scholarly journals Rootstock and Training System Affect Dry-matter and Carbohydrate Distribution in `Golden Delicious' Apple Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Stutte ◽  
Tara A. Baugher ◽  
Sandra P. Walter ◽  
David W. Leach ◽  
D. Michael Glenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
And Training

A study was conducted to quantify the effects of rootstock and training system on C allocation in apple. Dry-matter distribution was determined at harvest in 5-year-old `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on four rootstocks (MM.111 EMLA, M.7a, M.26 EMLA, and M.9 EMLA) and in three training systems (three-wire palmette, free-standing central leader, and nonpruned). Mobilizable carbohydrate content was determined at harvest and leaf fall in trees from the same planting on MM.111 EMLA and M.9 EMLA in all three training systems. Training system effects interacted with rootstock effects in dry weights of branches and of fruit. Nonpruned system shoot and fruit dry weights reflected known rootstock vigor; whereas, pruned system (three-wire and central leader) shoot dry weights were greatest and fruit dry weights were lowest in trees on M.7a. Rootstock affected the partitioning of dry matter between above- and below-ground tree components, with MM.111 EMLA accumulating significantly more dry matter in the root system than trees on the other rootstocks. Trees in the central leader and the three-wire palmette systems partitioned more dry weight into nonbearing 1-year shoots than trees in the nonpruned system. Root starch content at harvest was greater in trees on MM.111 EMLA than on M.9 EMLA, and root sucrose and sorbitol were less in trees on MM.111 EMLA compared to M.9 EMLA. At leaf fall, starch in young roots was equal in trees on both rootstocks, and sorbitol again was lower in trees on MM.111 EMLA. Harvest starch content of roots, shoots, and branches was lower in nonpruned than in pruned trees. At leaf fall, root, shoot, and branch starch content increased in nonpruned and central leader-trained trees but did not increase in three-wire palmette-trained trees.

scholarly journals Pembangunan dan Pelatihan Sistem Pendidikan Guna Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Relawan pada PMI Kota Tangerang

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Euis Sitinur Aisyah ◽  
Ratna Nur Aulia ◽  
Ridhoi Ahmad Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Training System ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Modelling Language ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Unified Modeling ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
And Training

<p><em>Abstrak - <strong>Sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan pada PMI Kota Tangerang yang berjalan saat ini masih semi komputerisasi. Pengetesan dan penilaian materi masih manual sehingga sering terjadi kesalahan input nilai peserta, memerlukan proses dan waktu yang cukup lama untuk mengetahui kelulusan peserta diklat yang mengakibatkan terlambatnya laporan panitia kepada Kadiv SDM. Metode penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Metode analisis menggunakan metode analisis PIECES. Pemodelan sistem dengan menggunakan Unified Modelling Language (UML) untuk menggambarkan secara visualisasi, yang selanjutnya diimplementasikan dengan bahasa pemrograman PHP dengan basis data MySQL-Server sebagai database. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah sistem aplikasi diklat relawan PMI berbasis web yang terdatabase untuk membantu dalam hal pengelolaan data mulai dari pendaftaran, pemberian materi, keadiran, pengetesan, dan penilaian.</strong></em></p><p><em>Abstract</em> – <strong>The education and training system at the PMI Kota Tangerang that is currently running is still semi-computerized. The testing and evaluation of material are still manual so that there are often input errors in the participants' scores, it requires a long process and time to find out the graduation of the training participants which results in the delay of the committee's report to the Head of HR Division. The research method used consisted of interviews, observation, and literature study. The analytical method uses the PIECES analysis method. Modeling the system using Unified Modeling Language (UML) to visualize, which is then implemented with the PHP programming language with the MySQL-Server database as a database. The results obtained from this study are a web-based PMI volunteer education and training system database that is assisted regarding data management ranging from registration, material delivery, presence, testing, and assessment.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords - </em></strong><em>Education and Training, Systems, Volunteers</em></p>

Effect of irrigation levels and agrochemicals on dry matter partitioning in summer maize (Zea maize L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Meena ◽  
G. S. Chouhan ◽  
V. K. Meena ◽  
H. S. Sumeriya
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Grain Formation ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Application of eight irrigations (seedling, 6 leaf, knee-high, before tasseling, 50% tasseling, 50% silking, grain formation and grain filling stages) where no stress was occurred significantly increased dry matter distribution. Data related to dry matter partitioning in stem, leaves and cobs at 25, 50, 75 and at harvest stage of crop. In general, irrespective of the treatments, crop attained maximum leaf dry weight at flowering stage. This decreased progressively up to harvest stage. While, stem dry weight showed increasing trend up to tasseling and silking stage and than declined slightly towards harvest stage of the crop. Obviously, cobs dry weight increased linearly from flowering up to harvest stage.

DRY WEIGHT, SOLUBLE SUGAR CONTENT, AND STARCH CONTENT OF MAIZE KERNELS DURING THE EARLY POSTSILKING PERIOD

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Soluble Sugar Content ◽  
Maize Kernels

Kernel development was studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444, grown in a controlled-environment growth room. A method was employed in which husks were excised, and kernels were removed from the same set of ears at several subsequent sampling dates. This method did not affect the dry matter accumulation of the remaining kernels. Basal kernels (kernel numbers 6–15 in the row) and tip kernels (kernel numbers 31–40) were removed at 2-day intervals during the period from 10 to 20 days postsilking. Dry weight, ethanol-soluble sugar content, and starch content were determined for each sample. Accumulation of dry matter in the tip kernels ceased in a fraction of the United-H106 ears at the onset of the period of linear tip-kernel dry matter accumulation. Only small differences were observed in sugar content between growing and non-growing tip kernels of ears of United-H106. Starch appeared to continue to accumulate in kernels in which dry matter had ceased to accumulate. Except for a delay of approximately 2 days, the pattern of development of tip kernels in Funk’s G-4444 was similar to that of kernels at the base.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TREE SUPPORT AND TRAINING SYSTEM ON APPLE TREE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 620a-620
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfying
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Training System ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Support Cost ◽  
And Training

'Empire' (E) and 'Marshall McIntosh' (MM)/'Mark' trees planted in 1986 were trained to the freestanding central leader (CL), central leader with annual extension-shoot heading (HCL), slender spindle (SS) or vertical axis (VA). Support with a full tree stake (SS & VA) had little effect on shoot growth. HCL increased shoot number and mean length. Fewer pruning cuts were made on supported trees, while more were made on HCL trees. Dry weight of prunings 1989-91 was the same for all MM trees, while in E trees, CL and SS had lower pruning weights than HCL and VA. Bloom density was uninfluenced by support or training. Fruit set was greater in 1990 and 1991 on supported E trees, and in 1990 on supported MM trees. Yield was greater on supported systems in 3 out of 4 production years. Total yield after 6 years of age was 26-38% greater for supported trees of both cultivars. Bienniality was reduced about 15% by support in MM trees but unaffected by support or training in E trees. Net total crop value (estimated annual crop value minus annual harvest cost and support cost, if applicable, annual 10% discount rate) in 1991 was approximately $1600 per ha greater for supported E trees and $270 per ha greater for supported MM trees.

scholarly journals Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

scholarly journals Changes in dry weight and starch content in potato under the effect of herbicides and biostimulants  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Zarzecka ◽  
Marek Gugała ◽  
Iwona Mystkowska ◽  
Anna Sikorska
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Control Object ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Ecklonia Maxima ◽  
Two Factors

The aim of the study was to determine the interaction of herbicides and herbicides with biostimulants on the accumulation of dry matter and starch in potato tubers. In a three-year field experiment based on the method of randomised sub-blocks, two factors were taken into account. The first factor were potato cultivars: Bartek, Gawin, Honorata. The second factor were five methods of herbicides and biostimulants application: (1) the control object without chemical protection (CO); (2) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) (H); (3) herbicide linuron + clomazone (Harrier 295 ZC) and biostimulant Ecklonia maxima (Kelpak SL) – (H + K); (4) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) – (S); (5) herbicide metribuzin (Sencor 70 WG) and biostimulant sodium para-nitrophenol, sodium ortho-nitrophenol, sodium 5-nitroguaiacol (Asahi SL) – (S + A). The cultivars and weather conditions significantly affected the content and yields of dry matter and starch. The herbicides and biostimulants used determined the starch accumulation as well as dry matter and starch yields. Most starch in tubers (more by 3.7 g/kg) and the highest dry matter and starch yields (more by 2.87 and 1.79 t/ha, respectively), compared to the control object, were obtained after the application of the herbicide Sencor 70 WG and biostimulant Asahi SL.  

Information Technology and the Performance of Higher Education and Training Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-408
Author(s):  
Hadj Benyahia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Training System ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
University System ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
Qualitative Performance ◽  
And Training

This study shows that the enrolment rate for the Canadian university system, at 56%, is one of the highest among the member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This good quantitative performance, however, is not accompanied by a similar qualitative performance in science graduation: only 25% of all university graduates are science graduates – a proportion below that observed in traditional areas (the humanities and social sciences). For computer science graduates, the share is still only 4% in all OECD countries – a paradoxically low proportion in these highly computerized countries. For the Canadian continuing training system, the weakness observable in the quantitative performance (participation rate) is accompanied by a qualitative weakness – the annual average training hours per employee is half the OECD average (31 hours against 64). To reduce the performance gaps between the higher education and training systems, measures are presented which would improve the integration of the two systems. These interventions are considered from the perspective of universities, companies and government.

Dry-matter distribution and seasonal yield changes in five contrasting genotypes of white clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Haycock
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Matter Distribution ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Cyclical Pattern ◽  
Number Of Leaves

SummaryA field trial of five contrasting types of white clover grown in monoculture was established in August 1978. Measurements commenced in October and continued for 12 months during which time no additional treatments were applied.Seasonal trends of dry-matter accumulation and distribution were recorded and particular reference was made to the components of harvestable yields, which showed a strong seasonal trend. During the summer the density of growing points decreased in all types except D while the number of leaves per growing point and mean dry weight per leaf increased. The principal component of yield, mean dry weight per leaf, increased later than number of leaves per growing point. Stolons did not show the same cyclical pattern and produced an overall increase during the experiment. The five genotypes also showed large variation in the distribution of dry matter between leaves, flowers, stolons and roots.

scholarly journals Response of upland taro 'Blanca' to sett size and plant spacing

1969 ◽  
Vol 83 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Carlos E. Ortiz ◽  
Agenol González-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Botanical Variety ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Planting Distance

The white-fleshed taro cultivar Blanca has been traditionally used in the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico because of its adaptability to low fertility soils, ability to withstand drought periods under rain-fed conditions and its acceptability by local consumers. Blanca belongs to the Colocasia's botanical variety esculenta. Thus, it should be characterized by a large main corm and few cormels. In commercial fields, individual plants usually average more than 10 suckers, a finding which indicates a low harvest index. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of practical combinations of sett size and plant spacing on taro Blanca yield and dry matter distribution at harvest. Treatments represented alternatives of practical significance in commercial production. Sett sizes were 57 to 114; 170 to 227; and 284 to 340 g per sett. Spacing was 38,1, 45.7 and 61.0 cm between plants. Plants from the smaller setts have the least dry matter and productivity. Regardless of the sett size, plants grown at 61.0- and at 45.7-cm spacing differed neither in yield nor in dry weight measurements. Reduction of the planting distance to 38.1 cm decreased yield and dry weight. The sett size and plant spacing combinations used were not effective in reducing the number of suckers per plant nor in improving the dry matter partitioning into the main corm. Plants averaged 13.8 cormels and had a dry matter partitioning into the main corm of 0.37.The results support the need for the selection of Colocasia esculenta genotypes for improved partitioning into the commercially important part of the plant.

Design of the Teaching & Training System Based on the Training Ship

2014 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 1137-1141
Author(s):  
Shi Lin Yu ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chang He Ren
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Training System ◽  
Virtual Simulation ◽  
Simulation Technology ◽  
The Real ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
And Training

According to the teaching and training needs, we establish the network of education and training systems, which is programmed by taking advantage of training ship data, virtual simulation technology, network and computer technology, and provide a more functional teaching and training platform for the real-ship education.

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