The Use of the Direct Test on Substrate in the Assessment of Phytotoxicity of Foundry Waste

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-786753/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marta Bożym

Keyword(s):

Direct Contact ◽

Low Ph ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Test Plant ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Direct Test ◽

Germination Test ◽

Possible Cause ◽

Phytotoxicity Tests ◽

Waste Leachate

Abstract The article presents the results of phytotoxicity tests on foundry dust and landfilled waste. Currently, all of this waste is being reused. The results supplement the previous study on the phytotoxicity of waste leachate. The research has focused on phytotoxicity tests performed directly on the waste. Watercress (Lepidium sativum L.) was used as the test plant. The germination test (GI) and the accumulation test were used to assess phytotoxicity. The results show that the dust from electric furnaces, classified as hazardous waste, was the most phytotoxic. Most of the dust samples inhibited germination and root growth. A possible cause of this phytotoxicity was the high content of heavy metals and low pH. The phytotoxicity were different from previous studies on waste leachate. A lower phytotoxicity effect was found for those waste leachates. The differences could have been caused by the higher concentration of toxic substances available to plants in the direct test. Moreover, the direct contact of sprouts and roots of L. sativum could have contributed to the higher phytotoxicity of the wastes than the leachate. Therefore, it seems appropriate to use both tests simultaneously to assess the phytotoxicity of waste.

Download Full-text

Role of Autochthonous Filamentous Fungi in Bioremediation of a Soil Historically Contaminated with Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.1.28-36.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 28-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

A. D'Annibale ◽

F. Rosetto ◽

V. Leonardi ◽

F. Federici ◽

M. Petruccioli

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Fungal Colonization ◽

Soil Toxicity ◽

Germination Test ◽

Lignin Peroxidases ◽

Ph Conditions

ABSTRACT Nine fungal strains isolated from an aged and heavily contaminated soil were identified and screened to assess their degradative potential. Among them, Allescheriella sp. strain DABAC 1, Stachybotrys sp. strain DABAC 3, and Phlebia sp. strain DABAC 9 were selected for remediation trials on the basis of Poly R-478 decolorization associated with lignin-modifying enzyme (LME) production. These autochthonous fungi were tested for the abilities to grow under nonsterile conditions and to degrade various aromatic hydrocarbons in the same contaminated soil. After 30 days, fungal colonization was clearly visible and was confirmed by ergosterol determination. In spite of subalkaline pH conditions and the presence of heavy metals, the autochthonous fungi produced laccase and Mn and lignin peroxidases. No LME activities were detected in control microcosms. All of the isolates led to a marked removal of naphthalene, dichloroaniline isomers, o-hydroxybiphenyl, and 1,1′-binaphthalene. Stachybotrys sp. strain DABAC 3 was the most effective isolate due to its ability to partially deplete the predominant contaminants 9,10-anthracenedione and 7H-benz[DE]anthracen-7-one. A release of chloride ions was observed in soil treated with either Allescheriella sp. strain DABAC 1 or Stachybotrys sp. strain DABAC 3, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative dehalogenation. The autochthonous fungi led to a significant decrease in soil toxicity, as assessed by both the Lepidium sativum L. germination test and the Collembola mortality test.

Download Full-text

Leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of waste

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology ◽

10.1007/s13762-020-02980-x ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M. Bożym ◽

A. Król ◽

K. Mizerna

Keyword(s):

Copper Smelter ◽

Germination Index ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Heavy Metal Leaching ◽

Contact Test ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Phytotoxicity Tests ◽

Lepidium Sativum L

Abstract The study evaluated the use of Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of three types of waste such as hazardous waste (slags from zinc to copper smelters) and nonhazardous waste (mineral–organic composite). Previous studies evaluated heavy metal leaching and the environmental impact of the tested waste. The purpose of phytotoxicity studies was to increase knowledge about this waste. Two types of tests were used to assess the phytotoxicity of wastes: germination index and accumulation test. Both tests were carried out for leachate (leachate test) and waste (contact test). The results of both tests were compared to assess the phytotoxic effects of tested waste. Phytotoxicity tests have shown that the mineral–organic composite leachate was stimulated plant growth, copper smelter slag leachate was characterized by no phytotoxicity and zinc slag leachate inhibited the growth of plants. In contrast, contact test showed inhibitory effects from all tested waste. Wherefore, the contact test was indicated as more sensitive in the assessment of phytotoxicity. However, this is not a clear assessment, because the germination index values for both tests were a result of differences of root length for both control samples (deionized water and sand). The study confirmed the usefulness of L. sativum for the assessment of phytotoxicity of various types of waste. Additionally, it was found that L. sativum was resistant to high concentrations of heavy metals in the leachate, without causing any negative physiological effects.

Download Full-text

Suaveolic Acid: A Potent Phytotoxic Substance ofHyptis suaveolens

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/425942 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. K. M. Mominul Islam ◽

Osamu Ohno ◽

Kiyotake Suenaga ◽

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi

Keyword(s):

Invasive Plant ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Test Plant ◽

Garden Cress ◽

Aqueous Methanol ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Hyptis Suaveolens ◽

Phytotoxic Substance

Hyptis suaveolens(Lamiaceae) is an exotic invasive plant in many countries. Earlier studies reported that the aqueous, methanol, and aqueous methanol extract ofH. suaveolensand its residues have phytotoxic properties. However, to date, the phytotoxic substances of this plant have not been reported. Therefore, the objectives of this study were isolation and identification of phytotoxic substances ofH. suaveolens. Aqueous methanol extract of this plant was purified by several chromatographic runs through bioassay guided fractionation using garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a test plant. Final purification of a phytotoxic substance was achieved by reverse phase HPLC and characterized as 14α-hydroxy-13β-abiet-8-en-18-oic acid (suaveolic acid) by high-resolution ESI-MS,1H-,13C-NMR, CD, and specific rotation. Suaveolic acid inhibited the shoot growth of garden cress, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) at concentrations greater than 30 µM. Root growth of all but lettuce was also inhibited at concentrations greater than 30 µM. The inhibitory activities were concentration dependent. Concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition of suaveolic acid for those test plant species were ranged from 76 to 1155 µM. Therefore, suaveolic acid is phytotoxic and may be responsible for the phytotoxicity ofH. suaveolensplant extracts.

Download Full-text

Composts from Green Waste as Peat Substitutes for Cutting Propagation of Impatiens hawkeri

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.2314 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 113-116 ◽

pp. 2314-2318

Author(s):

Ya Ning Luan ◽

Xiang Yang Sun ◽

Su Yan Li ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Cheng Guo

Keyword(s):

Untreated Control ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Growth Media ◽

Germination Test ◽

Green Waste ◽

Cutting Propagation ◽

Impatiens Hawkeri ◽

Lepidium Sativum L

This study was to evaluate the use of green waste compost (GWC) as a growth media for rooting of Impatiens hawkeri. The experiments were divided into two sections. In the first experiment, GWC samples were collected periodically during a 60-d rapid composting period from a single windrow. A germination test was carried out previously in order to evaluate the phytotoxicity presence of GWC using Lepidium sativum L. (cress) as an indicator. Subsequently, five growth media were prepared containing 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% by volume of GWC with the corresponding peat as diluents, plus an untreated control (0 %). The same cuttings of Impatiens hawkeri were selected and potted into plugs. The germination tests showed that 45 days after rapid composting GWC could be considered to be mature. It was therefore concluded that GWC could be successfully used as a good adjuvant for peat substitutes for cutting propagation of Impatiens hawkeri in quantities of 25-50% by volume.

Download Full-text

Modelling leachate-induced clogging of porous media

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t2012-052 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

pp. 877-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Yan Yu ◽

R. Kerry Rowe

Keyword(s):

Porous Media ◽

Numerical Model ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Drainage Layer ◽

Granular Filter ◽

Leachate Collection ◽

Mesocosm Experiments ◽

Observed Behaviour ◽

Coarse Gravel ◽

Waste Leachate

A numerical model to predict biologically induced clogging of municipal solid waste leachate collection systems is described. The model simulates the accumulation of clog mass in the porous media by the growth of biomass and precipitation of minerals. In addition, the settling and deposition of suspended particles is modelled. A technique for modelling filter-separator layers between the waste and the coarse granular drainage material is described. The application of the model is illustrated for two series of laboratory mesocosm experiments: one where the waste was in direct contact with the underlying drainage layer and the second where there was a granular filter between the waste and the coarse gravel drainage layer. The modelling shows that the clogging of the gravel in the lower regions of the saturated drainage layer is estimated better by the advanced numerical model than the previously published model. In both cases, the calculated results are in encouraging agreement with the observed behaviour. It is concluded that this model has potential for use in modelling biologically induced clogging of municipal landfill leachate collection systems.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity and the Cytotoxicity of Extracts of Capparis spinosa

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research ◽

10.25004/ijpsdr.2018.100202 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (02) ◽

Author(s):

F-Z Ennacerie ◽

F. Rhazi Filali ◽

N. Moukrad ◽

M. Bouidra ◽

A. Bentayeb

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Germination Test ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Total Polyphenols ◽

Capparis Spinosa

The purpose of this study is to promote the plant spontaneous, harvested from the West of Morocco and streamline its use in quantifying the total phenolic content, assessing the antioxidant activity and testing the degree of toxicity on two types of eukaryotic cells plants and animals. The content, extracts aqueous and ethanolic flower buds and fruit, in phenolic compounds was determined according to the method Follin- Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods FRAP and DPPH. As for the cytotoxicity extracts, it has been evaluated by the test hemolysis and inhibition germination test of Lepidium sativum seeds. The different extracts of the two organs of this plant, have revealed richness in total polyphenols, especially those of the flower buds, as well as, an antioxidant activity, which is in the same order as that of vitamin C for the aqueous extract of flower buds. The effect hemolytic is shown positive for decoctat of flower buds. The ethanolic extract of fruits displayed an activity antimitotic expressed by the inhibition of elongation and growth seedlings of Lepedium sativum. The decoctat of flower exhibited an effect antigerminatif of moderate intensity which is reversible after rehydration of seed. Capparis Spinosa is a plant of quality pharmaceutical interesting for its activities antioxidant, antimitotic, healing, and for its wealth in phenolics compounds

Download Full-text

Elimination of phenols, ammonia and cyanide in wash water from biomass gasification, and nitrogen recycling using planted trickling filters

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2009.728 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 60 (12) ◽

pp. 3253-3259 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Andreas Graber ◽

Robert Skvarc ◽

Ranka Junge-Berberović

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Wash Water ◽

Plant Production ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Nitrogen Recycling ◽

Trickling Filters ◽

Long Term Performance ◽

Term Performance

Trickling filters were used to treat wash water from a wood gasifier. This wash water contained toxic substances such as ammonium, cyanide, phenols, and PAH. The goal was to develop a system that degraded toxic substances, and achieved full nitrification of ammonia. A 1 kW model wood gasifier plant delivered wash water for the experiments, which was standardised to a conductivity of 3 mS/cm by dilution. Toxicity was assessed by bacterial luminescence detection, germination test with cress (Lepidium sativum), and pot plants cultivated in a hydroponic setup irrigated continuously with the wastewater. Treatment experiments were done in both planted and unplanted trickling filters. Plant yield was similar to conventional hydroponic production systems. The trickling filters achieved complete detoxification of phenol, PAH and cyanide as well as full nitrification. The specific elimination rates were 100 g m−3 Leca d−1 for phenols and 90 g m−3 Leca d−1 for ammonium in planted systems. In unplanted trickling filters circulated for 63 h, phenol concentration decreased from 83.5 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L and cyanide concentration from 0.32 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L. PAH concentrations were reduced from 3,050 μg/L to 0.89 μg/L within 68 days. The assays demonstrated the feasibility of using the technique to construct a treatment system in a partially closed circulation for gasifier wash water. The principal advantage is to convert toxic effluents from biomass gasifiers into a non-toxic, nitrogen-rich fertiliser water, enabling subsequent use in plant production and thus income generation. However, the questions of long-term performance and possible accumulation of phenols and heavy metals in the produce still have to be studied.

Download Full-text

Phytotoxicité des matériaux ligneux frais et compostés utilisés comme amendements organiques des sols

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss92-017 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 177-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Suzanne Beauchemin ◽

Marc R. Laverdière ◽

Adrien N’dayegamiye

Keyword(s):

Organic Amendment ◽

Plant Root ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Germination Test ◽

Fresh Material ◽

Wood Residues ◽

Ground Material ◽

Lepidium Sativum L

A germination test with cress (Lepidium sativum L.) was carried out to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of extracts from fresh and composted tree clippings. Water-soluble extracts from unground and ground material were compared with a soil solution and distilled water in relation to their effect on germination and plant root development. Water-soluble and ethanol-soluble extracts from fresh tree clippings were strongly acidic, but they were neutral for the composted material. Greater quantities were extracted by water and alcohol from fresh material than from composted material. Water-soluble products extracted from fresh ligneous materials decreased the rate of germination of cress very significantly compared with those obtained from composted tree clippings. Grinding the clippings further reduced the germination rate, through the apparent liberation of more phytotoxic products. Composting of tree clippings significantly decreased the phytotoxicity of the organic amendment. Key words: Composting, cress, germination, phytotoxicity, wood residues, tree clippings

Download Full-text

TOXIN PRODUCTION BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM P.K. & B. AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b57-026 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 291-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

R. A. Ludwig

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Barley Seed ◽

Disease Development ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Germination Test ◽

Culture Filtrates ◽

Helminthosporium Sativum ◽

Seed Germination Test

The production of toxic substances by Helminthosporium sativum P.K. & B. on a variety of artificial media was evaluated by means of a barley seed germination test. The results suggest that these substances also limit the growth of the organism itself giving a fixed maximum level of toxin production. Destruction of toxin and renewed production continue until some other factor of the medium limits further growth, and culture filtrates then rapidly become inactive. The toxins are relatively nonspecific and appear to affect susceptible hosts by conditioning them to invasion by the organism. A loose correlation was found to exist between toxin production and pathogenicity in a limited number of Helminthosporium strains. Even in the presence of abundant toxin, however, these strains differed in their ability to invade barley seedlings indicating that factors other than toxin production were also involved in pathogenicity.

Download Full-text

Optimizing the use of the PHYTOTOXKIT test to assess the toxicity of soil contaminated with creosote

Polish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.17951/pjss.2019.52.1.153 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 153

Author(s):

Wojciech Filip Kucaj ◽

Kacper Rygielski ◽

Krystyna Cybulska

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Root Length ◽

Sinapis Alba ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Test Plant ◽

Font Size ◽

Stroke Width ◽

Analysis Of Results ◽

Different Doses

Soil phytotoxicity studies were performed with different doses of creosote by means of the PHYTOTOXKIT test, using Sinapis alba, Lepidium sativum, Sorghum saccharatum as test plants. The obtained results indicate highly signifiant effect of the creosote dose, duration of soil incubation, type of test plant and period, after which the root length measurement was performed during the phytotoxicity index root test. The analysis of results indicates the highest sensitivity of Sorghum saccharatum to creosote and the highest correlation of results obtained with the aid of Lepidium sativum when measuring the root length after the fist day the seeds are lined with the size of the dose. The proposed mathematical model makes it possible to predict the reaction of test plants on the size of creosote dose as well as to assess its amount in the soil based on the root phytotoxicity. These results allow for a signifiant simplifiation of the test and shorten its duration. This allows the modifid test to be used for simple monitoring of not only the phytotoxicity but also the creosote residues during reclamation of contaminated soil.<br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" />

Download Full-text