FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BENZYLADENINE INCREASES ENDOGENOUS LEAF CYTOKININ IN APPLE

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of growth regulator application on cytokinin levels in developing apple leaves. In experiment 1, gibberellin GA4/7 (100 mg·liter-1) and benzyladenine (BA, 100 mg·liter-1) were applied alone or in combination as a foliar spray to `Golden Delicious' 7 days after full bloom. In experiment 2, BA was applied at 50 or 100 mg·liter-1 as a foliar spray to `Morespur McIntosh' 18 days after full bloom. Trans-zeatin ribosidelike (t-ZR) levels were determined by immunoassay. In experiment 1, GA1/7 had no effect and BA increased t-ZR-like levels. In experiment 2, BA increased t-ZR levels quadratically with application rate. The increase in endogenous cytokinin levels with BA treatment occured within 2 hours. Initially, t-ZR-like levels were 47 times higher in the BA (100 mg·liter-1) treated leaves as compared to check leaves. Over the next 8 days, t-ZR-like content in treated leaves decreased in a cubic manner.

Download Full-text

Synchronization of Boron Application Methods and Rates is Environmental Friendly Approach to Improve Quality Attributes of Mangifera indica L. on Sustainable Basis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-135113/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Mehboob Hassan Khan ◽

Niaz Ahmed ◽

Muhammad Arif Ali ◽

Subhan Danish ◽

Milan Skalicky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Quality Attributes ◽

Application Rate ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Improve Quality ◽

Yield And Quality

Abstract Deficiency of micronutrients in soil is one of major cause for poor quality of mango fruit and yield. In addition, consumption of such diet also causes deficiency of micronutrients in humans. Among different micronutrients deficiency of boron is very common. It adversely affects flowering and pollen tube formation, thus played key role in decreasing the yield and quality attributes of mango. To overcome such problem, soil and foliar application of B is considered the efficacious methods. That’s why under changing climatic condition, a field experiment was conducted to explore the most suitable method and application rate of B in mango under current climatic scenario. There were nine treatments applied in three replications. Results showed that application of T8=RD+Borax (75 g plant-1 as basal application)+H3BO3 (0.8% as foliar spray) and T9=RD+Borax (150 g plant-1 as basal application)+H3BO3 (0.8% as foliar spray) significantly enhanced nitrogen, potassium, proteins, ash, fats, fiber and total soluble solids in mango as compared to control. A significant decrease in sodium, total phenolics contents, antioxidant activity and acidity as citric acid also validated the efficacious functioning of T8=RD+Borax (75 g plant-1 as basal application)+H3BO3 (0.8% as foliar spray) and T9=RD+Borax (150 g plant-1 as basal application)+H3BO3 (0.8% as foliar spray)over control. In conclusion T8=RD+Borax (75 g plant-1 as basal application)+H3BO3 (0.8% as foliar spray) and T9=RD+Borax (150 g plant-1 as basal application)+H3BO3 (0.8% as foliar spray)is an effective strategy to improve quality attributes of mango under changing climatic situation.

Download Full-text

Further studies on the use of 2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid (ethephon) as a thinning agent for apples

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9790611 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 19 (100) ◽

pp. 611 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N Veinbrants

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Phosphonic Acid ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments the growth regulator 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) at concentrations from 50 ppm to 400 ppm was applied at various stages during and after flowering to apple cultivars Golden Delicious, Gravenstein, Jonathan, Richared and Starkrimson. On the heavy setting Golden Delicious, Gravenstein and Jonathan cultivars, adequate thinning and satisfactory fruit size was obtained when ethephon at 100 ppm was applied at or shortly after full bloom, followed by naphthalene acetic acid. On the lighter setting Richared and Starkrimson cultivars, one ethephon spray at 100 ppm applied at or shortly after full bloom resulted in adequate thinning. All fruit were eliminated on Jonathan, Richared and Gravenstein cultivars when ethephon was applied at 400 ppm, 300 ppm and 200 ppm, 36, 35 and 42 days after full bloom, respectively.

Download Full-text

Gibberellic Acid Shows Promise for Promoting Flower Stem Length in Four Field-grown Cut Flowers

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.26.3.287 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 287-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ben A. Bergmann ◽

John M. Dole ◽

Ingram McCall

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Crop Production ◽

Foliar Application ◽

High Tide ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Application Rate ◽

Stem Length ◽

Cut Flowers ◽

Flower Stem ◽

Celosia Argentea

Increasing cut stem length and reducing crop production time are producers’ goals for numerous cut flower species. One or both of these aims was met in several field-grown cultivars through foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3), but effectiveness varied by cultivar, application rate, and timing. Of the 13 cultivars tested, stem length was increased in nine cultivars [Toreador Red celosia (Celosia argentea), Camelot White foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), Imperial Giants Pink Perfection larkspur (Larkspur hybrids), Compliment mix lobelia (Lobelia hybrids), Nippon Taka ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum), Amazon Neon Duo and Bouquet Purple sweet william (Dianthus hybrids), Summer Pastels yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and Benary’s Giant Scarlet zinnia (Zinnia elegans)], and time to harvest was decreased in four cultivars [High Tide White ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), lobelia, ornamental pepper, and zinnia], when GA3 was applied as a foliar spray. Concentrations of 400, 800, and 1600 mg·L−1 GA3 were most effective. Application of GA3 resulted in malformed or smaller flowers or lighter green foliage in foxglove, lobelia, sweet william, and zinnia. In most cases, only one application was tested, and greatest response to GA3 was observed during 3–6 weeks post application. Gibberellic acid did not influence stem length in three cultivars [High Tide White ageratum, Aurora Deep Purple delphinium (Delphinium hybrids), and Column Lilac Lavender stock (Matthiola incana)], and decreased flower stem length in one cultivar (High Tide Blue ageratum). Four cultivars were identified as good candidates for further research given their promising responses to GA3 treatments.

Download Full-text

Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100677 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 677

Author(s):

Nabil Killiny ◽

Faraj Hijaz ◽

Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco ◽

Shelley E. Jones ◽

Myrtho O. Pierre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Water Addition ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter ◽

Citrus Huanglongbing ◽

Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽

Trunk Injection ◽

Citrus Leaves ◽

Target Effects

Recently in Florida, foliar treatments using products with the antibiotics oxytetracycline and streptomycin have been approved for the treatment of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the putative bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. Herein, we assessed the levels of oxytetracycline and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers in citrus trees upon foliar applications with and without a variety of commercial penetrant adjuvants and upon trunk injection. The level of oxytetracycline in citrus leaves was measured using an oxytetracycline ELISA kit and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer was measured using quantitative PCR. Low levels of oxytetracycline were taken up by citrus leaves after foliar sprays of oxytetracycline in water. Addition of various adjuvants to the oxytetracycline solution showed minimal effects on its uptake by citrus leaves. The level of oxytetracycline in leaves from trunk-injected trees was higher than those treated with all foliar applications. The titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in the midrib of leaves from trees receiving oxytetracycline by foliar application was not affected after four days and thirty days of application, whereas the titer was significantly reduced in oxytetracycline-injected trees thirty days after treatment. Investigation of citrus leaves using microscopy showed that they are covered by a thick lipidized cuticle. Perforation of citrus leaf cuticle with a laser significantly increased the uptake of oxytetracycline, decreasing the titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in citrus leaves upon foliar application. Taken together, our findings indicate that trunk injection is more efficient than foliar spray even after the use of adjuvants. Our conclusion could help in setting useful recommendations for the application of oxytetracycline in citrus to improve tree health, minimize the amount of applied antibiotic, reduce environmental exposure, and limit off-target effects.

Download Full-text

Impact of Foliar Application of Various Forms of Silicon on the Chemical Composition of Sugar Beet Plants

Sugar Tech ◽

10.1007/s12355-020-00918-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arkadiusz Artyszak ◽

Małgorzata Kondracka ◽

Dariusz Gozdowski ◽

Alicja Siuda ◽

Magda Litwińczuk-Bis

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Orthosilicic Acid ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Polysilicic Acid ◽

Critical Phase

AbstractThe effect of marine calcite, a mixture of ortho- and polysilicic acid as well as orthosilicic acid applied as a foliar spray on the chemical composition of sugar beet leaves in the critical phase of nutrient supply (beginning of July) but also leaves and roots during harvest time in 2015–2016, was studied. The content of silicon in the leaves ranged from 1.24 to 2.36 g kg−1 d.m. at the beginning of July, 3.85–5.34 g kg−1 d.m. during harvest and 2.91–4.20 g kg−1 d.m. in the roots. The foliar application of silicon caused a significant increase in the content of magnesium and calcium in leaves (in July) as compared to the control. The sugar beet consumes approx. 75 kg Si ha−1, which is almost 3.5 times more than P and 20% more than Mg thus proving its importance for its species. About 70% of the silicon taken up by sugar beet is stored in roots and 30% in leaves. The pure sugar yield is most favorably influenced by two- and threefold foliar application of the product containing silicon in the form of orthosilicic acid stabilized with choline, and a threefold mixture of ortho- and polysilicic acid. The increase in the pure sugar yield is not the result of a change in the chemical composition of sugar beet plants, but their more efficient functioning after foliar application of silicon under stress conditions caused by water shortage.

Download Full-text

Effects of foliar fertilization of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) during the seed-filling stage

Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz ◽

10.1590/s0071-12761977000100043 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (0) ◽

pp. 551-563

Author(s):

A.M.L. Neptune ◽

T. Muraoka

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Root System ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Filling Stage

An experiment was carried out with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) in a Red Yellow Latossol, sandy phase, in order to study the influence of foliar spraying of the Hanway nutrient solution (NPKS) at grain filling stage on: 1) grain yield; 2) the uptake of fertilizer and soil nitrogen by this crop through the root system and 3) the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen in the foliar spray solution by the grain. The results of this experiment showed that the foliar application of the Hanway solution with ammonium nitrate at the pod filling period caused severe leaf burn and grain yield was inferior to that of the plants which received a soil application of this fertilizer at the same stage. These facts can be attributed to the presence of ammonium nitrate in the concentration used. The composition of final spray was: 114,28 Kg NH4NO3 + 43,11 Kg potassium poliphosphate + 12,44 Kg potassium sulphate per 500 litres. The uptake of nitrogen fertilizer through the root system and the efficiency of its utilization was greater than that through the leaves.

Download Full-text

Alleviation of waterlogging stress in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by exogenous application of potassium in soil and as a foliar spray

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp09225 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Muhammad Arslan Ashraf ◽

Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Ashraf ◽

Fahad Al-Qurainy ◽

Muhammad Yasin Ashraf

Keyword(s):

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Water Relation ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Exogenous Application ◽

Waterlogging Stress ◽

Combined Application ◽

Cotton Plants ◽

Waterlogging Treatment

The effectiveness of exogenous application of K in ameliorating the adverse effects of waterlogging on cotton plants was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Forty-day-old plants were subjected to continuous flooding for 1 week and then K (60 kg ha–1) was applied either as soil application, foliar spray, or in combination. The waterlogging treatment significantly reduced plant height and fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters and nutrient accumulation (N, K+, Ca2+) in stem, root and leaves of cotton plants, Although Mg2+ content in roots increased significantly due to waterlogging, it was not affected in stem or leaves. In contrast, Mn2+ and Fe2+ contents generally increased under waterlogged conditions. All water relation parameters were also significantly influenced by waterlogging stress. Waterlogged plants supplemented with K showed a significant improvement in growth, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic capacity. Potassium supplementation also improved nutrient uptake of waterlogged plants and resulted in significantly higher accumulation of K+, Ca2+, N, Mn2+ and Fe2+ than those plants not supplied with K. Although all modes of K application were effective in mitigating the inhibitory effects of waterlogging, the combined application through soil + foliar spray yielded the best results and the foliar application (alone) being the least effective.

Download Full-text

Improvement of antioxidant activities and yield of spring maize through seed priming and foliar application of plant growth regulators under heat stress conditions

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p47 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ijaz Ahmad ◽

Shehzad Maqsood Ahmed Basra ◽

Muhammad Akram ◽

Allah Wasaya ◽

Muhammad Ansar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Exogenous Application ◽

Hybrid Maize

Heat stress during reproductive and grain filling phases adversely affects the growth of cereals through reduction in grain’s number and size. However, exogenous application of antioxidants, plant growth regulators and osmoprotectants may be helpful to minimize these heat induced yield losses in cereals. This two year study was conducted to evaluate the role of exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA), salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) applied through seed priming or foliar spray on biochemical, physiological, morphological and yield related traits, grain yield and quality of late spring sown hybrid maize. The experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2007 and 2008. We observed that application of AsA, SA and H2O2 applied through seed priming or foliar spray improved the physiological, biochemical, morphological and yield related traits, grain yield and grain quality of late spring sown maize in both years. In both years, we observed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity in the plants where AsA, SA and H2O2were applied through seed priming or foliar spray than control. Membrane stability index (MSI), relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll contents, grain yield and grain oil contents were also improved by exogenous application of AsA, SA and H2O2 in both years. Seed priming of AsA, SA and H2O2was equally effective as the foliar application. In conclusion, seed priming with AsA, SA and H2O2 may be opted to lessen the heat induced yield losses in late sown spring hybrid maize. Heat tolerance induced by ASA, SA and H2O2 may be attributed to increase in antioxidant activities and MSI which maintained RWC and chlorophyll contents in maize resulting in better grain yield in heat stress conditions.

Download Full-text

Impact of zinc fertilization on growth, yield and quality of zero till wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Journal of Environmental Biology ◽

10.22438/jeb/42/2/mrn-1598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 326-331

Author(s):

M. Singh ◽

◽

K.S. Sandhu ◽

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Soil Application ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

The Impact

Aim: To determine the impact of soil and foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O at late stages of wheat as heading initiation (5% ear formation), 100% heading (complete ear formation) and heading initiation and 100% heading along with recommended dose of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of zero till wheat. Methodology: The field experiment was conducted on zero till wheat. The treatments consisted of control (no Zn), soil application of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.7H2O and foliar application of 0.5% Zn as one spray at heading initiation (5% ear formation), one spray at 100% heading (complete ear formation) and two sprays at heading initiation and 100% heading with recommended dose of fertilizer. These treatments were evaluated in RBD with three replications. Results: Soil application of 50, 37.5 and 25 kg Zn ha-1 with two foliar sprays of 0.5% at heading initiation (5% ear formation) and 100% heading (complete ear formation) stages gave significantly higher average grain and straw yield and Zn concentration in grain than other treatments, including control. Interpretation: Enhanced application of Zn as soil and foliar application ameliorates soil Zn deficiency and increases protein content in grains, which might influence the quality and yield of zero tilled wheat. Key words: Foliar spray, Grain yield, Wheat, Zinc

Download Full-text

Response of Apple Trees (cv. Ibrahimi) to the Time of Foliar Application with Zinc and Boron

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 904 (1) ◽

pp. 012048

Author(s):

A N Hadi ◽

S A A Saleh

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Media Culture ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Two Factors ◽

Flower Traits ◽

The Media ◽

Beginning Of Flowering

Abstract The study was conducted in one of the private orchards in the Saqlawiya area - Fallujah during the 2020 growing season. The foliar spray was used to study the effect of the timing of foliar spraying (three sprays, the first at the beginning of flowering, second at the stage of full flowers blooming, and the third at the stage of petal fall), Presented with symbols (D1, D2 and D3), respectively. The second factor consisted of spraying with boron and zinc with the following concentrations (0,1, and 3 gm. L-1), mentioned as (S0, S1, S2, S3), respectively. these elements were used singly or in the form of a mixture with the same concentrations. This study aims to study the effect of the two factors on the growth and setting of apple trees, cv. Ibrahimi. Therefore, (36) five-year-old apple trees with homogeneous vegetative growth were selected as much as possible. The results revealed that foliar application with boron and zinc for the Ibrahimi apple trees improved the quality of the fruits and their vegetative and flowering traits. The results revealed that spraying with micronutrients at the stage of petal fall had a significant effect on flower traits and yield especially the media culture (M3) which presented the best results for the traits. The results revealed that spraying with micronutrients at the stage of petal fall had a significant effect on flower traits and yield especially the time (D3) which presented the best results for the traits (leaf area, Rate of increase in the length of the branches, Rate of increase in branch diameters, Fruits set Percentage, Percentage of fallen fruits and Percentage of remaining fruits, which reached (24.25cm2, 56.77cm, 0.42cm, 26.65%, 45.25%, 54.75%), respectively. On the other hand, spraying with micronutrients achieved significant effect, especially (S3), that gave the highest values for the traits (Rate of increase in branch diameters, Fruits set Percentage, Percentage of fallen fruits and Percentage of remaining fruits), which were (37.50 cm, 0.42%, 26.65%, and 46.71 gm L-1).

Download Full-text