted from the proportion of sperm with intact acrosomes before exposure. Although mean±s.e.m. sperm motility post-thaw (56.1 ± 3.9% at 0 h) was less (P < 0.05) than pre-freeze (71.7 ± 6.0%), there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the proportion of acrosome-intact sperm (fresh, 93.0 ± 1.7% versus cryopreserved–thawed, 81.7 ± 4.7% at 0 h). Incidence of capacitation was greater (P < 0.05) in fresh sperm incubated with capacitation accelerators IBMX and dbcAMP (9 h: 50.9 ± 1.1) compared with fresh sperm incubated without accelerators (9 h: 41.2 ± 1.1%). Frozen–thawed sperm preincubated without accelerators underwent capacitation (49.6 ± 1.1%) to a greater extent (P < 0.05) compared with these fresh counterparts. Thawed samples with (9 h: 45.9 ± 1.4%) and without accelerators (9 h: 41.2 ± 1.1%) did not differ (P > 0.05) during the 9-h incubation. We conclude that giant panda spermatozoa (1) undergo capacitation in vitro with or without chemical accelerators and (2) withstand a rapid cryopreservation protocol, including retaining normal acrosomal integrity and functional capacitation ability.

scholarly journals Immune profiles of male giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during breeding season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
haibo shen ◽  
Caiwu Li ◽  
Ming He ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Ailuropoda Melanoleuca ◽  
Giant Pandas ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Immune Related Genes

Abstract Background: The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a threatened endemic Chinese species and a flagship species of national and global conservation concern. Life history theory proposes that reproduction and immunity can be mutually constraining and interrelated. Knowledge of immunity changes of male giant pandas during the breeding season is limited.Results: Here, we researched peripheral blood gene expression profiles associated with immunity. Thirteen captive giant pandas, ranging from 9 to 11 years old, were divided into two groups based on their reproductive status. We identified 318 up-regulated DEGs and 43 down-regulated DEGs, which were enriched in 87 GO terms and 6 KEGG pathways. Additionally, we obtained 45 immune-related genes with altered expression, mostly up-regulated, and identified four hub genes HSPA4, SUGT1, SOD1, and IL1B in PPI analysis. These 45 genes were related to pattern recognition receptors, autophagy, peroxisome, proteasome, natural killer cell, antigen processing and presentation. SUGT1 and IL1B were related to pattern recognition receptors. HSP90AA1 was the most up-regulated gene and is a member of heat shock protein 90 family. HSP90 contributes to the translocation of extracellular antigen. KLRD1 encodes CD94, whose complex is an inhibitor of the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, was down-regulated. IGIP, which has the capability of inducing IgA production by B cells, was down-regulated, suggesting low concentration of IgA in male giant pandas. Our results suggest that most immune-related genes were up-regulated and more related to innate immune than adaptive immune. Conclusions: Our results indicated that breeding male giant pandas presented an immunoenhancement in innate immunity, enhanced antigen presentation and processing in cellular immunity compared to non-breeding males. The humoral immunity of male giant pandas may show a tendency to decrease during the breeding season. This study will provide a foundation for further studies of immunity and reproduction in male giant pandas.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document