scholarly journals 1063 CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SALINE AND SODIC SOILS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 581a-581
Author(s):  
C. A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Workshop Presentation ◽  
Saturated Extract

Approximately 33% of all irrigated lands worldwide are affected by varying degrees of salinity and sodicity. Soils with an electrical conductivity (EC) of, the saturated extract greater than 4 dS/m are considered saline, but some horticultural crops are negatively impacted if salt concentrations in the rooting zone exceed 2 dS/m. Salinity effects on plant growth are generally considered osmotic in nature, but specific ion toxicities and nutritional imbalances are also known to occur. In addition to direct toxic affects from Na salts, Na can negatively impact soil structure. Soils with exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) or saturated extract sodium absorption ratios (SARs) exceeding 15 are considered sodic. Sodic soils tend to deflocculate, become impermeable to water and air, and have a strong tendency to puddle. Some soils are both saline and sodic. This workshop presentation will summarize various considerations in the management of saline and sodic soils for the production of horticultural crops.

scholarly journals Managing Saline and Sodic Soils for Producing Horticultural Crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Sanchez ◽  
Jeffrey. C. Silvertooth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Saturated Extract

About 33% of all irrigated lands worldwide are affected by varying degrees of salinity and sodicity. Soil with an electrical conductivity (EC) of the saturated extract >4 dS·m−1 is considered saline, but some horticultural crops are negatively affected if salt concentrations in the rooting zone exceed 2 dS·m−1. Salinity effects on plant growth are generally osmotic in nature, but specific toxicities and nutritional balances are known to occur. In addition to the direct toxic effects of Na salts, Na can negatively impact soil structure. Soil with exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) or saturated extract sodium absorption ratios (SARs) > 15 are considered sodic. Sodic soils tend to deflocculate, become impermeable to water and air, and puddle. Many horticultural crops are sensitive to the deterioration of soil physical properties associated with Na in soil and irrigation water. This review summarizes important considerations in managing saline and sodic soils for producing horticultural crops. Economically viable management practices may simply involve a minor, inexpensive modification of cultural practices under conditions of low to moderate salinity or a more costly reclamation under conditions of high Na.

Amelioration of sodic soils with blue-green algae

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Subhashini ◽  
BD Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Biological Input

Algal growth resulted in significant reductions in pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and in hydraulic conductivity and aggregation status of the soil. There was a significant increase in the total nitrogen content of the soil due to algal growth. Two out of the three inoculated species of algae could establish in the pots along with the indigenous algal flora. Combination of gypsum and algal application were found to have appreciable reclamative properties, and the possibility of using algae as a biological input for the reclamation of sodic soils has been indicated.

scholarly journals CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egeiza Moreira Leite ◽  
Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante ◽  
Adriana Araújo Diniz ◽  
Rivaldo Vital dos Santos ◽  
Gibran Da Silva Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Physical Degradation

CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA  Egeiza Moreira Leite1; Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante1; Adriana Araujo Diniz1; Rivaldo Vital dos Santos2; Gibran da Silva Alves3; Italo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante41Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, [email protected] de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB3Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB4Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP  1 RESUMO             Uma das limitações das áreas irrigadas, nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas, ao sistema produtivo é a degradação química e física dos solos pela salinidade e sodicidade. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do gesso sobre a condutividade elétrica, pH, percentagem de sódio trocável, teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio do extrato de saturação e de sódio trocável de dois solos salino-sódicos: um do Perímetro Irrigado Engenheiro Arco Verde no município de Condado-PB e o outro do Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo em Sousa-PB, conduziu-se um experimento em abrigo protegido do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural do CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x5 referente a dois solos e cinco doses de gesso equivalentes a 0; 3,2; 6,3; 9,4 e 12,5 g kg-1 de cada solo. Pelos resultados a incorporação do gesso exerceu efeito positivo sobre a redução da salinidade e da sodicidade dos solos. Os valores da condutividade elétrica, percentagem de sódio trocável, pH e os teores de sódio solúvel e trocável em relação aos que os solos possuíam antes da aplicação dos tratamentos, foram sensivelmente reduzidos e os de cálcio e magnésio incrementados com a incorporação do gesso em ambos os solos. UNITERMOS: salinidade, sódio trocável, recuperação de solo.  LEITE, E. M.; CAVALCANTE, L. F.; DINIZ, A. A.; SANTOS, R. V.; ALVES, G. S.; CAVALCANTE, I. H. L. SODICITY CORRECTION OF TWO IRRIGATED SOILS IN RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM  2 ABSTRACT             The chemical and physical degradation of the soils by salinity and sodicity problems constitutes a serious obstacle in productive irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid regions. An experiment was carried out in green house at the Soil and Rural Engeneering Department in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effect of gypsum on electrical conductivity, pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium, calcium and magnesium content in saturation extract and exchangeable sodium of two saline-sodic soils: one from irrigated Perimeter Engenheiro Arco Verde in the municipality of Condado and another from irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa,  both in Paraiba State,  Brazil.  The experiment factorial design 2 x 5 referred to two soils and five gypsum levels equivalent to 0; 3.2; 6.3; 9.4 and 12.5 gkg-1 for each soil. The gypsum application had positive effects on salinity and sodicity reduction. The valued for electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, pH and contents of soluble and exchangeable sodium in relation to soil data before the application of gypsum treatments in both soils  decreased. KEYWORDS: salinity, exchangeable sodium, soil reclamation

Effect of sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus on saline soils amendment and growth of cowpea and yam bean legumes

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. STAMFORD ◽  
A. D. S. FREITAS ◽  
D. S. FERRAZ ◽  
C. E. R. S. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

A greenhouse experiment was carried out from January–May 2001, to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus, compared with gypsum, in the amendment of two saline sodic soils (Neosol Fluvic Salic sodic) from the Brazilian semi-arid region, and on growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean, inoculated with specific rhizobia strains. The treatments consisted of sulphur rates (0·6, 1·2 and 1·8 t/ha) and gypsum (1·8 and 3·6 t/ha), and irrigation water containing the salts NaHCO3, MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl and KCl, with electrical conductivity 0·2 dS/m at 25 °C. There was a treatment with no sulphur or gypsum applied. The correctives increased Na+ and electrical conductivity on leached solution, and decreased soil pH and exchangeable cations, especially Na+. Sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus was more efficient than gypsum, reducing soil-exchangeable sodium. Sulphur with Thiobacillus in Soil 1 reduced pH (8·2 to 4·7) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (15·3 to 1·7 mS/cm) to values below those used for classification as saline and sodic soil. The growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean was increased by rhizobia inoculation when soil ameliorants were used, especially sulphur in combination with Thiobacillus.

scholarly journals High-gypsum Byproducts as Soil Amendments for Horticultural Crops

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156b-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Korcak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Physical Effects

The beneficial influences of gypsum on soil improvement and plant growth have been well-documented, Among these benefits are reclamation of sodic soils, alleviation of subsoil acidity problems, and contribution of Ca and S as nutrients. There are three industrial byproducts that contain significant amounts of gypsum. Phosphogypsum is probably the best-known byproduct gypsum source; the others are clean-air technology coal combustion byproducts, namely fluidized bed combustion and flue gas desulfurization residues. This review summarizes the beneficial chemical and physical effects of gypsum on soil properties and the resultant benefits on plant growth. Where applicable, emphasis is placed on potential uses and limitations of byproduct gypsum sources on horticultural crops. The potential for incorporating these materials in artificial mixtures with organic materials is discussed.

Aggregate stability of salt-affected kaolinitic soils on the North-east Plateau, Thailand

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kaewmano ◽  
I. Kheoruenromne ◽  
A. Suddhiprakarn ◽  
R. J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sodium Percentage

The aggregate stability of 56 salt-affected soil samples from the North-east Plateau, Thailand, was related to soil properties. The soils were Typic Natraqualfs and a Typic Endoaqualf, which are commonly used for paddy rice cultivation. The soil textures are mostly clays and clay loams with clay contents ranging from 313 to 849 g/kg. The dominant mineral in the clay fraction is kaolinite with minor smectite and traces of illite and a little quartz. Aggregate stability of these soils, measured by the wet sieving method, ranges from 3 to91%. Electrical conductivity measured by the saturation extract method ranges from 0.6 to 16.2 dS/m and exchangeable sodium percentage ranges from 5 to 31%, so that the soil samples can be variously classed as saline, sodic, saline–sodic, and normal. The soil property that is most strongly correlated with aggregate stability is pH (r = –0.84) followed by exchangeable potassium (r = +0.75), cation exchange capacity (r = +0.73), clay content (r = +0.72), extractable acidity (r = +0.66), and organic matter (r = +0.66). However contrary to much published literature, no significant relationships exist between aggregate stability and exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, or electrical conductivity. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses indicated that aggregate stability of these mostly saline–sodic soils was well predicted by a combination of soil pH and clay content, which is convenient as they are properties determined in routine soil surveys. The presence of small amounts of smectite and illite may have reduced the stability of the dominantly kaolinitic soil aggregates.

Pruning and training.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynette Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
And Training

Abstract Manipulation of plant growth via pruning and training methods has been carried out for as long as crops have been cultivated by man. These methods serve to not only improve the aesthetic value of ornamental plants, but also to increase yields, optimise fruit quality and prolong the productive life of horticultural crops. Pruning involves the selective removal of a diverse range of plant tissue. Branches, stems, roots, buds, flowers, leaves and young fruitlets may all be pruned depending on the purpose, species and growth form of the crop this is applied to. Training methods for horticultural applications are primarily used to support the plant and the weight of produce as it develops. Training structurally alters plant form, to alter the shape, size and direction of plant growth, it also allows optimal light interception and air flow and for ease of access for harvesting and other operations.

Effect of Herbicide and Manure Applications on Soil Chemistry and Growth of Fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Quakenbush ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Cattle Feedlot

The influence of manure and herbicide applications on weed-free fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and root rot of fieldbeans was studied during 1978 and 1979 at Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Rates of cattle feedlot manure used were 0, 30000, 56000, 112000, or 168000 kg/ha. Preplant herbicide treatments used were alachlor [2-chloro-2′6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC + trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 2.2 + 0.6 kg/ha, or dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 6.7 kg/ha. Manure rates of 56000 kg/ha or higher reduced fieldbean yields both years, but did not increase electrical conductivity or soil exchangeable sodium enough to explain these yield reductions. In 1978, but not in 1979, height and yield of weed-free fieldbeans were reduced by EPTC, EPTC + trifluralin, and alachlor treatments. A significant interaction between manure and herbicide treatments was not detected and none of the treatments increased the severity of root rot in either year.

scholarly journals Establishing Relationship between Saturated Paste Electrical Conductivity (ECe) and Soil:Water Electrical Conductivity (EC1:2) in Some Swell-Shrink Soils of Nagpur District, Maharashtra

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yagani Sinha ◽  
◽  
Rajeev Srivastava ◽  
Jagdish Prasad ◽  
M.S.S. Nagaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Nagpur District ◽  
Chloride Salts

Soil salinity is a major environmental hazard which adversely affects plant growth, crop production, soil and water quality and agricultural productivity.Soil salinity is determined by measuring electrical conductivity of soil water suspension. Though saturation paste ECe closely relates with plant growth and development but its measurement is laborious and time-consuming specifically in clayey soils when large number of samples are analyzed. Measurement of EC1:2 (1:2 Soil: water suspension) is very quick and economical. Therefore, a need is felt to develop a relationship between ECe and EC1:2so that the values of EC1:2 could easily be related to ECe. For this, anexperiment was conducted on four soil series representing swell-shrink soils. Soils were artificially salinized with solutions (salt) of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2% of chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and their mixture) and replicated three times. The results indicate that a significant relationship (r=0.96) exists between ECe and soil EC1:2and soil ECe can be reliably predicted from EC1:2 in swell-shrink soils.

scholarly journals Saline-sodic soil treated with gypsum, organic sources and leaching for successive cultivation of sunflower and rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrônio D. dos Santos ◽  
Lourival F. Cavalcante ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Everaldo M. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter

ABSTRACT Correction of saline and sodic soils aims to reduce salts dissolved in the solution and exchangeable sodium, respectively, to allow the growth and production of crops. In this context, an experiment was carried out between August/2011 and September/2012, in saline-sodic soil of the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa, PB, Brazil. Agricultural gypsum, organic sources and continuous leaching for reducing salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in the saline-sodic soil and their effects on the production of the sunflower cultivar Embrapa 122/V-2000 and the rice variety Diamante were evaluated. The treatments were distributed in four randomized blocks and the soil was subjected to continuous leaching for 50 days and evaluated for salinity, sodicity and alkalinity before and after leaching, as well after sunflower and rice cultivation, in the 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m layers. Leaching and the application of gypsum and organic sources reduced the initial salinity in both soil layers, to a greater extent in the surface layer. Exchangeable sodium decreased in 0-0.20 m and increased in 0.20-0.40 m. After rice cultivation, the soil in the 0-0.20 m layer changed from saline-sodic to non-saline in the treatments gypsum + bovine manure and gypsum + rice husk. The reduction of salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in the soil was higher during rice cultivation than during sunflower cultivation.

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