Surveillance Data Analysis of Typhoid Fever in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia (2015 - 2019)

Abstract IntroductionTyphoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe and it is a serious illness in developing countries. Typhoid fever is prevalent in Ethiopia and the burden differs with diverse demography, environment, and climate. Efficient evidence concerning the trend of typhoid fever is important for targeted intervention in the catchment area. So, ongoing analysis of surveillance data is vital but there is no data regarding typhoid fever trend and distribution in the study area. The study aimed to determine the proportion of typhoid fever cases by person, district, and time ,and to assess the mortality rate of typhoid fever. MethodDescriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among monthly reported typhoid fever surveillance data of 5 years (2015-2019) in Jimma Zone. The data were retrieved, analyzed, and interpreted from May 20/2019 to June 7/ 2019. The study population is estimated to be 3425206. SPSS version 21 was used to enter and analyze the data. ResultA total of 36641 typhoid fever cases were reported. The total prevalence rate during the five years was 24 cases per10,000 residents. The disease mostly occurred in March with these 7200(20%) reported during the period. The majority of the investigated cases were identified in Qarsa woreda 4476(12.2%), Followed by Gomma 4075(11.1%) and Mana 3267 (8.9%) wereda. 159 (0.4%) of the reported cases were admitted and the majority 60 (37.7%) were from Gumay wereda but there was no death from all wereda in the five years. Conclusion and RecommendationTyphoid fever was a major public health problem in the Jimma zone for the last 5 years. The highest incidence of typhoid fever cases was reported at the end of the dry season particularly in March and the distribution of cases was positively skewed to Qarsa, Gomma, and Mana wereda among the surveillance areas. Zonal health departments should strengthen the interventions focused on the wereda that had a high burden of typhoid fever at the end of the dry season.

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Descriptive Analysis of Typhoid Fever Surveillance Data in the Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia (2015–2019)

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/2021/1255187 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Getaneh Atikilt Yemata ◽

Chalachew Yenew ◽

Melkalem Mamuye ◽

Mulu Tiruneh ◽

Tigabnesh Assfaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Health Management ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

Health Management Information System ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Jimma Zone

Introduction. Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe, and it is a serious illness in developing countries. Typhoid fever is prevalent in Ethiopia, and the burden differs with diverse demography, environment, and climate. The study aimed to determine the incidence of typhoid fever cases by person, place, and time. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the five years (2015–2019) of surveillance data of typhoid fever in the Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The data were extracted from the zonal health management information system database from May to June 2020. SPSS version 21 was used to enter and analyze the data. Descriptive analysis was used to assess the distribution of typhoid fever incidence in time, place, and personal groups. Result. A total of 36,641 individuals suffered from typhoid fever during the five years. Among these, 18,972 (51.8%) were females and 17,669 (48.2%) were males. Incidence of typhoid fever was found as follows: 216, 198, 203, 264, and 299 cases per 100,000 persons were reported during 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. Typhoid fever cases were increased by 1.4 from 2015–2019. A high incidence of cases was observed at the start of wet months. The majority of the investigated cases were identified in Kersa, 4,476 (12.2%), Gomma, 4,075 (11.1%), and Mana, 3,267 (8.9%), woredas. Of the total, 151 (0.4%) of the reported cases were admitted for inpatient care. During the five years of surveillance data, death was not reported from all woredas. Conclusion and Recommendation. Typhoid fever was a major public health problem in the Jimma Zone for the last 5 years, and it was increased through the years. Zonal health departments should strengthen the interventions focused on the woredas that had a high burden of typhoid fever at the start of the wet months.

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Factors determining the knowledge related to tuberculosis in a rural community, a community based cross sectional study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170045 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 294

Author(s):

C. Rajan Rushender ◽

G. Dinesh Kumar ◽

M. Logaraj

Keyword(s):

Adult Population ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Study Population

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem. It is reported that, globally, about 9 million people developed tuberculosis and about 1.5 million people died due to tuberculosis across the globe in 2013.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in the Rural Health Training Center, SRM Medical College to assess knowledge and practice regarding tuberculosis using a pretested Interview schedule. Adult population, who are residing in the field practice area were considered as study population. The study period was between August 2013 to February 2014.Results: A total of 246 study subjects were included in the final analysis with the majority of the participants to be between 21 to 40 years (39.40%). Cough and expectoration as symptom of TB was known to 82.5% of study subjects. Only 22.8% of the study subjects are aware of at least one extra pulmonary for of tuberculosis. The proportion of subjects with good overall knowledge about TB was highest in subjects aged 61 and above, lowest in 41 to 60-year age group. The proportion of subjects with good knowledge had gradually increased with increasing socio economic status.Conclusions: Culture specific IEC interventions and their delivery mechanisms need to be designed, considering the highly heterogeneous nature of population in India.

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Retinal abnormalities in children suffering from low hemoglobin levels

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20210414 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 401

Author(s):

Sharda Punjabi ◽

Gauri Devasthali ◽

Archana Gulati

Keyword(s):

Anterior Segment ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Venous Stasis ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hematological Disorders ◽

Total Prevalence

Background: Anemia is a major public health problem with total prevalence of 30%. It is one of the hematological disorders which can induce retinal changes that are due to retinal hypoxia that leads to nerve fiber layer infarction. Other change includes increased vascular permeability, venous stasis, angiospasm and increased blood viscosity.Methods: This is the cross-sectional study that includes 230 children with age group of 1 to15 years having hemoglobin levels less than 10 gm/dl referred to eye OPD. Ocular examination was done which included-visual acuity, anterior segment, dilated fundus examination.Results: Retinopathy was observed in 95% children of severe anemia and 84% children of moderate anemia. Common findings observed vascular changes, dot blot hemorrhages, flame shaped hemorrhages, sub hyaloids hemorrhages, disc pallor and macular edema.Conclusions: Retinopathy is a frequent finding seen in moderate to severe anemic patients, as the retinal changes were found significantly in maximum patients, it is recommended that all anemic patients particular Hb less than 10 g/dl must undergo routine fundus examinations.

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Knowledge about Tuberculosis in outpatients who visited College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal

Journal of Institute of Medicine ◽

10.3126/jiom.v34i1.9120 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

N Manandhar ◽

G Krishna

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

Study Population ◽

Proper Disposal

Background: Now a days Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in the world. Number of deaths due to tuberculosis is highest among the infectious diseases. Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out from May 2008 to July 2008 in the different out patient departments of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital. A total of 500 patients belong to age > 15 years who visited various departments of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital were randomly selected for the present study. Interview technique was used to collect information on a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Results: Out of total patient’s interview, 59% and 41% were male and female respectively. Majority of the outpatients had heard about the Tuberculosis disease. 73.3% of the respondents opinioned that T.B. can be acquired by infection. Conclusion: The study population has satisfactory knowledge about the etiology and transmission of the disease. There was poor knowledge about proper disposal of sputum which is an important aspect in regard to transmission of disease. There is need of imparting knowledge to the people about proper disposal of sputum to reduce the spread of disease and mortality due to T.B DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v34i1.9120 Journal of Institute of Medicine, April, 2012; 34:1 33-36

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The prescription pattern and awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis and resistance among a group of Egyptian pediatric and general dentists: a cross sectional study

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01685-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mariam Mohsen Aly ◽

Marwa Aly Elchaghaby

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽

Antibiotic Prescription ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

General Dentists

Abstract Background The use of antibiotics in dentistry as prophylaxis and treatment is frequent. Their misuse has led to a major public health problem globally known as antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to assess the pattern of antibiotic prescription and its prophylactic use for systemic conditions. Besides, this study evaluated the awareness and adherence to antibiotic prescription guidelines and antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines along with awareness of antibiotic resistance across pediatric and general dentists. Methods An overall of 378 pediatric and general dentists meeting the required eligibility criteria, fulfilled a pre-designed validated questionnaire. Data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. Results A significant statistical difference was found among the pediatric and general dentists regarding antibiotics prescription for most of the oral conditions where Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic among the two groups (53% pediatric dentist and 52% general dentist). The majority of pediatric and general dentists, on the other hand, were aware of antibiotic resistance and prescribing recommendations. Conclusions The present study showed a tendency to overprescribe and overuse antibiotics in certain dental conditions among the participants. The vast majority of dentists, especially general dentists do not have adherence to professional guidelines for antibiotics prescription in children despite their awareness of antibiotic resistance and prescription guidelines.

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A study on mosquito density in rural Kerala before and after floods

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190187 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 659

Author(s):

V. T. Krishnadas Menon ◽

Jerry Rachel ◽

C. R. Saju ◽

M. Mohamed Rafi ◽

Vidhu M. Joshy

Keyword(s):

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Mosquito Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Training Centre ◽

Before And After ◽

Initial Survey ◽

Rural Training

Background: Mosquito borne diseases are a major public health problem in Kerala. Mosquito density assessed by larval surveys is easier and quicker to perform. The larval indices are an important practical predictor of outbreaks of mosquito borne disease and are valuable in taking preventive measures. This study is done to calculate standardized larval indices namely house index, container index and Breteau index and to identify the major breeding sources of mosquitoes in the residential environment in a rural of Thrissur, Kerala.Methods: A cross-sectional study selecting 80 houses from 1 wards of Konnikara village under Thrikkur Panchayath under the field practice area of rural training centre, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences Thrissur. Every water holding container indoors and outdoors was counted and searched for larval presence and noted on a pretested format.Results: In this study, 80 houses were surveyed in 2 days initially in June and in September. All the entomological indices were found to be above the critical level in the initial survey in June. House index=36% container index=44%; Breteau index=143% showing high chances for outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases. In September though the indices were very low house index 1.25% container index 2.77% and Breteau index.Conclusions: The area is prone for mosquito borne disease outbreaks like dengue fever and after interventions the vector indices and potential risks came down.

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“A STUDY OF MICROALBUMINURIA IN NON DIABETIC HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS”

10.36106/ijar/6200318 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Anup Latne ◽

Prabhakar Jirvankar

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Low Grade ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Tertiary Care Centre ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertensive Patients

Hypertension is a major public health problem all over the world. The incidence of hypertension is increasing year after year and the prevalence of hypertension is increasing day by day due to increased life expectancy and aging population and their sedentary lifestyle. Hypertension is known to cause microvascular changes and increased cardiovascular risk from it. Microalbuminuria possibly reflects a state of increased renal endothelial permeability and is an easily measured marker of rather diffuse endothelial dysfunction, low grade inflammation and vascular disease burden2. Microalbuminuria has been determined as an important prognostic indicator and has been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk and progressive renal damage. Reliable data on the prevalence of microalbuminuria in the general population and its association with cardiovascular risk factors is limited. Till now, there is little data available regarding screening and early treatment of hypertensive patients with microalbuminuria, as in the case of microalbuminuric non diabetic subjects. With these perspective this cross sectional study of microalbuminuria in non-diabetic hypertensive patients was undertaken to study prevalence of microalbuminuria in Non Diabetic hypertensive patients. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in non-diabetic hypertensive patients and to correlate the presence of microalbuminuria with the patients of different clinical profiles. Materials and Methods: This was observational, cross sectional study of Patients diagnosed with hypertension either admitted in ward or attending OPD of Medical College and Tertiary Care Centre. Urine microalbumin creatinine ratio was used for estimation of microalbuminuria. Conclusion: It was proved that microalbuminuria prevalence was directly proportional to the duration of hypertension, the stage of hypertension. Prevalence of microalbuminria was low in ACE inhibitor and ARB treated hypertensive patients.

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Opportunistic Infections and Associated Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients taking Ante-Retroviral Therapy at Selected Hospitals in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.17125/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Demelash Wachamo ◽

Fisseha Bonja

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Opportunistic infections are late complications of HIV infection is the depletion of the immune system. It is a major public health problem and high morbidity AIDS patients die of AIDS-related infections in developing countries like Ethiopia. Identification of opportunistic infections (OIs) is important to develop a specific intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the burden and associated factors of opportunistic infections.Method A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 randomly selected HIV/AIDS patients taking anti-retroviral therapy. Data was collected from selected hospitals in Sidama Zone based on population proportion to size. Data was collected by a pre-tested questionnaire and a pre-tested checklist from the medical records of patients. Data entry and analyzed for descriptive and logistic regression models by SPSS v.23. The result declared as statistically significant at p < 0.05.Result The magnitude of opportunistic infections was 39.6%. Major identified OIs was oral candidacies 23.2%, recurrent bacterial pneumonia 21.5%, Herpes zoster 6.3%, and Pulmonary Tuberculosis 6.0%.The magnitude of opportunistic associated with; older age [AOR=2.69, 95% CI: 1.33-5.43], No formal education [AOR=3.12, 95% CI: 1.06-9.25], Low monthly income [AOR=2.27, 95%CI:1.35-3.83], initial CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 [AOR=1.91, 95% CI:1.05-3.46), WHO clinical stage II [AOR=2.43, 95% CI:1.34-4.42] and stage III and IV [AOR=4.27, 95% CI: 2.12-8.59], had no extra medicine additional to ART (prophylaxis) had [AOR= 5.91, 95% CI: 3.31-10.56], who interrupt ART medicines [AOR=2.03, 95% CI: 1.09- 3.80] and Khat chewing [AOR=5.48, 95% CI: 2.32-12.96] when compared to their counterparts.Conclusions The overall magnitude of opportunistic infections was high when compared with other studies. Health officials and clinicians need to give attention on the strengthening of the provision if ART with prophylaxis on early-stage and adhrerence, implementation of the TB/HIV collaboration activity, and early initiation of ART to reduce opportunistic infections.

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Prevalence of anaemia and visual impairment among primary school children of South Gujarat region of India: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20195173 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Bharatkumar Balkrishna Pandya ◽

Upendrakumar Rameshbhai Chaudhari ◽

Avirat A. Bhatt ◽

Nilesh Thakor

Keyword(s):

Visual Impairment ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Primary School Children ◽

School Age Children ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutritional Anemia ◽

Prevalence Of Anemia

Background: Nutritional Anemia and visual impairment among school age children are recognized as major public health problem in India. Authors objective was to study prevalence of anemia and visual impairment among school going adolescents of Vadodara and Surat city of Gujarat, India.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried during period from April 2015 to March 2016. Total 8 schools were selected from Vadodara and Surat city by purposive sampling. After taking the permission of principals of schools and informed written consent of the parents of children, 859 children from these schools were examined for anaemia and visual impairment. The data was collected by predesign, pretested proforma and analysed using SPSS version 17 (Trial version).Results: Out of total 859 children 421(49.1%) were female. Mean age of the study children was 8.95±1.52 years. The prevalence of anemia in children in present study was 61.6 % (529 children). The prevalence of anemia in female (274, 65.1%) was higher than males (255, 58.2%). Moderate visual impairment and blindness was 5.9% in girls and 8.2% in boys respectively. Severe visual impairment and blindness was 2.1% in girls and 2.7% in boys respectively and the gender difference was not statistically significant. Though 61(7.1%) children had moderate to severe visual impairment to blindness only 21 (2.4%) children were wearing spectacles.Conclusions: High prevalence of anaemia and visual impairment among these children needs great attention and health education.

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Assessment of General Public’s Knowledge and Opinions towards Antibiotic Use and Bacterial Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Urban Setting, Rufisque, Senegal

Pharmacy ◽

10.3390/pharmacy6040103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 103 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oumar Bassoum ◽

Ndèye Sougou ◽

Mayassine Diongue ◽

Mamadou Lèye ◽

Mouhamad Mbodji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Awareness Campaigns

Background: Bacterial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide. One solution to this scourge is to sensitize the general public on rational use of antibiotics. Our goal was to assess people’s knowledge and opinions about antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in an urban setting. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study. A convenience sampling was done. A questionnaire was administered to 400 persons during face-to-face interviews. Results: Most respondents thought that antibiotics are effective against colds/flu (69.8%), cough (72.3%) and sore throat (64.4%). At the same time, 42.8% stated that antibiotic therapy can be stopped as soon as the symptoms disappear. Only 8.8% and 41.8% of people knew that handwashing and vaccination prevented bacterial resistance. Globally, 7% of people had a good knowledge. Socio-demographic variables were not associated with the level of knowledge. The main sources of information were entourage and pharmacy staff. Regarding the opinions, 78.3% of surveyed participants the people thought that that people overuse antibiotics. Additionally, 28% said that they have no role to play against bacterial resistance. Conclusion: People living in an urban setting had a low knowledge about antibiotic use and bacterial resistance. There is a need to implement awareness campaigns. Further studies on population practices toward antibiotic use are necessary.

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