scholarly journals Root System of Plum Trees on Rootstocks of Pr. divaricata, Pr. tomentosa, and VVA

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 842C-842
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Specific Length

Root systems of 6-year-old trees of plum cultivar Edinburg on seedling rootstocks of Pr. divaricata(I), Pr. tomentosa (II), and clonal rootstock VVA (Pr. tomentosa × Pr. divaricata) (III) were studied with trench-monolith method, at a depth of 100 cm. Sodpodzolic loess soil had a A horizon (0–22 mm) with 2% humus. The area of cross-section on tree trunks on I, II, and III was 72, 44, and 18 cm2, respectively; yield efficiency was 0.22, 0.30, and 0.33 kg·cm–2, respectively. Specific length of scaffold roots of I and III was equal, but roots of I were deeper in the bed. Specific mass of scaffold roots of III was 35% less than I, but specific mass of fibrous roots of III was 84% more. All root indexes of II were many times smaller than I and III. Nearly 40% of total length of scaffold roots of all rootstocks was at the distance of 0.5–1.0 m from the trunk. Fibrous roots of II and III concentrated near the trunk. Specific mass of these roots of I at a distance of 2.0–2.5 m from the tree was twice those near the trunk.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF ROOT SYSTEM AT APPLE CV. GRANNY SMITH GRAFTED ON DIFFERENT DWARFING ROOTSTOCKS

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Viktor Gjamovski ◽  
Marjan Kiprijanovski ◽  
Tosho Arsov
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Planting Distance

This paper analyses the distribution of root systems of nine dwarf apple rootstocks (M.9 T 984, M.9 T 337, Jork 9, Mark 9, Budagowski 9, M.9 EMLA, Pajam 1, Pajam 2 and Supporter 4). All rootstocks were grafted with apple cultivar Granny Smith. The study was performed in the experimental orchard established in the Prespa region (Resen, R. Macedonia). The experimental orchard was established in 2004, with a planting distance 3.5 m x 1.5 m. At the end of the 7th growing season following characteristics were evaluated: length and weight of the fine (fibrous) and coarse roots, and depth distribution of the root system. Among the evaluated rootstocks statistically significant differ-ences in total length of the fine roots were not found. Between different rootstocks the results for total length of coarse roots showed more variability. In general, even 89% of the total length of root system belonged to fine roots, and the highest percentage (35%) was located at depths of 20 to 40 cm. Trees grafted on Mark 9 rootstock had the highest value for total root length, while the smallest values were registered on those grafted on Pajam 1 rootstock. Trees grafted on Supporter 4 rootstock had the greatest weight of the root system, while the smallest one was found on rootstock Budagowski 9.

Distribution and density of the root system of macadamia on krasnozem soil and some effects of legume groundcovers on fibrous root density

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Firth ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley ◽  
G. G. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Proteoid Roots ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Proteoid Root ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Whole-tree excavations, root-core and minirhizotron studies indicate that the grafted macadamia tree root system is relatively shallow and spreading, with a short taproot and most of the fibrous root system near the soil surface, while ungrafted trees have a longer taproot. The length of fibrous roots diminished with depth and distance from the trunk. This pattern is consistent with other fruit trees, in that the highest density is generally within 1 m of the trunk. Values obtained in core samples in this study were 4.97 (± 0.43) cm/cm3 and 1.67 (± 0.45) cm/cm3 for 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm at 0.5 m from the trunk, and 2.34 and 1.08 cm/cm3, respectively, at 1 m from the trunk at Clunes. These values were similar to those obtained in separate studies in 1991–93, involving assessments at 5�cm depth increments down to 15 cm, where mean root length densities were 2.0–3.5 cm/cm3 and 1.3–1.9 cm/cm3 at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depth, respectively, 1.4 m from the trunk. Root length under old trees in bare soil at Dorroughby and Clunes, using minirhizotrons (0.25–0.40 cm/cm2) and soil cores (1.14 and 3.50 cm/cm3, respectively), was similar to that found at other sites in the study area (minirhizotrons 0.28–0.33 cm/cm2; soil cores 1.25–2.80 cm/cm3). There is an apparent lower rate of decrease in root length density with increasing distance from the trunk at 10–20 cm compared with 0–10 cm. New root growth occurred predominantly in autumn, but some new fibrous roots were produced in early winter and spring. Proteoid roots were found in abundance in soil cores and adjacent to minirhizotron tubes and there were more of them in the root systems of younger trees at Clunes than with older trees at Dorroughby. Proteoid roots were found at a greater depth than previously recorded for other Proteaceae species, and appeared to retain their function in relatively dry conditions for more than a year. Non-proteoid fibrous roots at the minirhizotron surface appeared to be functional for about 1.5 years in relatively dry conditions, before decay after the onset of wet soil conditions.The effects of 2 newly established perennial legume groundcovers on the root systems of younger and older macadamia trees were studied over 2.5 years. In general, the presence of groundcover either had no effect on the growth of the macadamia roots or increased the root length density at some sampling dates and some depths. At Clunes, where the proteoid root length density was higher than at Dorroughby, the presence of groundcover was associated with higher proteoid root length density than that with bare ground. Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo generally had a lower root length density than Lotus pedunculatus.

scholarly journals Propagation Techniques and Grafting Modify the Morphological Traits of Roots and Biomass Allocation in Avocado Trees

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Fassio ◽  
Ricardo Cautin ◽  
Alonso Pérez-Donoso ◽  
Claudia Bonomelli ◽  
Mónica Castro
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root To Shoot Ratio

Root morphological traits and biomass allocation were studied in 2-year-old ‘Duke 7’ avocado (Persea americana) trees propagated using seedling and clonal techniques. The plants either were or were not grafted with the scion ‘Hass’. Whole tree excavation 1 year after planting revealed that the propagation technique affected the root growth angle of the main roots (third order roots), the root length density (defined as the total length of roots per volume of soil), and the number of first and second order roots present. The root system of clonal trees showed a typical morphology of rooted cuttings, with a crown of roots originating from a relatively short stem, resulting in a shallow root system. Clonal trees, compared with seedlings, produced main framework roots with shallower angles and more fine roots (first and second order roots) that increased the root length density (defined as the total length of roots per volume of soil). Nongrafted seedlings exhibited a main taproot and lateral roots with narrow angles that penetrated deeper into the soil and increased the aboveground biomass but had a lower root-to-shoot ratio than nongrafted clonal trees. The grafting of both clonal and seedling trees resulted in similar root architecture and revealed that grafting significantly decreased the soil volume explored and the shoot and root biomass. Although both root systems were shallow, grafted clonal trees had a higher root-to-shoot ratio than grafted seedlings. In this study, a distinct class of roots with large diameter and unbranched growth was more abundant in the root systems of clonal trees. These types of roots (previously undescribed in avocado trees), called pioneer roots, may enhance soil exploration in clonal trees.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF THE ROOT SYSTEM OF COFFEA ARABICA L. Part I.—Environmental Condition Affecting the Distribution of Coffee Roots in Coloso Clay

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-262
Author(s):  
J. Guiscafré-Arrillaga ◽  
Luis A. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Secondary Roots

1. The various methods used by Gómez (1) Lee (2) Lee and Bissinger (3), Nutman (4), (5), (6), Trench (7), Venkatraman (8), and Weaver and his associated (9), (10) for the study of the root system of plants have been described and discussed fully. 2. A new method developed by the writers has been described and used for the study of the root system of coffee, C. arabica L. in Puerto Rico. Briefly, this method consists in excavating the volume of soil assigned to each tree under study by blocks of one-cubic foot each and separating, drying and weighing the roots obtained from each block. By keeping an excavation map for the root system of the trees, the exact position of roots obtained for each block is obtained, therefore being possible to determine the quantity of roots present at the various soil levels excavated and the lateral spread of the roots as well. 3. Ninety-four percent of the coffee roots of all trees were found in the top-most 12 inches of soil. 4. The high percentage of organic matter in Coloso Clay, especially in the top-most layers, and the better aeration at the surface, apparently accounted to a great extent for the presence of more roots in the top-most 12 inches of soil. 5. The imperfect drainage conditions existing at localities where Coloso Clay predominates affect the development of the root systems of coffee plants. 6. Coloso Clay is a productive soil when proper drainage conditions are provided and the principal plant foods are generally distributed uniformly to a depth of 48 inches. 7. A heavy and vigorous coffee tree top is not dependent on an extensive root system. 8. There is no fixed "(tops to roots) ratio" in coffee trees, but generally the ratio of tops to roots may be figured to be 8:1. 9. In selecting trees with vigorous, heavy tops and a strong, extensive root systems, the diameter of the trunk is a better indication of the possession of these characteristics than either the height or the lateral spread of the tree. 10. There was approximately 50 percent of water in the upright stems of coffee trees, 23 percent in the lateral branches and leaves, 39 percent in the whole tree tops and 50 percent in the roots. 11. The absorbing area of the root system is not confined to definite places on the soil but is distributed thru-out all places penetrated by the main and secondary roots. 12. The vertical penetration of roots of 7-year-old trees is 3 feet and the lateral extension is 4 feet. 13. The results obtained have been discussed fully in relation to possible aplications in the performance of agricultural practices followed by farmers in coffee plantations.

scholarly journals Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Philippe Dechant
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Invariant Sets ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Reflection Groups ◽  
Computational Work ◽  
Algebraic Framework ◽  
Underlying Geometry ◽  
Coxeter Plane ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractRecent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$ H 3 → H 4 in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$ Pin and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$ Spin covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$ H 3 via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$ H 4 root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$ Cl ( 3 ) , including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.

On Closed Subsets of Root Systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ž. Doković ◽  
P. Check ◽  
J.-Y. Hée
Keyword(s):  
Weyl Group ◽  
Root System ◽  
Irreducible Component ◽  
Product Space ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Inner Product Space ◽  
Inner Product ◽  
Closed Sets ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
Real Inner Product Space

AbstractLet R be a root system (in the sense of Bourbaki) in a finite dimensional real inner product space V. A subset P ⊂ R is closed if α, β ∊ P and α + β ∊ R imply that α + β ∊ P. In this paper we shall classify, up to conjugacy by the Weyl group W of R, all closed sets P ⊂ R such that R\P is also closed. We also show that if θ:R —> R′ is a bijection between two root systems such that both θ and θ-1 preserve closed sets, and if R has at most one irreducible component of type A1, then θ is an isomorphism of root systems.

Extension and Longitudinal Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Below Ground

Extension of the root system and stem during the first 30 years of growth of plantation-grown red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on four sites was deduced by root and stem analyses. Maximum rooting depth was reached in the first decade and maximum horizontal extension of roots was virtually complete between years 15 and 20. The main horizontal roots of red pine seldom exceed 11 m in length. Elongation of vertical and horizontal roots was examined in relation to moisture availability and some physical soil conditions. The changing relations within the tree in lineal dimensions and annual elongation of the roots and stem are illustrated. The development of intertree competition above and below ground is considered.

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

scholarly journals Contemporary Concepts of Root System Architecture of Urban Trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Susan Day ◽  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
Sarah Dickinson ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Urban Settings

Knowledge of the extent and distribution of tree root systems is essential for managing trees in the built environment. Despite recent advances in root detection tools, published research on tree root architecture in urban settings has been limited and only partially synthesized. Root growth patterns of urban trees may differ considerably from similar species in forested or agricultural environments. This paper reviews literature documenting tree root growth in urban settings as well as literature addressing root architecture in nonurban settings that may contribute to present understanding of tree roots in built environments. Although tree species may have the genetic potential for generating deep root systems (>2 m), rooting depth in urban situations is frequently restricted by impenetrable or inhospitable soil layers or by underground infrastructure. Lateral root extent is likewise subject to restriction by dense soils under hardscape or by absence of irrigation in dry areas. By combining results of numerous studies, the authors of this paper estimated the radius of an unrestricted root system initially increases at a rate of approximately 38 to 1, compared to trunk diameter; however, this ratio likely considerably declines as trees mature. Roots are often irregularly distributed around the tree and may be influenced by cardinal direction, terrain, tree lean, or obstacles in the built environment. Buttress roots, tap roots, and other root types are also discussed.

A biochemical study of BAS 517 using excised corn and soybean root systems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Hwei-Yiing Li ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
High Degree

The mode of action of BAS 517 in a susceptible plant species, corn, was investigated using an excised root system and14C-tracer techniques. The root system of a tolerant species, soybean, was used for comparison. When UL-14C- glucose was used as a precursor,14C incorporation into lipids was reduced in BAS 517-treated corn roots, although14C incorporation from UL-14C-glucose into lipids was relatively low. Inhibition of14C incorporation into water-soluble compounds was not definite because of a high degree of variability. Using14C-acetate as a precursor, 49, 43, and 34% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fractions of root tips treated with 0, 1.0, and 10 μM BAS 517, respectively. In nontreated soybean root tips, 47% of the recovered radioactivity was found in the lipid fraction compared to 49% in root tips treated with 10 μM BAS 517. Further analysis of lipids showed that BAS 517 inhibited the incorporation of14C from14C-acetate into phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid, whereas the labeling of sterols in treated corn roots was not adversely affected. Acetyl CoA carboxylase extracted from root systems of corn and soybean showed different sensitivity to BAS 517, suggesting its role as the herbicide target site and as a basis for the selectivity.

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