scholarly journals Ashing of Bone: Errors Due to Loss of CO2 and Its Correction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasritha Thotakura ◽  
Cheryl Quenneville ◽  
Henry P. Schwarcz
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Apatite Crystal ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
Ash Weight ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract Background: Ashing is widely used to determine weight fraction of water-free bone that is mineral, but no standard procedure exists and the range of techniques used spans a range of temperatures and times over which the amount of weight loss is variable. We show that variability is largely due to progressive loss of CO2 from CO3 2- ions in the apatite crystal lattice, beginning at 600⁰C, typically used for ashing. We test the effect of varying temperature, time and weight of sample and develop a reliable method, using small samples.Methods: Replicate samples of bovine cortical bone were tested at 500⁰, 600⁰ and 700⁰C for times ranging up to 24h. We also tested samples of multiple humans at what we concluded to be the optimal conditionsResults: Varying conditions of ashing resulted in variations in apparent ash weight % by up to 7%. Samples between 5 and 20 mg heated to 600⁰C for 1 h gave results agreeing with generally accepted values, but with much smaller variability. Ash wt% values for multiple human bone samples differed by up to 4.8% but replicate data for individuals agree to ± 1 wt%. Conclusions: A satisfactory method is given for ash weight determination using small samples, and yielding highly reproducible data. If accepted widely, ash weight values between laboratories could be used to study variations due to diet, age, drug treatment and disease.

scholarly journals Intensification of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Andryushayev ◽  
Olena Ruban ◽  
Yuliia Maslii ◽  
Inna Rusak
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acorus Calamus ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Ultrasonic Action ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Temperature Time

The aim. To determine the intensified method of extraction of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves and optimal conditions for the process. Materials and methods. In order to develop the optimal intensified method of extraction samples were prepared in different conditions of raw materials-extractant ratio, temperature, time and multiplicity. As a raw materials spectrophotometrically pre-standardized Acorus calamus leaves were used. The extraction was carried out in a hermetically sealed ultrasonic extraction reactor PEX 1 (REUS, Contes, France). As the criteria of extraction efficiency were indicators of dry residue and total amount of flavonoids determined using methods described in State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The amount of flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically on a certified device Specord 200 (Analytik Jena, Germany). Results. According to our research results it was found that ultrasonic action and addition of surfactant significantly improves the efficiency of the extraction process. The optimal conditions for the process were determined. Experimentally proved that the rational raw material-extractant ratio is 1:15. Comparative study of the extraction process with different temperatures showed that the highest amount of extractives is achieved at temperature 70 °C and 45 min of duration. The optimal extraction multiplicity is 3. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the intensified extraction method for Acorus calamus leaves – re-maceration with ultrasound – was established. The conducted researches allowed to develop the method of extraction, expedient in the conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZING THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING COFFEE HUSKS INTO BIOCHAR BY MEANS OF HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4B) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Hien
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Composite Face ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Water Ratio

The conditions of the hydrothermal carbonization process to produce biochar from coffee husk will be optimized for maximum yield. Besides, response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite face-centered (CCF) method will be used in designing experiments. Also, the optimal value of factors such as temperature, time and biomass: water ratio which can provide a maximum yield of biochar will be worked out using Modde 5.0. As a result, the optimal conditions for maximum yield of biochar was obtained as temperature of 180 oC, 3.5 h and biomass: water ratio of 15 %. It can also be concluded that temperature has greater impact on the transformation of biochar than time and biomass: water ratio.

scholarly journals Comparison of Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Paenibacillus larvae Targeted Assays and Definition of Optimal Conditions for Its Detection/Quantification in Honey and Hive Debris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franca Rossi ◽  
Carmela Amadoro ◽  
Addolorato Ruberto ◽  
Luciano Ricchiuti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Culture Dependent

The application of quantitative PCR (qPCR) as a routine method to detect and enumerate Paenibacillus larvae in honey and hive debris could greatly speed up the estimation of prevalence and outbreak risk of the American foulbrood (AFB) disease of Apis mellifera. However, none of the qPCR tests described so far has been officially proposed as a standard procedure for P. larvae detection and enumeration for surveillance purposes. Therefore, in this study inclusivity, exclusivity and sensitivity in detection of P. larvae spores directly in samples of honey and hive debris were re-evaluated for the previously published qPCR methods. To this aim recently acquired P. larvae sequence data were considered to assess inclusivity in silico and more appropriate non-target species were used to verify exclusivity experimentally. This led to the modification of one of the previously described methods resulting in a new test capable to allow the detection of P. larvae spores in honey and hive debris down to 1 CFU/g. The application of the qPCR test optimized in this study can allow to reliably detect and quantify P. larvae in honey and hive debris, thus circumventing the disadvantages of late AFB diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and possible underestimation of spore numbers that is the main drawback of culture-dependent procedures.

Legibility of Public Information Symbols

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 448-448
Author(s):  
Harm J. Zwaga
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Public Information ◽  
International Standardization Organization ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
International Standardization ◽  
Standardization Organization

A legibility test is one a set of tests to be proposed by a committee of the International Standardization Organization as a standard procedure to ensure that public information symbols can be used efficiently by the population of users. Although the method of administering has been decided upon for most of the tests, there is not yet a satisfactory method for the legibility test.

Optimization of the Antimicrobial Effects of Surfactin against Bacillus cereus Spores

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1983-1988
Author(s):  
XIANQING HUANG ◽  
LIANJUN SONG ◽  
MINGWU QIAO ◽  
PINGAN ZHANG ◽  
QIUYAN ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to establish a three-variable bactericidal model of temperature, time, and concentration to determine the optimal conditions for Bacillus cereus spore inactivation by surfactin. To obtain the binary regression equation of the inactivated spore model, a total of 17 simulations were performed using response surface methodology. The experimental results showed that the three factors each had a discernible but nonequal impact on the inactivation response value. Multiple regression analysis of experimental results using Design-Expert software yielded the following equation: Y = 1.47 + 0.39ξ1(temperature) + 0.38ξ2(time) + 0.39ξ3(concentration) − 0.20ξ1ξ2 + 0.22ξ1ξ2 − 0.12ξ2ξ3 − 0.23ξ12 − 0.11ξ22 − 0.40ξ32. Optimal inactivation of spores was achieved by treatment with surfactin at a concentration of 4 mg/mL for 40 h at 53°C, with the response value reaching 1.8. The spores were treated with surfactin under these conditions; the microstructural changes of spores were observed by use of scanning electron microscopy. We found that the structures of the outer wall of the spores were damaged, whereas the spores in the control sample showed no visible damage. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Translocation of acyl-CoA oxidase into peroxisomes requires ATP hydrolysis but not a membrane potential.

1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 2915-2922 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Imanaka ◽  
G M Small ◽  
P B Lazarow
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Acyl Coa Oxidase ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Liver Peroxisomes

An efficient system for the import of newly synthesized proteins into highly purified rat liver peroxisomes was reconstituted in vitro. 35S-Labeled acyl-CoA oxidase (AOx) was incorporated into peroxisomes in a proteinase K-resistant fashion. This import was specific (did not occur with mitochondria) and was dependent on temperature, time, and peroxisome concentration. Under optimal conditions approximately 30% of [35S]AOx became proteinase resistant. The import of AOx into peroxisomes could be dissociated into two steps: (a) binding occurred at 0 degrees C in the absence of ATP; (b) translocation occurred only at 26 degrees C and required the hydrolysis of ATP. GTP would not substitute for ATP and translocation was not inhibited by carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, valinomycin, or other ionophores.

Study on TCF Bleaching of Reed Displacement Cooking Pulp

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 543-547
Author(s):  
Ting Ting Fan ◽  
Ying Han ◽  
Guang Wei Sun ◽  
Jing Hui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Bleaching Process ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Bleached Pulp ◽  
Method Yield ◽  
Temperature Time

With the improvement of environmental protection requirements, paper-making enterprises are imperative to eliminate pollution directly in production. This paper aims to adopt environment-friendly bleaching method, yield good quality pulp products. Op-Pa-P bleaching process of reed displacement cooking pulp is studied in this paper (O-oxygen, P-hydrogen peroxide, Pa-peracetic acid ). The experimental conditions of Op and Pa stage were optimized respectively. It included oxygen pressure, temperature, time in Op stage and charge of peracetic acid, temperature, time in Pa stage. The results show that the optimal technological conditions of Op are: 0.9Mpa, 100°C, 70min, Op stage can make brightness increase by 57.3%, viscosity decrease by 25% and KMnO4 number reduce to 2.6. Pa stage optimal conditions are Pa charge 1.5%, 70°C, 75min, brightness reached to 79.1 %ISO, KMnO4 number to 1.0, viscosity to 631mL.g-1. The brightness of P bleached pulp reached to 84.8%ISO, viscosity 601 mL.g-1, KMnO4 number 0.8.

scholarly journals Identification of some kefir microorganisms and optimization of their production in sugarcane juice

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 7935-7943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Cecilia Salazar Alzate ◽  
Misael Cortés Rodríguez ◽  
Olga Montoya Campuzano
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Lactobacillus Curvatus ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Candida Famata ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Kefir Grains ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Temperature Time

Kefir grains are a consortium of bacteria and yeasts grouped in a polysaccharide called kefirano. They ferment sugar substrates to produce organic acids, CO2, vitamins and ethanol. They also have positive effects on health. This research project aimed to optimize the fermentation process of sugarcane concentrate using kefir grains. The microorganisms were first identified morphologically and biochemically, then isolated and purified in selective media. Optimization was conducted using the response surface methodology with a composite central design. The independent variables were: temperature, time and percentage of kefir grains added. As for dependent variables, we considered the following: increase in kefir grains (also measured as a percentage), acidity and microbial growth. Additionally, our study identified populations of Lactobacillus curvatus and the following yeasts: Candida famata, Can. magnoliae, Can. krusei/incospicua and Can. sphaerica in the kefir grains. The optimal conditions were 33.5 °C, 30 h and 6% w/w of added kefir grains. The increase in kefir grains reached was of 193 ± 12%. The lactobacilli, lactococci and yeast counts were 1.57x108, 8.63x107 and 2.05x107 CFU mL-1 respectively. Experimental optimization was an effective tool for the fermentation of kefir grains in sugarcane concentrate.

Performance analysis of waste silk fabric-reinforced vinyl ester resin laminates

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (23) ◽  
pp. 2475-2480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shetty Ravindra Rama ◽  
S.K. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Chemical Resistance ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Silk Fabric ◽  
Vinyl Ester Resin ◽  
Silk Fabrics ◽  
Made In

Laminates of vinyl ester resin system with different weight fractions of waste silk fabrics ‘as reinforcement’ are developed and their physico-mechanical properties are studied, using standard procedure. Both, tensile strength and modulus of laminates were found to increase with the increase in weight fraction of silk fabric loading. Properties such as density, void content, hardness, and water absorption of the developed composite laminates are studied. Chemical resistance test is also carried out. Attempts to explain these differing trends are made in this study by analyzing the features observed on the cross-section of tensile fractured specimen using fractography employing scanning electron microscopy.

scholarly journals Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Limonoids from Grapefruit Seeds

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 806D-806
Author(s):  
Jun Yu* ◽  
Romeo Toledo ◽  
Rakesh Singh ◽  
Leonard Pike ◽  
Bhimanagouda Patil
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Temperature Time

Grapefruit seeds were studied for the extraction of limonoids using supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) technique. Limonin aglycone was successfully extracted with SC-CO2 directly from grapefruit seeds; and the limonin glycoside was extracted using SC-CO2 and ethanol as co-solvent from the spent seeds after the extraction of limonin aglycone. In an effort to optimize the extraction conditions of limonin aglycone, pressure, temperature, time effects were investigated. Various times of extraction, CO2 flow rate and the feeding modes of CO2 were also employed to obtain the highest yield of limonin aglycone. Optimal conditions to achieve the highest limonin aglycone (0.63 mg/g seeds) were 48.3 MPa, 50°C and 60 min with CO2 bottom feeding, flow rate about 5 L/min. The extraction conditions for limonin glycoside to achieve highest yield were further optimized. The highest extraction yield (0.62 mg limonin glycoside/g seeds) were at 48.3 MPa, 50°C, 30% molar fraction of ethanol (XEth =0.30) and 40 min with CO2 top feeding, flow rate about 5 L/min. The results demonstrated that supercritical CO2 extraction of limonoids from grapefruit seeds, a citrus juice industry byproduct, has practical significance for commercial production.

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