102 EFFECT OF BACKFILL AND PLANTING BED AMENDMENTS ON GROWTH AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF ACER RUBRUM

Commonly used planting techniques and soil amendments were compared to determine their effect on root growth, shoot growth, and drought tolerance of 2.5 cm caliper Acer rubrum. Study I: Trees were planted on 6 April 1992 into holes backfilled with 1) native soil, 2) 50% aged pine bark: 50% native soil, 3) 50% Mr. Natural™:50% native soil, or 4) 100% Mr. Natural™. Mr. Natural™ consists of granite sand, expanded shale, and composted poultry litter. After two years, no differences in growth or survival existed. Study II: On 8 April 1992, trees were planted in 1) unamended planting holes, 2) tilled planting beds, or 3) tilled and pine bark-amended planting beds. Five months after planting, the root growth in the tilled and tilled-amended beds did not differ, but both had more root growth than planting holes. Amendment-induced nitrogen deficiency reduced shoot growth of the tilled-amended treatment during the first year. After two years, the planting hole treatment exhibited the least shoot growth, while shoot growth of tilled and tilled-amended treatments did not differ. StudyIII: Selected trees in study II were drought stressed for 8 weeks beginning 4 August 1993. No differences in relative leaf water content among treatments were observed Results suggest that native soil should be used as backfill in planting holes; however, tilling a planting bed increases root and shoot growth compared to planting in a hole. Amending beds with pine bark did not increase growth or drought tolerance.

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Growth and Drought Tolerance of Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum `Mariesii' in Pine Bark-amended Soil

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.4.687 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (4) ◽

pp. 687-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carleton B. Wood ◽

Timothy J. Smalley ◽

Mark Rieger ◽

David E. Radcliffe

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Root Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Expansion ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Leaf Water Content ◽

Drought Tolerant

Container-grown Viburnum plicatum Thunb. var. tomentosum (Thunb.) Miq. `Mariesii' were planted in unamended planting holes, tilled plots, and tilled plots amended with aged pine bark. A 36-day drought was initiated 108 days after planting. Amending induced N deficiencies, reduced shoot growth, and increased root growth. Plants harvested from tilled and planting-hole plots at drought initiation had 63% and 68% more dry weight, respectively, than plants from amended plots. Between 8 and 19 days after drought (DAD) initiation, plants from tilled plots maintained higher relative leaf water content (RLWC) than plants from planting holes. Plants in amended plots maintained higher RLWC than both other treatments between 7 and 33 DAD. Amended and tilled treatments had higher relative leaf expansion rates (RLERs) than the planting-hole treatment 8, 11, 13, and 15 DAD. As the drought lengthened, plants in amended plots maintained higher RLERs than plants in tilled plots. While plants in pine bark-amended plots were more drought tolerant than those in tilled plots, it is unclear if increased drought tolerance was caused by the improved rooting environment or N deficiency.

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Growth of Three Shade Tree Genera as Influenced by Irrigation and Nitrogen Rates

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-1.1.5 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 5-6

Author(s):

R.D. Wright ◽

E.B. Hale

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Tree Height ◽

First Year ◽

Red Maple ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

The Third ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

N Rates ◽

Nitrogen Rates

The influence of N rates and irrigation on shoot growth and trunk diameter were evaluated for red maple (Acer rubrum, L. ‘October Glory’), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh) and dogwood (Cornus florida L. ‘Barton’). Irrigation increased shoot growth and trunk diameter for all 3 species during the first 2 growing seasons. Tree height and trunk diameter at the end of the third growing season were also greater for irrigated trees. Increasing the N levels from 168 to 329 Kg N/ha (150 to 300 lb N/A) resulted in a decrease in trunk diameter the first year and a decrease in shoot growth the second year in ‘October Glory’ maple. No significant differences in oak growth due to N rate were observed. Shoot growth and trunk diameter for dogwood were greater at 329 kg N/ha (300 lb N/A) than at 168 kg N/ha (150 lb N/A) only the first year. Neither height or trunk diameter at end of the third year were significantly increased from applying the higher level of N for any of the genera.

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822 PB 269 PINE BARK SOIL AMENDMENTS AND NUTRITION AFFECT GROWTH AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF VIBURNUM PLICATUM VAR. TOMENTOSUM `MARIESII'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.551b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 551b-551

Author(s):

Carleton B Wood ◽

Timothy J. Smalley ◽

Mark Rieger

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Ammonium Toxicity ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Nitrogen Deficiencies ◽

Water Contents

Container-grown Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum `Mariesii' were planted in tilled beds and tilled beds amended with aged pine bark. After transplanting, plants were fertilized at three different rates: no fertilizer, 18.4 g of N m-2, and 36.8 g of N m-2. A 31 day drought was begun 73 days after planting. Fertilization of tilled plots induced ammonium toxicity, which caused a linear reduction in leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Fertilization of amended plots had no effect on shoot growth but reduced mot growth by 54%; thus, amendments ameliorated ammonium toxicity. Between 10 and 28 days after beginning the drought, plants in unfertilized-amended plots maintained higher relative leaf water contents (RLWC) and relative leaf expansion rates (RLER) than plants in unfertilized-tilled plots. Amendment induced nitrogen deficiencies contributed to the increased drought tolerance of plants from unfertilized-amended plots. Since fertilized plants developed symptoms of ammonium toxicity, we were unable to determine if increasing fertility would counteract the drought tolerance conferred by pine bark soil amendments.

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Composted Yard Waste as a Component of Container Substrates

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-14.3.115 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 115-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R.C. Beeson

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Coarse Sand ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Growth Substrate ◽

Yard Waste ◽

Pittosporum Tobira ◽

Better Than

Abstract Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet ‘Due du Rohan’ and Pittosporum tobira variegata Ait. were produced in 10.2 liter (#3) containers in substrates consisting of 20, 40, 60, and 80% (v/v) composted yard waste mixed with pine bark and coarse sand. Plant growth, substrate physical properties, and N and P leachate were compared with a control substrate of pine bark fines:sledge peat:sand (3:1:1 by vol). Shoot growth of plants in compost substrates was similar or better than control plants and greater with daily irrigation compared to alternate day irrigation. Root growth and percent air porosity declined as compost composition and waterholding capacity increased. Total porosity was generally consistent throughout the study. Irrigation regime had no effect on root growth nor substrate physical properties. Ammonium, NO3-N, and P concentrations in leachates varied with substrate and time following topdressing with controlled release fertilizer. Both species grew best in the 40% compost, 50% pine bark, and 10% sand substrate.

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Differences in morphological and physiological plasticity in two species of first-year conifer seedlings exposed to drought result in distinct survivorship patterns

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpz048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (8) ◽

pp. 1446-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Steven P Augustine ◽

Keith Reinhardt

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Life Stage ◽

Carbon Gain ◽

Leaf Water Content ◽

First Year ◽

Carbon Budgets ◽

Conifer Seedlings ◽

Water Potentials

Abstract First-year tree seedlings represent a critical demographic life stage, functioning as a bottleneck to forest regeneration. Knowledge of how mortality is related to whole-seedling carbon and water relations is deficient and is required to understand how forest compositions will be altered in future climatic conditions. We performed a greenhouse drought experiment using first-year seedlings of two common pine species found in the Intermountain West, USA. Gas exchange, biomass gain, allometry and xylem water potentials were compared between well-watered and droughted seedlings from emergence until drought-induced mortality. In both species, morphological adjustments to confer drought tolerance, such as increased leaf mass per unit area, were not observed in seedlings exposed to drought, and droughted seedlings maintained photosynthesis and whole-seedling carbon gain well into the experiment. Yet, there were important differences between species in terms of carbon budgets, physiological responses and mortality patterns. In Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson, physiological acclimation to drought was much greater, evident through stronger stomatal regulation and increased water-use efficiency. Photosynthesis and carbon budgets in P. ponderosa were greater than in Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud., and survival was 100% until critical hydraulic thresholds in leaf water content and seedling water potentials were crossed. In P. contorta, physiological adjustments to drought were less, and mortality occurred much sooner and well before injurious hydraulic thresholds were approached. First-year conifer seedlings appear canalized for a suite of functional traits that prioritize short-term carbon gain over long-term drought tolerance, suggesting that conifer seedling survival is linked with carbon limitations, even during drought, with survival in species having narrower carbon survival margins being more hampered by carbon limitations.

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Ambiol Preconditioning Can Induce Drought Tolerance in Abscisic Acid-deficient Tomato Seedlings

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.44.7.1890 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (7) ◽

pp. 1890-1894 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mason T. MacDonald ◽

Rajasekaran R. Lada ◽

Jeff Hoyle ◽

A. Robin Robinson

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Root Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Wild Type ◽

Tomato Seedlings ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Dependent Pathway

Ambiol, a derivative of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole, has been well documented to function as a growth promoter, an antistress compound, and an antioxidant when applied as a seed preconditioning agent. However, evidence suggests that Ambiol decreases transpiration and promotes root growth similar to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), leading to the development of the hypothesis that Ambiol promotes drought resistance through an ABA-dependent pathway. The effect of 0 mg·L−1 and 10 mg·L−1 was tested on wild-type tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Scotia), ABA-deficient flacca tomato seedlings, and ABA-inhibited (with fluridone) tomato seedlings. In both fluridone-treated and flacca seedlings, Ambiol preconditioning resulted in significant increases in shoot growth, root growth, leaf area, and plant height consistent with gains experienced by wild-type tomatoes. In addition, flacca tomatoes experienced increases in photosynthesis and water use efficiency consistent with wild-type tomatoes. Ambiol was able to confer benefits to drought-stressed tomatoes in ABA-deficient and ABA-inhibited conditions, suggesting that Ambiol functions through an ABA-independent pathway.

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Some physiological and morphological responses of Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings to flooding

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x82-030 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 196-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Z. C. Tang ◽

T. T. Kozlowski

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Root Growth ◽

Growth Inhibition ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Early Period ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Morphological Responses

Flooding for 30 days induced several changes in Quercusmacrocarpa Michx. seedlings, with stomatal closure among the earliest responses. Stomata remained more closed in flooded than in unflooded plants during the entire experimental period. Leaf water potential was consistently higher in flooded than in unflooded plants. Other responses to flooding included acceleration of ethylene production by stems; formation of hypertrophied lenticels on submerged portions of stems; growth inhibition, with greatest reduction in roots; and formation of a few adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem above the soil line. Some of the morphological responses to flooding, especially formation of hypertrophied lenticels, appeared to be associated with increased ethylene production. Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings adapted poorly to flooding as shown by failure of stomata to reopen after an early period of flooding and low capacity for production of adventitious roots. The much greater inhibition of root growth than shoot growth by flooding will reduce drought tolerance after floodwaters recede.

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Growth of Containerized Eastern Redcedar Amended with Dolomitic Limestone and Micronutrients

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.2.143 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 143-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert D. Wright ◽

L. Eric Hinesley

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Juniperus Virginiana ◽

Dolomitic Limestone ◽

Eastern Redcedar

Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) seedlings were grown in 1986 through 1988 in pine bark container media with various levels of dolomitic limestone and micronutrients. Supplemental micronutrients reduced shoot growth, especially in the absence of limestone, and root growth was greatest when neither limestone nor micronutrients were added. Including at least 3.0 kg limestone/m3 in the medium was beneficial, not only as a source of nutrients, but also as a buffer against potentially toxic effects of excess micronutrients.

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Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.120.2.211 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 211-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. Roger Harris ◽

Nina L. Bassuk ◽

Richard W. Zobel ◽

Thomas H. Whitlow

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root Length ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Extension Rate ◽

Green Ash ◽

Growth Measurement ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

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Influence de la charge sur la production et la croissance de la vigne (c.v. Merlot)

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.1987.21.2.1279 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

M. Nikov

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Yield Ratio ◽

Primary Factor ◽

First Year ◽

Parabolic Curve ◽

Grape Quality ◽

Single Shoot ◽

The Relationship

L'étude est menée avec le cépage Merlot conduit en forme haute et à une distance de 3,40 x 1,20 m. Les vignes supportent des charges individuelles de 26, 32, 38 ... jusqu'à 62 bourgeons par cep. La relation entre le nombre d'yeux et le rendement par souche se caractérise par une courbe parabolique avec un maximum autour de 50 bourgeons par cep. L'augmentation de charge au-delà de l'optimum exerce une influence inhibitrice sur la croissance des rameaux individuels depuis la première année. Le rapport entre la surface foliaire et la production représente un facteur essentiel pour la qualité du raisin.+++The study involves Merlot variety trained with an high trunk and a 3,40 x 1,20 m spacing. The vines support individual pruning levels of 26, 32, 38 ... up to 62 buds/vine. The relationship between bud number and yield per vine is characterized by a parabolic curve with a maximum around 50 buds/vine. The increase in pruning level beyond the optimum induces an inhibitory effect on single shoot growth since the first year. The leaf area : yield ratio represents a primary factor of grape quality.

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