scholarly journals EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE AND LIQUID FERTILIZATION ON LEATHERLEAF FERN AND NITROGEN LEACHING

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 582f-583
Author(s):  
Robert H. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
One Year ◽  
Liquid Fertilization ◽  
Intact Soil

Established leatherleaf fern was grown for one year in a glasshouse in intact soil columns (Astatula fine sand, 21 × 61 cm) contained in drainage lysimeters. Columns were fertilized at rates of 224, 448, or 672 kg N ha-1 yr-1 using controlled-release (CR) fertilizer, either 360-day (360CR) or 180-day (180CR) term, or weekly applications of liquid (L) fertilizer. Water use, yield (number of harvestable fronds) and average frond weight increased linearly with increasing fertilization rate and more fronds were produced using L than CR fertilizers. Frond color measurements paralleled yield results. During cool weather when vase life is greatest, fronds from L fertilizer lysimeters lasted longer than fronds from CR treated plots. During warmer weather, treatments had no effect on vase life. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching increased with fertilization rate and exceeded 10 ppm in leachate from the L and 180CR treatments at all application rates. NO3-N in leachate from 360CR lysimeters never exceeded 8 ppm at any application rate.

scholarly journals 647 Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Leachate Nitrogen Concentrations and Leatherleaf Fern Establishment

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 509B-509
Author(s):  
Robert H. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Application Rate

One of the most difficult times to balance crop nitrogen (N) requirements with concerns about nitrate-N leaching occurs during crop establishment, when root systems are poorly developed and not widely distributed in the growing medium. This dilemma can be exacerbated when producing a slow-growing plant such as leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis [Forst.] Ching) on sandy soils in shadehouses in areas with significant rainfall. Rhizomes were planted in 36 drainage lysimeters containing Tavares fine sand located in a shadehouse. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at nine rates using liquid and/or controlled-release fertilizer. Nitrogen application rates were varied as the rhizomes became established and spread into unplanted areas of the lysimeters. Irrigation and rainfall were monitored and the amount of water not lost to evapotranspiration was determined. Nitrogen (ammoniacal, nitrate/nitrite, total Kjeldahl) concentrations in leachate collected below the rootzone were determined. Stipe sap nitrate and frond total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were determined to try to develop a production monitoring technique. Initially, only leachate samples from controlled-release fertilizer plots treated at 21 and 42 kg of N/ha per year and liquid fertilizer at 28 kg of N/ha per year were consistently below the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 10 mg·L–1. As the fern became established, leachate nitrate/nitrite-N concentrations from higher N application rate treatments also remained below the MCL. Leachate N concentrations decreased as rainfall increased. Fern growth increased with increasing N application rate. Stipe sap nitrate-N and frond TKN concentrations were not well-correlated during establishment.

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

scholarly journals Lowering of Calcareous Soil pH in Field-Grow Containers

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
G. Kidder ◽  
M.J. Holsinger ◽  
T.H. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Iron Sulfate ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Ph Reduction ◽  
One Year

Abstract Wettable sulfur (S) mixed with a Pineda fine sand (an Arenic Glossaqualf with 7.8 pH and 1.5% calcium carbonate equivalent) quickly acidified the soil, but the effect was lost within 8 weeks at low application rates and within 21 weeks at the highest rate (1 g S/kg soil or 1 lb S/1000 lb soil). Granular S mixed with the soil took one year to produce maximum pH reduction of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.9 pH units at 250, 500, and 1000 mg S/kg soil (1/4, 1/2, and 1 lb S/1000 lb soil), respectively . Wettable sulfur (S), surface-applied at 100 g/m2 (0.036 oz/10 ft2), lowered the pH of the upper 5 cm (2 in) of soil to the 5.6 to 5.8 range for one to two months before the pH returned to > 7.0; granular S took about five months to lower the pH to 6.7 but the soil pH was 6.2 two years after application. Wettable S at 20 g/kg soil (0.32 oz S/lb soil) in a small cylindrical zone resulted in a temporary depression of pH within the treated zone but had no effect on pH in other areas of the container. Mixing up to 1.0 g iron sulfate/kg soil (0.016 oz/lb soil) failed to reduce soil pH. Live-oak trunk diameter and plant height were not affected by any of the soil treatments in the two-year experiment.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and potassium fertilization of potato

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Hilkka Tähtinen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
One Year ◽  
Starch Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application Rate

Fourteen one-year N- and K-fertilization experiments for potato were carried out on coarse mineral soils on different sites in Finland. The nitrogen fertilization (from 50 to 156 kg/ha N) was given in the form of ammonium nitrate limestone, and the potassium (42—179 kg/ha K) in potassium sulphate. The nitrogen fertilization affected significantly both the yield and the quality of the tubers. The maximum tuber yield was achieved at the nitrogen application rate of 110 kg/ha. The economically most advantageous fertilization rate was 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare, if only the amount of the yield was taken into account. The nitrogen fertilization weakened the quality of the tubers. The weight and the size of the tubers increased, but the starch content of the tubers decreased as a result of the nitrogen fertilization. The starch yield also turned out to be the smallest at the heaviest nitrogen fertilization. Further, the biggest rate of nitrogen weakened the flavor of the tubers, depressed their mealiness, and increased slightly their discoloration when raw. The fertilization had no effect on the darkening of cooked potatoes. In these one-year experiments, the increase of the potassium fertilization from 42 kg/ha K did not have a significant effect on the yield and the quality of the tubers.

scholarly journals Nodulation and Plant Growth of Shepherdia ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ Topdressed with Controlled-release Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956-1962
Author(s):  
Ji-Jhong Chen ◽  
Heidi Kratsch ◽  
Jeanette Norton ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Larry Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
N Content ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rates

Shepherdia ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ (‘Torrey’ hybrid buffaloberry) is an actinorhizal plant that can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) in symbiotic root nodules with Frankia. Actinorhizal plants with N2-fixing capacity are valuable in sustainable nursery production and urban landscape use. However, whether nodule formation occurs in S. ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ and its interaction with nitrogen (N) fertilization remain largely unknown. Increased mineral N in fertilizer or nutrient solution might inhibit nodulation and lead to excessive N leaching. In this study, S. ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ plants inoculated with soils containing Frankia were irrigated with an N-free nutrient solution with or without added 2 mm ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or with 0.0 to 8.4 g·L−1 controlled-release fertilizer (CRF; 15N–3.9P–10K) to study nodulation and plant morphological and physiological responses. The performance of inoculated plants treated with various amounts of CRF was compared with uninoculated plants treated with the manufacturer’s prescribed rate. Plant growth, gas exchange parameters, and shoot N content increased quadratically or linearly along with increasing CRF application rates (all P < 0.01). No parameters increased significantly at CRF doses greater than 2.1 g·L−1. Furthermore, the number of nodules per plant decreased quadratically (P = 0.0001) with increasing CRF application rates and nodule formation were completely inhibited at 2.9 g·L−1 CRF or by NH4NO3 at 2 mm. According to our results, nodulation of S. ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ was sensitive to N in the nutrient solution or in increasing CRF levels. Furthermore, plant growth, number of shoots, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, and N content of shoots of inoculated S. ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ plants treated with 2.1 g·L−1 CRF were similar to those of uninoculated plants treated with the manufacturer’s prescribed rate. Our results show that S. ×utahensis ‘Torrey’ plants inoculated with soil containing Frankia need less CRF than the prescribed rate to maintain plant quality, promote nodulation for N2 fixation, and reduce N leaching.

scholarly journals 1032 EFFICIENCY OF FERTILIZATION METHODS ON ORNAMENTALS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 576c-576
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Liquid Fertilization ◽  
Coated Fertilizer ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Spathiphyllum Schott. 'Mauna Loa Supreme' grown for 6 months in a fine sand soil or a 5 pine bark: 4 sedge peat: 1 sand medium (by volume) were fertilized with 7.6g N, 1.4g P, and 4.5g K/3.5-liter container by 4 different methods. The same raw fertilizer prills (21N-3P-12K) were applied weekly as a liquid, monthly as soluble granules, bimonthly as a lightly resin-coated fertilizer (Osmocote), or every 6 months as a heavily resin-coated fertilizer. All leachates were collected and were measured and analyzed weekly for N O3, PO4, and K. Spathiphyllum grew best in the sand soil with either of the controlled release formula- tions, but fertilization method had no effect on growth in the potting medium. Nitrate and K leaching losses from the potting medium were lowest from the controlled release fertilizers and highest from the soluble granules. Liquid fertilization resulted in the highest amounts of PO4 lost to leaching and controlled release fertilizers the least. In the fine sand soil, NO3 leaching was equivalent from all methods. Soluble granules had the highest levels of leached K and PO4 and the lightly-coated fertilizer lost the least due to leaching.

scholarly journals DESIGN AND TESTING OF A NURSERY BLOCK FOR WATER RUNOFF RESEARCH

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 602a-602
Author(s):  
Janet C. Cole ◽  
John M. Dole ◽  
Vicki L. Stamback
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Liquid Fertilization

Water quality has become a significant issue in the nursery industry. Local testing of runoff contamination from nursery production is, however, of little value to other growers because of the variation in management practices and nursery layouts. Two nursery blocks have been designed and constructed to test runoff from production with sprinkler and drip irrigation systems in combination with constant liquid fertilization and controlled release fertilizers. Management practices using various combinations of irrigation systems with fertilizer application rates are being tested in a small area with reasonable control of inputs. Preliminary data has shown no difference in plant response to irrigation method, but runoff was significantly reduced with drip irrigation. Plant quality was better with controlled release fertilizer, which generally yielded less N and P contamination in runoff, than constant liquid fertilization except during extremely hot weather.

Prodiamine Controlled Florida Betony (Stachys floridana) in Leatherleaf Fern (Rumohra adiantiformis)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 961-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
One Year ◽  
Rumohra Adiantiformis ◽  
Germination And Growth

Field and container studies were conducted to determine effects of prodiamine on Florida betony and leatherleaf fern. Effects of Florida betony competition on leatherleaf fern frond yield and quality were also determined. Seed germination and growth and flowering of established Florida betony decreased with increasing prodiamine application rates; 4.5 kg ai ha-1or higher prevented seed germination and eliminated or nearly eradicated established betony one year after treatment. Prodiamine treatments up to 6.7 kg ai ha-1did not affect leatherleaf fern growth, frond yield (number, fresh weight) or quality (color, size, vase life). When leatherleaf fern and Florida betony were grown together in containers for 7 mo, fern frond yield and quality were reduced.

Frictional Characteristics of Sand and Sand-Deicer Mixtures on Bare Ice

1997 ◽  
Vol 1585 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Makbul Hossain ◽  
Peter Bajorski ◽  
Wei-Shih Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Two Temperature

Frictional characteristics of sand and sand-deicer mixtures were investigated as functions of temperature, gradation, and application rate. Results of a laboratory cold-room study in which sliding friction was measured with a British pendulum tester are described. Four temperatures, three sand gradations, four brine concentrations, and four sand-application rates were investigated. All tests were performed on an ice sheet in a cold room, where sand temperatures were maintained close to ice temperatures. Three categories of materials were tested: sand alone, sand-salt mixtures, and sand-brine mixtures. Results showed that sand-brine mixtures outperformed the other two, with significantly greater sliding friction. Two brine concentrations were found suitable in two temperature ranges. Below −12°C, 2.5 percent brine (by weight) gave good results with a fine sand (passing the No. 30 U.S. sieve but retained on the No. 50 sieve) at a sand application rate of 1 g over a test area of 100 × 200 mm, with a sand-to-brine ratio of 1:1 by weight. This rate is equivalent to field application of 183 kg of sand per lane-km. Friction was achieved by generating a bond between sand and ice by using a low-concentration brine (2.5 percent by weight). At temperatures above −12°C, satisfactory results also were obtained with 25 percent brine mixed with the same sand at a ratio of 2:1 by weight. In this case, friction was increased by roughening the ice surface with a higher-concentration brine (25 percent by weight).

scholarly journals Effect of Topdressed Controlled-release Fertilizer Rates on Nursery Crop Quality and Growth and Growing Substrate Nutrient Status in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Clark ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Outdoor Nursery ◽  
Over Time

The objectives of the current study were to 1) determine the best topdressed controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) application rates for quality and growth of two nursery crops under temperate climate outdoor nursery production conditions in the Niagara region, Ontario, Canada, and 2) evaluate the nutrient status of the growing substrate following topdressing of two CRF types during the growing season. Fall-transplanted Goldmound spirea (Spiraea ×bumalda ‘Goldmound’) and Wine & Roses® weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. ‘Alexandra’] were grown in 2-gal (7.56 L) containers and topdressed on 7 May 2015 with Osmocote Plus 15N–3.9P–9.9K, 5–6 month CRF or Plantacote 14N–3.9P–12.5K, 6 month Homogeneous NPK with Micros. CRF was applied at rates of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 g nitrogen (N)/pot for both species. The best plants at the end of the growing season (i.e., 23 Sept. 2015) were spirea at 3.0–4.5 and 3.0–6.0 g N/pot, and weigela at 3.0–4.5 and 6.0 g N/pot, with Osmocote and Plantacote, respectively. At CRF rates above these rates, the majority of plants showed no increase in growth or quality attributes. All weigela plants, despite CRF application rate, showed K deficiency symptoms during the study. Using marketable-size criteria and plant growth data over time, estimates of production timing are presented for fall-transplanted, spring-topdressed weigela and spirea. These estimates may assist growers in choosing CRF application rates to meet time-sensitive production goals. Early in the growing season, NO3-N and P concentrations in the growing substrate were highest at CRF rates ≥4.5 and ≥6.0 g N/pot, respectively, and P continued to be high in August and September at 9.0 g N/pot. NH3-N and K concentrations at all CRF application rates were greater early in the growing season and decreased over time. At high CRF rates toward the end of the growing season, concentrations of NO3-N, NH3-N, and P once again increased. Considering crop-specific CRF application rates and understanding changes in growing substrate nutrient status during the growing season may help nursery growers prevent negative environmental impacts from over-fertilizing.

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