scholarly journals Climate Change Impact On Flood Runoff Over Lake Baikal Catchment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Yurevich Grigorev ◽  
Maxim A. Kharlamov ◽  
Natalia K. Semenova ◽  
Sergey R. Chalov ◽  
Alexey A. Sazonov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Selenga River Basin ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Precipitation Decrease ◽  
Central Volume ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Steep Slopes

Abstract Water level and distribution of dissolved and suspended matter of Lake Baikal are strongly affected by river inflow during rain-driven floods. This study analyses river flow changes at 44 streamflow gauges and related precipitation, evaporation, potential evaporation and soil moisture obtained from ERA5-Land dataset. Based on Sen-Slope trend estimator, Mann–Kendall non-parametric test, and using dominant analyses we estimated influence of meteorological parameters on river flow during 1979-2019. Using ridge-regression we found significant relationships between precipitation elasticity of river flow and catchments features. Half of the gauges in eastern part of Selenga river basin showed a significant decreasing trend of average and maximum river flow (up to -2.9%/year). No changes in central volume date of flood flow have been found. A reduction in rainfall amounts explains more than 60% of runoff decline. Decrease in evaporation is observed where precipitation decrease is 0.8%/y or more. Catchments where the precipitation trends are not as substantial are associated with increasing evaporation as a result of the increase of potential evaporation. Negative trends of precipitation are accompanied by negative trends of soil moisture. Finally, the study reveals sensitivity of the catchments with steep slopes in humid area to precipitation change.

Kajian Debit Sungai di DAS Wae Ruhu, Kota Ambon

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Matheus Souisa ◽  
Paulus R. Atihuta ◽  
Josephus R. Kelibulin
Keyword(s):  
River Discharge ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
Flood Prevention ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Water Catchment ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Station Point

Ambon City is a region consisting of hilly areas and steep slopes with diverse river characteristics. Research has been carried out in the Wae Ruhu watershed in Ambon City which starts from upstream (water catchment) to downstream. This study aims to determine the magnitude of river discharge and sediment discharge in the Wae Ruhu watershed. This research was conducted in several stages including, secondary data collection, research location survey, preparation of research tools and materials as well as field data retrieval processes which included tracking coordinates at each station point and entire watershed, calculation of river flow velocity, river geometry measurements, and sampling sediment. The results showed that the average river discharge in the Wae watershed in the year 2018 was 1.24 m3 / s, and the average sediment discharge was 6.27 kg / s. From the results of this study and the field observations proposed for flood prevention and the rate of sediment movement are the construction of cliffs with sheet pile and gabions.

scholarly journals Actual inflow of riverine sediment load into Lake Baikal: main tributaries the Selenga, Upper Angara, and Barguzin Rivers (Russia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1111-1114
Author(s):  
T.G. Potemkina ◽  
◽  
V.L. Potemkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Precipitation Decrease ◽  
Riverine Sediment ◽  
The Given

Abstract. The sediment load delivery into Lake Baikal from its main tributaries the Selenga, Upper Angara, and Barguzin Rivers has been reduced since the mid-1970s. This is explained by climate change and socioeconomic activities. Integrated analysis of changes in hydro-meteorological parameters (water discharge, sediment load, air temperature, precipitation) and their trends over the period 1946 1975 (baseline) and 1976 2017 (warming) is performed. Changes in natural processes and human activity were negligible during the baseline period. During the warming period, the greatest reduction of the sediment load inflow against the background of temperature rise and precipitation decrease occurred in the interval between 1996 and 2017 in the Selenga River, between 1985 and 2017 in the Upper Angara River, and between 1992 and 2017 in the Barguzin River. The flux of the sediment load into these rivers was 768 103, 88 103, and 29 103 t y 1, respectively. This is 2 3 times less than the average multiyear values for all period of 1946 2017, which are usually used when characterizing sediment load runoff from these rivers. Currently the values in the given intervals correspond to the actual sediment load flux into Lake Baikal from the main tributaries.

scholarly journals Contrasting climate change impact on river flows from high-altitude catchments in the Himalayan and Andes Mountains

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (33) ◽  
pp. 9222-9227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvan Ragettli ◽  
Walter W. Immerzeel ◽  
Francesca Pellicciotti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Glacier Area ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Change Impact

Mountain ranges are the world’s natural water towers and provide water resources for millions of people. However, their hydrological balance and possible future changes in river flow remain poorly understood because of high meteorological variability, physical inaccessibility, and the complex interplay between climate, cryosphere, and hydrological processes. Here, we use a state-of-the art glacio-hydrological model informed by data from high-altitude observations and the latest climate change scenarios to quantify the climate change impact on water resources of two contrasting catchments vulnerable to changes in the cryosphere. The two study catchments are located in the Central Andes of Chile and in the Nepalese Himalaya in close vicinity of densely populated areas. Although both sites reveal a strong decrease in glacier area, they show a remarkably different hydrological response to projected climate change. In the Juncal catchment in Chile, runoff is likely to sharply decrease in the future and the runoff seasonality is sensitive to projected climatic changes. In the Langtang catchment in Nepal, future water availability is on the rise for decades to come with limited shifts between seasons. Owing to the high spatiotemporal resolution of the simulations and process complexity included in the modeling, the response times and the mechanisms underlying the variations in glacier area and river flow can be well constrained. The projections indicate that climate change adaptation in Central Chile should focus on dealing with a reduction in water availability, whereas in Nepal preparedness for flood extremes should be the policy priority.

Irrigation in JULES Land-Only Simulations over South and East Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Todt ◽  
Pier Luigi Vidale ◽  
Patrick C. McGuire ◽  
Omar V. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
The Impact

<p>Capturing soil moisture-atmosphere feedbacks in a weather or climate model requires realistic simulation of various land surface processes. However, irrigation and other water management methods are still missing in most global climate models today, despite irrigated agriculture being the dominant land use in parts of Asia. In this study, we test the irrigation scheme available in the land model JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) by running land-only simulations over South and East Asia driven by WFDEI (WATCH Forcing Data ERA-Interim) forcing data. Irrigation in JULES is applied on a daily basis by replenishing soil moisture in the upper soil layers to field capacity, and we use a version of the irrigation scheme that extracts water for irrigation from groundwater and rivers, which physically limits the amount of irrigation that can be applied. We prescribe irrigation for C3 grasses in order to simulate the effects of agriculture, albeit retaining the simpler, widely used 5-PFT (plant functional type) configuration in JULES. Irrigation generally increases soil moisture and evapotranspiration, which results in increasing latent heat fluxes and decreasing sensible heat fluxes. Comparison with combined observational/machine-learning products for turbulent fluxes shows that while irrigation can reduce biases, other biases in JULES, unrelated to irrigation, are larger than improvements due to the inclusion of irrigation. Irrigation also affects water fluxes within the soil, e.g. runoff and drainage into the groundwater level, as well as soil moisture outside of the irrigation season. We find that the irrigation scheme, at least in the uncoupled land-atmosphere setting, can rapidly deplete groundwater to the point that river flow becomes the main source of irrigation (over the North China Plain and the Indus region) and can have the counterintuitive effect of decreasing annual average soil moisture (over the Ganges plain). Subsequently, we will explore the impact of irrigation on regional climate by conducting coupled land-atmosphere simulations.</p>

scholarly journals Hydrodynamic Controls of Particulate Metals Partitioning Along the Lower Selenga River—Main Tributary of The Lake Baikal

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Chalov ◽  
Vsevolod Moreido ◽  
Ekaterina Sharapova ◽  
Lyudmila Efimova ◽  
Vasyli Efimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Large River ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Longitudinal Gradients ◽  
Particulate Metals

In this study, the downstream effects of pollutants spreading due to hydromorphological gradients and associated changes in sediment transport conditions along the braided-meandering and deltaic distributary reach of a large river downstream section are discussed. We demonstrate the significance of hydrodynamic control for sediment-associated metal partitioning along the river. Typically, the downward decline of the sediment and metals spreading towards Lake Baikal is observed due to buffer effects in the delta. During peak flow, the longitudinal gradients in heavy metal concentration along the distributary delta reach are neglected due to higher concentrations delivered from the upper parts of the river. In particular, significant variations of heavy metal concentrations associated with the river depth are related to sediment concentration and flow velocity profiles. Various particulate metal behavior in silt-sand delta channels and the sand–gravel Selenga main stem emphasize the importance of near-bottom exchange for particles spreading with the river flow. Using empirically derived Rouse numbers, we found quantitative relationships between the ratio of particulate metals sorting throughout depth in a single river channel and the hydrodynamic conditions of sediment transport.

scholarly journals Climate change impact on river flow extremes in the Upper Blue Nile River basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadush K. Meresa ◽  
Mulusew T. Gatachew
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Hydrological Extremes ◽  
Dry Spell ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Blue Nile River Basin

Abstract This paper aims to study climate change impact on the hydrological extremes and projected precipitation extremes in far future (2071–2100) period in the Upper Blue Nile River basin (UBNRB). The changes in precipitation extremes were derived from the most recent AFROCORDEX climate data base projection scenarios compared to the reference period (1971–2000). The climate change impacts on the hydrological extremes were evaluated using three conceptual hydrological models: GR4 J, HBV, and HMETS; and two objective functions: NSE and LogNSE. These hydrological models are calibrated and validated in the periods 1971–2000 and 2001–2010, respectively. The results indicate that the wet/dry spell will significantly decrease/increase due to climate change in some sites of the region, while in others, there is increase/decrease in wet/dry spell but not significantly, respectively. The extreme river flow will be less attenuated and more variable in terms of magnitude, and more irregular in terms of seasonal occurrence than at present. Low flows are projected to increase most prominently for lowland sites, due to the combined effects of projected decreases in Belg and Bega precipitation, and projected increases in evapotranspiration that will reduce residual soil moisture in Bega and Belg seasons.

Satellite soil moisture improves rainfall just where needed

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Brocca ◽  
Stefania Camici ◽  
Christian Massari ◽  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Paolo Filippucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Global Precipitation Climatology Centre ◽  
Satellite Rainfall ◽  
Global Precipitation

<p>Soil moisture is a fundamental variable in the water and energy cycle and its knowledge in many applications is crucial. In the last decade, some authors have proposed the use of satellite soil moisture for estimating and improving rainfall, doing hydrology backward. From this research idea, several studies have been published and currently preoperational satellite rainfall products exploiting satellite soil moisture products have been made available.</p><p>The assessment of such products on a global scale has revealed an important result, i.e., the soil moisture based products perform better than state of the art products exactly over regions in which the data are needed: Africa and South America. However, over these areas the assessment against rain gauge observations is problematic and independent approaches are needed to assess the quality of such products and their potential benefit in hydrological applications. On this basis, the use of the satellite rainfall products as input into rainfall-runoff models, and their indirect assessment through river discharge observations is an alternative and valuable approach for evaluating their quality.</p><p>For this study, a newly developed large scale dataset of river discharge observations over 500+ basins throughout Africa has been exploited. Based on such unique dataset, a large scale assessment of multiple near real time satellite rainfall products has been performed: (1) the Early Run version of the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement), IMERG Early Run, (2) SM2RAIN-ASCAT (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3405563), and (3) GPM+SM2RAIN (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3345323). Additionally, gauge-based and reanalysis rainfall products have been considered, i.e., (4) the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), and (5) the latest European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis, ERA5. As rainfall-runoff model, the semi-distributed MISDc (Modello Idrologico Semi-Distribuito in continuo) model has been employed in the period 2007-2018 at daily temporal scale.</p><p>First results over a part of the dataset reveal the great value of satellite soil moisture products in improving satellite rainfall estimates for river flow prediction in Africa. Such results highlight the need to exploit such products for operational systems in Africa addressed to the mitigation of the flood risk and water resources management.</p>

scholarly journals The protective and attractive covering of a vegetated embankment using coir geotextiles

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vishnudas ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije ◽  
P. Van der Zaag ◽  
K. R. Anil ◽  
K. Balan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Watershed Management ◽  
South India ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Content Protection ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Steep Slopes

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a field experiment conducted in Kerala, South India, to test the effectiveness of coir geotextiles for embankment protection. The results reveal that treatment with geotextile in combination with grass is an effective eco-hydrological measure to protect steep slopes from erosion. In the context of sustainable watershed management, coir is a cheap and locally available material that can be used to strengthen traditional earthen bunds or protect the banks of village ponds from erosion. Particularly in developing countries, where coir is abundantly available and textiles can be produced by small-scale industry, this is an attractive alternative for conventional methods. This paper analyses the performance of coir geotextile in different treatments with respect to soil moisture content, protection against erosion and biomass production.

scholarly journals Climate change impact on hydrological characteristics and water availability of the Mountain Pamir Rivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Inom Normatov ◽  
Parviz Normatov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Climate Change Impact ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. Results of monitoring accumulated snow cover in upstream areas of the Transboundary Pyanj River (Central Asia) are presented. It is found that the formation of the snow cover and the spatial distribution of atmospheric precipitation in the Mountain Pamir is determined by the orography of the terrain. Orography influences air mass movement in mountain areas, which contributes in different climatic zones to a shift in periods when the maximum amount of snow is falling. Completely different scenarios for the development of meteorological variables in the western and eastern parts of the Gunt River Basin were found, due, firstly, to the influence of the mountainous area orography and, secondly, to the penetration of various air masses. It is observed that in the western part of the basin the average annual precipitation remained almost unchanged over the period 1944–2014, whereas there is a decreasing trend in the eastern part. Assessment of the climate change impact on the formation of the Gunt River water flow was made by comparing the trend in the change of discharge using data from two observation periods 1940–1970 and 1986–2016. Calculations show a decrease of the Gunt River discharge by 5 % over a period of more than 70 years. The influence of climate warming on the river flow is indicated by comparison of river hydrograph in two periods 1940–1970 and 1986–2016. The hydrograph of the Vanch River in the earlier-mentioned periods shows a shift in the maximum of the monthly discharge towards the left, indicating an earlier melting of snow and glaciers in the upstream regions of the river and a significant increase in discharge in the period 1986–2016.

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