scholarly journals The polarisation of remote work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Braesemann ◽  
Fabian Stephany ◽  
Ole Teutloff ◽  
Otto Kässi ◽  
Mark Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Remote Workers ◽  
Skill Requirements ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Skill Building

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has led to the rise of remote work with consequences for the global division of work. Remote work could connect labour markets, but it could also increase spatial polarisation. However, our understanding of the geographies of remote work is limited. Specifically, does remote work bring jobs to rural areas or is it concentrating in large cities, and how do skill requirements affect competition for jobs and wages? We use data from a fully remote labour market - an online labour platform - to show that remote work is polarised along three dimensions. First, countries are globally divided: North American, European, and South Asian remote workers attract most jobs, while many Global South countries participate only marginally. Secondly, remote jobs are pulled to urban regions; rural areas fall behind. Thirdly, remote work is polarised along the skill axis: workers with in-demand skills attract profitable jobs, while others face intense competition and obtain low wages. The findings suggest that remote work is shaped by agglomerative forces, which are deepening the gap between urban and rural areas. To make remote work an effective tool for rural development, it needs to be embedded in local skill-building and labour market programmes.

scholarly journals The polarisation of remote work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Braesemann ◽  
Fabian Stephany ◽  
Ole Teutloff ◽  
Otto Kässi ◽  
Mark Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Remote Workers ◽  
Skill Requirements ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Skill Building

The Covid-19 pandemic has led to the rise of remote work with consequences for the global division of work. Remote work could connect labour markets, but it could also increase spatial polarisation. However, our understanding of the geographies of remote work is limited. Specifically, does remote work bring jobs to rural areas or is it concentrating in large cities, and how do skill requirements affect competition for jobs and wages? We use data from a fully remote labour market - an online labour platform - to show that remote work is polarised along three dimensions. First, countries are globally divided: North American, European, and South Asian remote workers attract most jobs, while many Global South countries participate only marginally. Secondly, remote jobs are pulled to urban regions; rural areas fall behind. Thirdly, remote work is polarised along the skill axis: workers with in-demand skills attract profitable jobs, while others face intense competition and obtain low wages.The findings suggest that remote work is shaped by agglomerative forces, which are deepening the gap between urban and rural areas. To make remote work an effective tool for rural development, it needs to be embedded in local skill-building and labour market programmes.

scholarly journals A method for evaluating spatially-resolved NO<sub>x</sub> emissions using Kalman filter inversion, direct sensitivities, and space-based NO<sub>2</sub> observations

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
pp. 5603-5614 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Napelenok ◽  
R. W. Pinder ◽  
A. B. Gilliland ◽  
R. V. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract. An inverse modeling method was developed and tested for identifying possible biases in emission inventories using satellite observations. The relationships between emission inputs and modeled ambient concentrations were estimated using sensitivities calculated with the decoupled direct method in three dimensions (DDM-3D) implemented within the framework of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) regional model. As a case study to test the approach, the method was applied to regional ground-level NOx emissions in the southeastern United States as constrained by observations of NO2 column densities derived from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) satellite instrument. A controlled "pseudodata" scenario with a known solution was used to establish that the methodology can achieve the correct solution, and the approach was then applied to a summer 2004 period where the satellite data are available. The results indicate that emissions biases differ in urban and rural areas of the southeast. The method suggested slight downward (less than 10%) adjustment to urban emissions, while rural region results were found to be highly sensitive to NOx processes in the upper troposphere. As such, the bias in the rural areas is likely not solely due to biases in the ground-level emissions. It was found that CMAQ was unable to predict the significant level of NO2 in the upper troposphere that was observed during the NASA Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX) measurement campaign. The best correlation between satellite observations and modeled NO2 column densities, as well as comparison to ground-level observations of NO2, was obtained by performing the inverse while accounting for the significant presence of NO2 in the upper troposphere not captured by the regional model.

THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON MURDER RATES AND ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOMICIDE IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1780–1850

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER KING
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAlthough higher murder rates have traditionally been associated with large cities, this view has recently been challenged by several historians who have argued that ‘homicide rates were negatively correlated with urbanisation and industrialisation’, and this is rapidly becoming the new consensus. By exploring the geography of homicide rates for one area undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization – England and Wales, 1780–1850 – this article challenges this new view and re-assesses the relationship between recorded homicide rates and both modernization and urbanization. After discussing the methodological problems involved in using homicide statistics, it focuses mainly on the first fifteen years for which detailed county-based data is available – 1834–48 – as well as looking at the more limited late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century evidence. This data raises fundamental questions about the links historians have recently made between urbanization and low homicide rates, since the remote rural parts of England and Wales generally had very low recorded murder rates while industrializing and rapidly urbanizing areas such as Lancashire had very high ones. Potential explanations for these systematic and large variations between urban and rural areas – including the impact of age structures and migration patterns – are then explored.

scholarly journals Some Matters relating to Urban Management aiming to Reduction of Environmental Pollution

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Cong Tri Tran ◽  
Van Huong Dong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Urban Management ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Management Capacity ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Development Gap

Urban areas are constantly developing and rapidly, especially in recent times. According to the United Nations, in 1950 the global urban population accounted for only 29% of the world's population; this figure was 50% in 2009 and will be 60% in 2030 with about 5 billion people. In Vietnam, urban population is projected to account for 38% of the country's population by 2015, 45% of the country's population in 2020 and 50% of the national population by 2025 with about 25 million. In the process of urbanization with growth and development, cities often face significant challenges. These are: 1) Unbalanced development, over-focus on large cities makes the development gap between urban and rural areas more and more increasing; 2) Unsustainable development, rapid technical and social infrastructure systems degrading rapidly, especially housing and environmental sanitation; 3) The administrative management capacity of urban governments must often chase the rapid growth of urban areas; 4) Poverty, crime and unemployment often occur in rapidly growing cities but lack solid economic and technical bases. In order to have an identity of sustainable urban development, development cannot be separated from preserving stability in which urban management is always a very important task.

scholarly journals AGE COMPOSITION CHANGES OF RIGA AGGLOMERATION RING

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
Toms Skadins
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Shed Light

Over the course of several previous decades the post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe have experienced notable population disposition and composition changes in the vicinity of large cities. Despite this, age composition related studies have rarely paid attention to changes within these city regions. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on age composition changes of Riga agglomeration ring. For this study official statistical data, along with population ageing index is utilized. Changes are studied for the entire ring and its structures of urban and rural areas for the years 2000, 2011 and 2020. Results indicated that, despite a decrease, the 25-44 year old age group remained the most populous. 15-24 year old group had the largest decrease. Pre-working age and the two oldest groups were the ones which had tended to increase the most in comparison to situation in 2000. However, ring and urban areas first saw a decrease of pre-working age population leading up to 2011, followed by a more notable growth. Population ageing index values showed that for all territory types population ageing had slowed after 2011. Also, urban areas of Riga agglomeration have been ageing more rapidly than rural ones. This study was supported by National Research Program Project grant number VPP-IZM-2018/1-0015. 

Rural-to-Urban Migration and the Urban Labour Market: the Case of India

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-218
Author(s):  
Arup Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Agglomeration Effects ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Informal Sector

In relation to urbanization, findings suggest that the unemployment rate after migration tends to decline. States with higher urbanization levels reveal a larger increase in regular wage employment after migration. With an increase in city size, the migration rate rises mainly because employment prospects are better in large cities due to agglomeration effects. Migration, urban informal sector employment, and the proportion of the Scheduled Caste population in urban and rural areas are all positively associated, suggesting that the socially backward groups are more likely to migrate from rural areas and get absorbed in the urban informal sector. This pattern is accompanied by a decline in the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas: even the urban informal sector activities are able to provide relatively better job opportunities and higher living standards.

scholarly journals LABOUR POTENTIAL OF SIBERIA ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: EVALUATION OF MOBILIZATION OPPORTUNITIES

2017 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
R. E. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Labour Potential ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Military ◽  
Economic Use

The article attempts to evaluate the mobilization opportunities of the labor potential of Siberia on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. For this purpose, based on the materials of  All-Union census of 1939, the research identified the demographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural features of the formation of the population aged 15 – 59 used later in the military economy of Siberian rear. It was concluded that from the point of view of intensive economic use of the strengths of the human array was the high proportion of youth, intense dynamics of migration and economic activity, low level of industrial employment, the existence of large reserves of female labor force in urban and rural areas. Weak sides of this array were the disperse nature of population distribution, low fixability of migrants in large cities, a significant share of male reservists, higher overall employment, low levels of literacy and education. In general, these quality characteristics in wartime conditions had an ambiguous and contradictory effect on the mobilization of human resources in Siberia in the industry of defense significance. 

scholarly journals Agglomeration Processes in the European North of Russia: Experience of the Vologda Region

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-741
Author(s):  
Sergei A. Kozhevnikov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Core ◽  
Vologda Region ◽  
European North ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Further Development

Introduction. The processes of urbanization are a global trend and lead to the formation and further development of agglomerations as new forms of effective organization of urban and rural areas connected with each other by long-standing links. The specifics of the modern stage are the development of agglomeration processes in the territories the cores of which are large and medium-sized cities. However, the features of the integration processes in such agglomerations have not been studied fully, which makes this study relevant. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the peculiarities of the development of agglomerations in the regions of the European North of Russia, the cores of which are large cities, and to make the case for a range of activities for managing these processes. Materials and Methods. The object of the research was the emerging monocentric Vologda agglomeration. To study the features, problems and prospects of its formation, an analysis of key trends and patterns of the development of these territories was performed; sociological research was conducted among residents and the heads of municipalities regarding the features, problems and prospects for the formation of integration links. Results. It has been proved that the Vologda agglomeration belongs to the category of monocentric, least developed and emerging ones, but it meets all the criteria for delimitation of agglomerations. The presence of close industrial, cooperative, cultural, recreational and other links of intra-agglomeration territories was revealed. The hypothesis has been confirmed that the strength of agglomeration processes directly depends on the size of the core; large and medium-sized cities do not have such agglomeration potential as million-plus cities. A range of activities for the management of these agglomeration processes has been substantiated. Discussion and Conclusion. Although the agglomeration processes in the Vologda Region are objective, the identified links are still developing. Further research may focus on the development of the strategy and program for the development of the Vologda agglomeration.

scholarly journals Coronary Heart Disease in South-Asian Women

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDP Gooneratne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
South Asian Women ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Post Menopausal

ABSTRACT With the demographic transition in the South-Asian region coronary heart disease in post menopausal women is a major challenge. Women with myocardial infarction often have atypical presentation and have a higher mortality. In South-Asia there is high prevalence of coronary heart disease among women and there is an increasing incidence in both urban and rural areas. While obesity and lack of exercise contribute largely to traditional risk factors in South-Asian women in midlife, nontraditional newer risk factors seem to play a major role in increased prevalence and mortality. Early prevention strategies targeting diet, physical exercise and mental stress are important in preventing further increase of coronary heart disease in South- Asian women. How to cite this article Gooneratne MDP. Coronary Heart Disease in South-Asian Women. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2013;1(2):84-87.

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