scholarly journals Investigation findings of a packaged bilevel rafting unit stationary motion in waner.

Author(s):  
С.В. Посыпанов

Формирование двухъярусных пакетных сплоточных единиц (ДПСЕ) из круглых лесоматериалов целесообразно при выходе водных путей с небольших рек на более крупные. Сплотка ДПСЕ на зимних плотбищах предпочтительна при сортиментной вывозке в сравнительно небольших объемах, когда применение специализированных сплоточно-транспортных агрегатов экономически неоправданно или невозможно. Применение ДПСЕ создает предпосылки для развития экологически щадящего, экономичного транспорта древесного сырья потребителям. Для выполнения инженерных расчетов, связанных с использованием ДПСЕ, нужна информация о сопротивлении воды их движению, прежде всего, равномерному. Анализ состояния вопроса показал целесообразность выполнения представляемого исследования. В ходе теоретического исследования выявлены факторы, оказывающие влияние на сопротивление воды равномерному перемещению ДПСЕ. Зависимость, записанная в символьной форме, приведена к безразмерному виду. Исключены с соответствующим обоснованием из ряда определяющих факторов относительная плотность лесоматериалов и число Рейнольдса. Символьное решение задачи представлено в виде зависимости коэффициента сопротивления воды от коэффициента формы ДПСЕ, отношения ее длины к высоте и от числа Фруда. С использованием записанного в критериальной форме решения выполнено экспериментальное исследование на моделях по В-плану второго порядка, с обеспечением соответствия полученных критериев в модельных и натурных условиях для соблюдения физического подобия. По экспериментальным данным для коэффициента сопротивления получены регрессионные модели, соответствующие продольному и поперечному перемещению ДПСЕ. Наличие этих моделей дает возможность вычисления сил сопротивления воды равномерному движению ДПСЕ с помощью формулы Ньютона. Анализ моделей показал, что при поперечном движении определяющие факторы в большей степени влияют на величину коэффициента сопротивления. Увеличение числа Фруда при обоих видах движения приводит к возрастанию коэффициента сопротивления. Характер влияния коэффициента формы ДПСЕ меняется в зависимости от величины других факторов. Это относится и к относительной длине. Степень влияния одних факторов, как правило, зависит от величины других. Кардинального отличия между факторами по степени влияния не отмечено. Forming of bilevel packaged rafting units (BPRU) of round wood is feasible at areas of inflow of small rivers to the larger ones. Forming of the BPRUs at the winter log storage and bundling areas is preferable in cases of cut-to-length logging in relatively small volumes, when usage of special log bundling machinery is unfeasible. Application of BPRU creates conditions for eco-friendly and economic transportation of wood raw material. Engineering valuations of BPRU are based on information concerning water resistance to stationary motion of a body. The topic analysis showed reasonability of the investigation. The factors of water resistance to stationary motion of BPRU were educed theoretically. The derived dependence was transformed to dimensionless form. Based on the theory of the subject, two factors were excluded: the relative wood density and the Reynolds number. As a result, the symbolic description was presented as a dependence of water resistance coefficient on the BPRU shape coefficient, length/height relation and the Freud number. Based on the criterial solution, the experimental studies were performed using models of quadric B-plan under condition of correspondence of derived criteria in the model and natural conditions. The regression models of lengthwise and transverse motion of a BPRU were worked out. These models make possible to determine a water resistance force using the Newton formula. The review of the models indicated that the named factors affect more significantly during the transverse motion. The Freud number increase contributes to enlargement of a resistance coefficient. Influence of the shape coefficient is dependable on other factors, including relative length. The impact rate of the factors, as the rule, depends on the value of other factors.

Author(s):  
В.О. Чупраков ◽  
С.В. Посыпанов

Использование мобильных малогабаритных причалов дает возможность при снижении затрат организовать погрузку лесоматериалов на суда в пунктах отправления с помощью техники лесозаготовителей. Это создает предпосылки для существенного увеличения объемов перевозки лесоматериалов более дешевым водным транспортом, обеспечивает экономическую доступность древесного сырья, основная часть которого находится в удаленных лесных массивах. Предполагается, что при эксплуатации мобильных причалов они нередко будут перемещаться с одного пункта погрузки на другой в условиях небольших рек с помощью судов малой мощности. Для выполнения расчетов, связанных с указанным перемещением, нужны достаточно точные сведения о сопротивлении воды движению причалов при наличии влияния дна. При теоретическом исследовании установили факторы, влияющие на величину сопротивления воды равномерному перемещению причала. Представили соответствующую зависимость в символьном виде. Преобразовали ее, получив зависимость в безразмерном виде. Обосновали возможность исключения из числа определяющих факторов числа Рейнольдса и целесообразность фиксирования факторов, характеризующих форму подводной части причала. Полученное в результате символьное решение - зависимость коэффициента сопротивления воды от относительной глубины и числа Фруда. Опираясь на нее, провели эксперименты на модели с обеспечением физического подобия. По данным эксперимента получена регрессионная модель, позволяющая вычислять коэффициент сопротивления воды равномерному движению причала, а по величине этого коэффициента определять с использованием формулы Ньютона значение силы сопротивления. Анализируя регрессионную модель, установили, что изменение скорости буксировки относительно воды от 0,5 до 1,5 м/с и соответственно числа Фруда приводит к увеличению коэффициента сопротивления на 20…25%. Изменение относительной глубины от 4,0 до 1,5 вызывает увеличение указанного коэффициента на 110…120%. Столь существенное влияние мелководья в данном случае объяснили наличием постепенно сужающей области между днищем причала и дном водоема, что приводит к более значительному увеличению относительной скорости в задней части причала. Полученная информация дает возможность наилучшим образом спланировать мероприятия, связанные с буксировкой причалов от одного пункта перевалки грузов к другому. Appliance of the relocatable small-sized pontoon piers allows to use the logging machinery for loading of the round wood at the sites of shipment. It enables to increase volumes of the timber transportation volumes using relatively unexpensive water transport and provides better access to the raw wood resources placed at the remote wood stands. It is suggested that the mobile pontoon piers will be replaced from one loading site at the small-scale shallow river to another, using the small-sized tugboats. In order to make projections of these towing operations, the reliable information regarding water resistance to the pontoons motion is needed, taking into consideration the low depths conditions. The named circumstances justify necessity of the mentioned research. As a part of the theoretical study, the factors affecting the resistance of water to uniform velocity motion of a pontoon were characterized. The corresponding dependence was presented in the symbolicand dimensionless forms. The reasons for exclusion of the Reynolds number and fixing of the of a pontoon underwater body patterns were justified. The resulting symbolic form establishes dependence of water resistance coefficient from relative depth and the Froude number. Based upon the developed equation, the model experiments were proceeded. The regression model for calculation of the resistance coefficient and consequently, using the Newton equation, the force of hydraulic drag - was developed. Variation of the towing speed (related to water) from 0.5 to 1.5 m/sec. and, consequently, increase of the Froude number, lead to 20…25% raise of the coefficient of resistance. The relative depth decrease from 4.0 to 1.5 causes 110…120% increase of the mentioned coefficient. Such a sufficient impact of shallowness is explained by increase of the relative velocity in the afterbody zone of a pontoon. The acquired information allows to improve planning of towing operations during relocation of the pontoon piers from one loading site to another.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 05007
Author(s):  
Maria Umahseva ◽  
Yuliya Bryanskaya ◽  
Pavel Bazhin

The results of experimental studies to determine the coefficients of aerodynamic resistance in the flow of flexible protective concrete mats located on a horizontal plane are presented. The characteristics of the impact of the power flow on the system of flexible protective mats of various modifications in the aerodynamic laboratory of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering are specified. The experiment was carried out on a subsonic wind tunnel with an open loop using a rigid six-axis force and moment sensor. According to the results of the experiment, it was concluded that the resistance coefficient for the modification of mats with rounding of the upper part of the elements decreases. It has a positive effect on the performance characteristics of this model and increases the lifespan of a structure protected by this modification of coatings.


2021 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Valentina Yadykina ◽  
Rashid Sharapov ◽  
Christina Pashkova ◽  
Anatoly Gridchin ◽  
Anna Trautvain

Based on literature data, the paper analyzed the impact of transport operational indicators related to the quality of road surface coverage on road safety. It presented the results of experimental studies on the effect of the road adhesion cationic thermostable additive on the properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete. The authors identified that the introduction of this additive leads to an increase in the viscosity and softening temperature of bitumen, its adhesion to mineral materials, which has a positive effect on strength, water resistance, shear stability, crack resistance, fatigue durability of asphalt concrete. The conclusion was made about the regularity of improving road safety, related to the improvement of the quality of the pavement, arranged from asphalt concrete with the application of the tested additive.


Author(s):  
P. Vikulin ◽  
K. Khlopov ◽  
M. Cherkashin

Enhancing water purification processes is provided by various methods including physical ones, in particular, exposure to ultrasonic vibrations. The change in the dynamic viscosity of water affects the rate of deposition of particles in the aquatic environment which can be used in natural and wastewater treatment. At the Department Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal of the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering experimental studies were conducted under laboratory conditions to study the effect of ultrasound on the change in the dynamic viscosity of water. A laboratory setup has been designed consisting of an ultrasonic frequency generator of the relative intensity, a transducer (concentrator) that transmits ultrasonic vibrations to the source water, and sonic treatment tanks. Experimental studies on the impact of the ultrasonic field in the cavitation mode on the dynamic viscosity of the aqueous medium were carried out the exposure time was obtained to achieve the maximum effect.Интенсификация процессов очистки воды осуществляется с помощью различных методов, в том числе и физических, в частности воздействием ультразвуковых колебаний. Изменение динамической вязкости воды влияет на скорость осаждения частиц в водной среде, что может быть использовано в процессах очистки природных и сточных вод. На кафедре Водоснабжение и водоотведение Национального исследовательского Московского государственного строительного университета в лабораторных условиях проведены экспериментальные исследования по изучению влияния ультразвука на изменение динамической вязкости воды. Разработана схема лабораторной установки, состоящая из генератора ультразвуковых частот с соответствующей интенсивностью, преобразователя (концентратора), передающего ультразвуковые колебания в исходную воду, и емкости для озвучивания. Выполнены экспериментальные исследования по влиянию ультразвукового поля в режиме кавитации на динамическую вязкость водной среды, получено время экспозиции для достижения максимального эффекта.


Author(s):  
Abigail A. Fagan ◽  
Kristen M. Benedini

This chapter reviews the degree to which empirical evidence demonstrates that families influence youth delinquency. Because they are most likely to be emphasized in life-course theories, this chapter focuses on parenting practices such as parental warmth and involvement, supervision and discipline of children, and child maltreatment. It also summarizes literature examining the role of children's exposure to parental violence, family criminality, and young (teenage) parents in affecting delinquency. Because life-course theories are ideally tested using longitudinal data, which allow examination of, in this case, the impact of parenting practices on children's subsequent behaviors, this chapter focuses on evidence generated from prospective studies conducted in the United States and other countries. It also discusses findings from experimental studies designed to reduce youth substance use and delinquency by improving the family environment.


Author(s):  
Dan Yue ◽  
Zepeng Tong ◽  
Jianchi Tian ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
...  

The global illegal wildlife trade directly threatens biodiversity and leads to disease outbreaks and epidemics. In order to avoid the loss of endangered species and ensure public health security, it is necessary to intervene in illegal wildlife trade and promote public awareness of the need for wildlife conservation. Anthropomorphism is a basic and common psychological process in humans that plays a crucial role in determining how a person interacts with other non-human agents. Previous research indicates that anthropomorphizing nature entities through metaphors could increase individual behavioral intention of wildlife conservation. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism by which anthropomorphism influences behavioral intention and whether social context affects the effect of anthropomorphism. This research investigated the impact of negative emotions associated with a pandemic situation on the effectiveness of anthropomorphic strategies for wildlife conservation across two experimental studies. Experiment 1 recruited 245 college students online and asked them to read a combination of texts and pictures as anthropomorphic materials. The results indicated that anthropomorphic materials could increase participants’ empathy and decrease their wildlife product consumption intention. Experiment 2 recruited 140 college students online and they were required to read the same materials as experiment 1 after watching a video related to epidemics. The results showed that the effect of wildlife anthropomorphization vanished if participants’ negative emotion was aroused by the video. The present research provides experimental evidence that anthropomorphic strategies would be useful for boosting public support for wildlife conservation. However, policymakers and conservation organizations must be careful about the negative effects of the pandemic context, as the negative emotions produced by it seems to weaken the effectiveness of anthropomorphic strategies.


Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Dariusz Puchala ◽  
Kamil Stokfiszewski ◽  
Mykhaylo Yatsymirskyy

In this paper, the authors analyze in more details an image encryption scheme, proposed by the authors in their earlier work, which preserves input image statistics and can be used in connection with the JPEG compression standard. The image encryption process takes advantage of fast linear transforms parametrized with private keys and is carried out prior to the compression stage in a way that does not alter those statistical characteristics of the input image that are crucial from the point of view of the subsequent compression. This feature makes the encryption process transparent to the compression stage and enables the JPEG algorithm to maintain its full compression capabilities even though it operates on the encrypted image data. The main advantage of the considered approach is the fact that the JPEG algorithm can be used without any modifications as a part of the encrypt-then-compress image processing framework. The paper includes a detailed mathematical model of the examined scheme allowing for theoretical analysis of the impact of the image encryption step on the effectiveness of the compression process. The combinatorial and statistical analysis of the encryption process is also included and it allows to evaluate its cryptographic strength. In addition, the paper considers several practical use-case scenarios with different characteristics of the compression and encryption stages. The final part of the paper contains the additional results of the experimental studies regarding general effectiveness of the presented scheme. The results show that for a wide range of compression ratios the considered scheme performs comparably to the JPEG algorithm alone, that is, without the encryption stage, in terms of the quality measures of reconstructed images. Moreover, the results of statistical analysis as well as those obtained with generally approved quality measures of image cryptographic systems, prove high strength and efficiency of the scheme’s encryption stage.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.


Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Frauke Kachholz ◽  
Jens Tränckner

Land use changes influence the water balance and often increase surface runoff. The resulting impacts on river flow, water level, and flood should be identified beforehand in the phase of spatial planning. In two consecutive papers, we develop a model-based decision support system for quantifying the hydrological and stream hydraulic impacts of land use changes. Part 1 presents the semi-automatic set-up of physically based hydrological and hydraulic models on the basis of geodata analysis for the current state. Appropriate hydrological model parameters for ungauged catchments are derived by a transfer from a calibrated model. In the regarded lowland river basins, parameters of surface and groundwater inflow turned out to be particularly important. While the calibration delivers very good to good model results for flow (Evol =2.4%, R = 0.84, NSE = 0.84), the model performance is good to satisfactory (Evol = −9.6%, R = 0.88, NSE = 0.59) in a different river system parametrized with the transfer procedure. After transferring the concept to a larger area with various small rivers, the current state is analyzed by running simulations based on statistical rainfall scenarios. Results include watercourse section-specific capacities and excess volumes in case of flooding. The developed approach can relatively quickly generate physically reliable and spatially high-resolution results. Part 2 builds on the data generated in part 1 and presents the subsequent approach to assess hydrologic/hydrodynamic impacts of potential land use changes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Manzano-León ◽  
Pablo Camacho-Lazarraga ◽  
Miguel A. Guerrero ◽  
Laura Guerrero-Puerta ◽  
José M. Aguilar-Parra ◽  
...  

Educational gamification consists of the use of game elements and game design techniques in the educational context. The objective of this study is to examine the existing evidence on the impact of educational gamification on student motivation and academic performance in the last five years in order to analyze its distribution over time, educational level, variables, and most used game elements, and know the advantages of its implementation in the classroom. For this, a systematic review is proposed through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology in three multidisciplinary databases, through an exhaustive search with inclusion and exclusion criteria on quantitative experimental studies that explore gamification in educational centers, which provide information about the most current lines of research. Fourteen studies were included in this review. These used experimental or quasi-experimental designs. Most of them report gamification as a valid learning strategy. The results support the conclusion that educational gamification has a potential impact on the academic performance, commitment, and motivation of students. Therefore, this study implies the need to expand research on the needs and challenges of students when learning with gamified techniques.


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