scholarly journals Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Associations between Salivary Microbiota and Body Composition in Early Childhood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modupe Coker ◽  
Rebecca Lebeaux ◽  
Anne Hoen ◽  
Yuka Moroishi ◽  
Diane Gilbert-Diamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Growth Metrics ◽  
Salivary Microbiota

Abstract Several studies have shown that body mass index is strongly associated with differences in gut microbiota, but the relationship between body weight and oral microbiota is less clear. Among more than 200 toddlers in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we characterized the association between multiple anthropometric measures of body mass/growth longitudinally and used shotgun metagenomics to taxonomically and functionally profile the oral microbiome. We found that within-sample diversity was inversely related to body mass measurements while community composition was not associated. Certain taxa were consistently associated with growth and modified by sex. Functional examination also showed concordance between microbial metabolic pathways and child growth metrics. Further exploration of the functional significance of this relationship will enhance our understanding of the intersection between weight gain, microbiota, and energy metabolism and the potential role of these relationships on the onset of obesity-associated diseases in later life.

scholarly journals Do the associations of body mass index and waist circumference with back pain change as people age? 32 years of follow-up in a British birth cohort

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e039197
Author(s):  
Stella Muthuri ◽  
Rachel Cooper ◽  
Diana Kuh ◽  
Rebecca Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectivesTo investigate whether cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with back pain change with age and extend into later life.DesignBritish birth cohort study.SettingEngland, Scotland and Wales.ParticipantsUp to 3426 men and women from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development.Primary outcome measuresBack pain (sciatica, lumbago or recurring/severe backache all or most of the time) was self-reported during nurse interviews at ages 36, 43, 53 and 60–64 years and in a postal questionnaire using a body manikin at age 68.ResultsFindings from mixed-effects logistic regression models indicated that higher BMI was consistently associated with increased odds of back pain across adulthood. Sex-adjusted ORs of back pain per 1 SD increase in BMI were: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.26), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.00 to 1.23), 1.17 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.30), 1.31 (95% CI: 1.15 to 1.48) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.24) at ages 36, 43, 53, 60–64 and 68–69, respectively. Similar patterns of associations were observed for WC. These associations were maintained when potential confounders, including education, occupational class, height, cigarette smoking status, physical activity and symptoms of anxiety and depression were accounted for. BMI showed stronger associations than WC in models including both measures.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that higher BMI is a persistent risk factor for back pain across adulthood. This highlights the potential lifelong consequences on back pain of the rising prevalence of obesity within the population.

scholarly journals Number of children and body composition in later life among men and women: Results from a British birth cohort study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Bridger Staatz ◽  
Rebecca Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Number Of Children

Background Although research has found associations between increasing number of children and higher body mass index (BMI), there has been limited research investigating the association with body composition despite abdominal fat being associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk independently of general adiposity. Most existing research has focussed on women, but investigating the relationship in men can help distinguish biological effects of pregnancy from social pathways related to parenthood. Methods Using the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) multiple regression models were applied to test associations between number of children and body composition at age 60-64 (N=2229) and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) at ages 60-64 and 69 (N=2149). Results In adjusted models, associations were observed between increasing numbers of children and increasing fat-adjusted lean mass index in women (p=0.06). Among men, those with children had 0.59kg (95% CI: 0.15 to 1.02) greater lean mass index than those without and fat:lean mass ratio was greater in those with 4+ children because of their slightly higher mean fat mass. Weak evidence of a higher android:gynoid mass ratio in women with children (0.03, 95% CI: 0.00,0.06, p=0.1) was observed with no associations with fat mass index or android or gynoid fat mass. Increasing BMI was observed with increasing parity in women at 60-64 and more strongly at 69 years where associations among men were also observed more clearly. Conclusion There was little evidence of a consistent association between number of children and body composition in early old age. The strongest associations are observed for lean, rather than fat mass, and in men rather than women, suggesting little evidence of biological effects of pregnancy in women. The results indicate social pathways associated with parenthood are the likely underlying mechanisms, with suggestion there may be selection into parenthood among men.

scholarly journals Prenatal lead exposure: associations with growth and anthropometry in early childhood in a UK observational birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Taylor ◽  
Jean Golding ◽  
Katarzyna Kordas
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Prenatal Lead Exposure

Background: Lead is a neurotoxic metal that crosses the placenta freely. It has adverse effects on a range of birth outcomes. The few studies reporting on the associations of prenatal exposure to lead and child growth have had conflicting results. This study aimed to examine the effect of prenatal exposure to lead on children’s growth from 4 to 61 months of age. Methods: Pregnant women were enrolled in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Whole blood samples for pregnancies with a live birth were analysed for lead (n=4140). A 10% subsample of the offspring cohort (Children in Focus) were invited to clinics at 10 time points (4–61 months) at which anthropometric measurements were carried out; z-scores for height, weight and BMI were calculated using the 1990 British Growth Reference Standards. Associations between prenatal log10-lead concentrations and z-scores and other anthropometric measures were modelled using adjusted linear regression models in an imputed dataset for children who attended at least one clinic (n=574). Results: The median prenatal blood lead concentration was 3.60 (IQR 2.61–4.16) µg/dl. There was no evidence for any associations of prenatal lead exposure with z-scores for BMI, height or weight in adjusted models from age 4 to 61 months. There were no associations for other anthropometric measures including mid-upper arm circumference, head circumference and waist circumference. There was some evidence for a weakly positive effect of prenatal lead exposure on head circumference in girls at age 43 and 61 months (at 61 months unstandardised B coefficient 1.59 (95% CI 0.12, 3.16) cm, p=0.048) but not at other ages. Conclusions: There was no consistent evidence of associations between prenatal exposure to lead and measures of growth and anthropometry from age 4 to 61 months in this cohort of children in the UK.

scholarly journals Tracking the transition to agriculture in Southern Europe through ancient DNA analysis of dental calculus

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (32) ◽  
pp. e2102116118
Author(s):  
Claudio Ottoni ◽  
Dušan Borić ◽  
Olivia Cheronet ◽  
Vitale Sparacello ◽  
Irene Dori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Dental Calculus ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
The Balkans

Archaeological dental calculus, or mineralized plaque, is a key tool to track the evolution of oral microbiota across time in response to processes that impacted our culture and biology, such as the rise of farming during the Neolithic. However, the extent to which the human oral flora changed from prehistory until present has remained elusive due to the scarcity of data on the microbiomes of prehistoric humans. Here, we present our reconstruction of oral microbiomes via shotgun metagenomics of dental calculus in 44 ancient foragers and farmers from two regions playing a pivotal role in the spread of farming across Europe—the Balkans and the Italian Peninsula. We show that the introduction of farming in Southern Europe did not alter significantly the oral microbiomes of local forager groups, and it was in particular associated with a higher abundance of the species Olsenella sp. oral taxon 807. The human oral environment in prehistory was dominated by a microbial species, Anaerolineaceae bacterium oral taxon 439, that diversified geographically. A Near Eastern lineage of this bacterial commensal dispersed with Neolithic farmers and replaced the variant present in the local foragers. Our findings also illustrate that major taxonomic shifts in human oral microbiome composition occurred after the Neolithic and that the functional profile of modern humans evolved in recent times to develop peculiar mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that were previously absent.

scholarly journals Infant Weight Gain Trajectories Linked to Oral Microbiome Composition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. C. Craig ◽  
Daniel Blankenberg ◽  
Alice Carla Luisa Parodi ◽  
Ian M. Paul ◽  
Leann L. Birch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Microbiome Composition

ABSTRACTGut and oral microbiome perturbations have been observed in obese adults and adolescents. Less is known about how weight gain in early childhood is influenced by gut, and particularly oral, microbiomes. Here we analyze the relationships among weight gain and gut and oral microbiomes in 226 two-year-olds who were followed during the first two years of life, as part of a larger study, with weight and length measured at seven time points. We used these data to identify children with rapid weight gain (a strong risk factor for childhood obesity), and to derive growth curves with novel Functional Data Analysis (FDA) techniques. The children’s oral and gut microbiomes were sampled at the end of the two-year period, and surveyed with 16S sequencing. First, we show that growth curves are associated negatively with diversity and positively with Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio of the oral microbiome – a relationship that is also observed in children with rapid (vs. non-rapid) weight gain. We also demonstrate an association between the gut microbiome and child growth, but only when considering the effect of diet on the microbiome. Lastly, we identify several bacterial genera that are associated with child growth patterns. These results suggest that by the age of two, the oral microbiome may have already begun to establish patterns often seen in older obese individuals. They also suggest that the gut microbiome, while strongly influenced by diet, at age two does not harbor obesity signatures many researchers identified in later life stages.

scholarly journals Prenatal lead exposure: associations with growth and anthropometry in early childhood in a UK observational birth cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Taylor ◽  
Jean Golding ◽  
Katarzyna Kordas
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Prenatal Lead Exposure

Background: Lead is a neurotoxic metal that crosses the placenta freely. It has adverse effects on a range of birth outcomes. The few studies reporting on the associations of prenatal exposure to lead and child growth have had conflicting results. This study aimed to examine the effect of low-level prenatal exposure to lead on children’s growth from 4 to 61 months old. Methods: Pregnant women were enrolled in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Whole blood samples for pregnancies with a live birth were analysed for lead (n=4140). A 10% subsample of the offspring cohort (Children in Focus) were invited to clinics at 10 time points (4–61 months) at which anthropometric measurements were carried out; z-scores for height, weight and BMI were calculated using the 1990 British Growth Reference Standards. Associations between prenatal log10-lead concentrations and z-scores and other anthropometric measures were modelled using adjusted linear regression models in an imputed dataset for children who attended at least one clinic (n=574). Results: The mean prenatal blood lead concentration was 3.59±1.50 (range 1.22–14.70) µg/dl. There was no evidence for any associations of low-level prenatal lead exposure with z-scores for BMI, height or weight in adjusted models from age 4 to 61 months. There were no associations for other anthropometric measures including mid-upper arm circumference, head circumference and waist circumference. There was some evidence for a weakly positive effect of prenatal lead exposure on head circumference in girls at age 43 and 61 months (at 61 months unstandardised B coefficient 1.59 (95% CI 0.12, 3.16) cm, p=0.048) but not at other ages. Conclusions: There was no consistent evidence of associations between prenatal exposure to lead and measures of growth and anthropometry from age 4 to 61 months in this cohort of children in the UK.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiota Is Associated With Immune Recovery in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yirui Xie ◽  
Jia Sun ◽  
Caiqin Hu ◽  
Bing Ruan ◽  
Biao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Immune Recovery ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Salivary Microbiota ◽  
Metagenome Sequencing

The role of the oral microbiota in HIV-infected individuals deserves attention as either HIV infection or antiretroviral therapy (ART) may have effect on the diversity and the composition of the oral microbiome. However, few studies have addressed the oral microbiota and its interplay with different immune responses to ART in HIV-infected individuals. Salivary microbiota and immune activation were studied in 30 HIV-infected immunological responders (IR) and 34 immunological non-responders (INR) (≥500 and < 200 CD4 + T-cell counts/μl after 2 years of HIV-1 viral suppression, respectively) with no comorbidities. Metagenome sequencing revealed that the IR and the INR group presented similar salivary bacterial richness and diversity. The INR group presented a significantly higher abundance of genus Selenomonas_4, while the IR group manifested higher abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas and norank_p_Saccharimonas. Candidatus_Saccharimonas and norank_p_Saccharimonas were positively correlated with the current CD4 + T-cells. Candidatus_Saccharimonas was positively correlated with the markers of adaptive immunity CD4 + CD57 + T-cells, while negative correlation was found between norank _p_Saccharimonas and the CD8 + CD38 + T-cells as well as the CD4/CD8 + HLADR + CD38 + T-cells. The conclusions are that the overall salivary microbiota structure was similar in the immunological responders and immunological non-responders, while there were some taxonomic differences in the salivary bacterial composition. Selenomona_4, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and norank _p_Saccharimonas might act as important factors of the immune recovery in the immunodeficiency patients, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas could be considered in the future as screening biomarkers for the immune responses in the HIV-infected individuals.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiota Identifies Patients in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1657
Author(s):  
Anders Esberg ◽  
Linda Johansson ◽  
Ingegerd Johansson ◽  
Solbritt Rantapää Dahlqvist
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Periodontal Status ◽  
Quality Register

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory disease, and single periodontitis-associated bacteria have been suggested in disease manifestation. Here, the oral microbiota was characterized in relation to the early onset of RA (eRA) taking periodontal status into consideration. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of saliva bacterial DNA from 61 eRA patients without disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and 59 matched controls was performed. Taxonomic classification at 98.5% was conducted against the Human Oral Microbiome Database, microbiota functions were predicted using PICRUSt, and periodontal status linked from the Swedish quality register for clinically assessed caries and periodontitis. The participants were classified into three distinct microbiota-based cluster groups with cluster allocation differences by eRA status. Independently of periodontal status, eRA patients had enriched levels of Prevotella pleuritidis, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Filifactor alocis species and in the Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium genera and functions linked to ornithine metabolism, glucosylceramidase, beta-lactamase resistance, biphenyl degradation, fatty acid metabolism and 17-beta-estradiol-17-dehydrogenase metabolism. The results support a deviating oral microbiota composition already in eRA patients compared with healthy controls and highlight a panel of oral bacteria that may be useful in eRA risk assessment in both periodontally healthy and diseased persons.

scholarly journals Early Origins of Body Mass in Later Life: Examining Childhood Risks and Adult Pathways

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652110054
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Mustillo ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Patricia Morton ◽  
Kenneth F. Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Nationally Representative

Prior research reveals that negative early-life experiences play a major role in the development of obesity in later life, but few studies identify mechanisms that alter the lifetime risk of obesity. This study examines the influence of negative childhood experiences on body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI ≥30) during older adulthood and the psychosocial and behavioral pathways involved. Using a nationally representative sample, we examine the influence of cumulative misfortune as well as five separate domains of misfortune on BMI and obesity. Results show that four of the five domains are associated with BMI and obesity either directly, indirectly, or both. The influence of cumulative misfortune on the outcomes is mediated by three adult factors: socioeconomic status, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. The mediators identified here provide targets for intervention among older adults to help offset the health risks of excess BMI attributable of early-life exposure to misfortune.

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